Article(id=1222482828567241513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482826851771163, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1594224000000, receivedDateStr=2020-07-09, revisedDate=1598976000000, revisedDateStr=2020-09-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769392218962, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1613750400000, pubDateStr=2021-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769392218962, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769392218962, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769392218962, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1222482826851771163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769392218554, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1770971669597, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229107524746670183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482826851771163, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229107524750864488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482826851771163, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222482828927951664, articleId=1222482828567241513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study and Preparation of Epoxy Composite with High Thermal Conductivity, columnId=1222482827711603484, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Thermal Conductive Insulating, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Spherical alumina was introduced in drawing and filtering process of graphene nanosheets to build a binary porous structure of “pea-pod-like” alumina-graphene, and an alumina-graphene binary structure reinforced epoxy resin composite was prepared. Its thermal conductivity was tested, and the mechanism of “pea-pod-like” alumina-graphene binary structure enhancing the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin was analyzed. The results show that the horizontal arranged graphene generates partial orientation transformation under the action of spherical alumina, showing a “pea-pod-like” structure, in which graphene provides an efficient heat transfer channel for epoxy composites in plane and out of plane directions and greatly enhances the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites. The thermal conductivity of “pea-pod-like” binary alumina-graphene reinforced epoxy composite is up to 13.3 W/(m·K) and 33.4 W/(m·K) in plane and out of plane directions, respectively with 12.1% of graphene and 42.4% of alumina loading. The “pea-pod-like” alumina-graphene binary structure has a significant effect in improving the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin, which has potential application prospects in the field of electrical packaging.

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在抽滤石墨烯纳米片过程中引入球形氧化铝,构建仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元多孔结构,并制备氧化铝-石墨烯-二元结构增强环氧树脂复合材料,测试其导热性能,分析仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元结构增强环氧树脂导热性能的机理。结果表明:水平排列的石墨烯在球形氧化铝作用下部分发生取向转变,呈现仿“豌豆荚”结构,其中的石墨烯为环氧复合材料在面内和面外方向提供了高效的热传输通道,极大地增强了环氧复合材料的导热性能。当石墨烯含量为12.1%,氧化铝含量为42.4%时,复合材料在面外和面内方向上的导热系数分别达到13.3 W/(m·K)和33.4 W/(m·K)。该仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元结构在提高环氧树脂导热系数方面效果显著,在电子封装领域具有潜在的应用前景。

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虞锦洪(1980-),男(汉族),浙江金华人,研究员,主要从事高导热复合材料的研究。

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虞锦洪(1980-),男(汉族),浙江金华人,研究员,主要从事高导热复合材料的研究。

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虞锦洪(1980-),男(汉族),浙江金华人,研究员,主要从事高导热复合材料的研究。

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高导热环氧复合材料的制备与研究
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虞锦洪 , 陈亚鹏
绝缘材料 | 导热绝缘专题 2021,54(2): 14-19
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绝缘材料 | 导热绝缘专题 2021, 54(2): 14-19
高导热环氧复合材料的制备与研究
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虞锦洪, 陈亚鹏
作者信息
  • 中国科学院 宁波材料技术与工程研究所,浙江 宁波 315201
  • 虞锦洪(1980-),男(汉族),浙江金华人,研究员,主要从事高导热复合材料的研究。

Study and Preparation of Epoxy Composite with High Thermal Conductivity
Jinhong YU, Yapeng CHEN
Affiliations
  • Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
出版时间: 2021-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.003
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在抽滤石墨烯纳米片过程中引入球形氧化铝,构建仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元多孔结构,并制备氧化铝-石墨烯-二元结构增强环氧树脂复合材料,测试其导热性能,分析仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元结构增强环氧树脂导热性能的机理。结果表明:水平排列的石墨烯在球形氧化铝作用下部分发生取向转变,呈现仿“豌豆荚”结构,其中的石墨烯为环氧复合材料在面内和面外方向提供了高效的热传输通道,极大地增强了环氧复合材料的导热性能。当石墨烯含量为12.1%,氧化铝含量为42.4%时,复合材料在面外和面内方向上的导热系数分别达到13.3 W/(m·K)和33.4 W/(m·K)。该仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元结构在提高环氧树脂导热系数方面效果显著,在电子封装领域具有潜在的应用前景。

导热  /  环氧  /  石墨烯  /  氧化铝

Spherical alumina was introduced in drawing and filtering process of graphene nanosheets to build a binary porous structure of “pea-pod-like” alumina-graphene, and an alumina-graphene binary structure reinforced epoxy resin composite was prepared. Its thermal conductivity was tested, and the mechanism of “pea-pod-like” alumina-graphene binary structure enhancing the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin was analyzed. The results show that the horizontal arranged graphene generates partial orientation transformation under the action of spherical alumina, showing a “pea-pod-like” structure, in which graphene provides an efficient heat transfer channel for epoxy composites in plane and out of plane directions and greatly enhances the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites. The thermal conductivity of “pea-pod-like” binary alumina-graphene reinforced epoxy composite is up to 13.3 W/(m·K) and 33.4 W/(m·K) in plane and out of plane directions, respectively with 12.1% of graphene and 42.4% of alumina loading. The “pea-pod-like” alumina-graphene binary structure has a significant effect in improving the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin, which has potential application prospects in the field of electrical packaging.

thermal conductivity  /  epoxy  /  graphene  /  alumina
虞锦洪, 陈亚鹏. 高导热环氧复合材料的制备与研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (2) : 14 -19 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.003
Jinhong YU, Yapeng CHEN. Study and Preparation of Epoxy Composite with High Thermal Conductivity[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (2) : 14 -19 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.003
随着大功率电子器件的蓬勃发展,散热困难已成为制约电子产品小型化和集成化的关键问题,现代电子工业迫切需要高效的散热和热界面材料[1-3]。聚合物材料由于具有质量轻、易加工和优异的耐化学性,已被广泛用作电子包装领域的基材和包装材料。具有高耐热温度和优异粘合性能的环氧树脂是最常用的包装材料,然而,纯环氧树脂的导热系数约为0.2 W/(m·K),远不能满足现代电子设备的散热需求[4-5]
为了提高环氧树脂的散热能力,将高导热填料引入环氧树脂基体中是十分有效的方法。简单共混法是制备高导热聚合物复合材料的常用方法,但在低填料量下难以形成高效的热传输通道,同时填料要完全在基体中均匀分散也十分困难。而高填料量下虽然可以获得较高的导热系数,但复合材料的力学性能会急剧下降[6-8]。为了克服简单共混存在的问题,有文献提出通过对填料表面进行修饰以增强其与环氧树脂的界面结合效果,模拟和实验结果均证实表面功能化是一种提高复合材料导热性的有效策略[9-12]。然而,深入的研究结果表明,表面功能化仅在降低热界面热阻方面有效,难以从根本上解决共混难构筑高效导热通路的问题。与简单的共混和表面功能化相比,使用预制的三维结构可以更容易地在复合材料中构筑起有效的导热通路,因为纳米填料之间的接触热阻远低于填料和聚合物基体之间的接触热阻[13]。此外,许多研究成果均表明构建由高导热纳米填料组成的三维框架是提高聚合物热传导能力的有效方法[14-17]。在诸多高导热纳米填料中,石墨烯有着高的导热系数(5 300 W/(m·K)),同时二维片层结构赋予其很大的比表面积,使其在构筑三维网络结构时更容易搭接在一起形成具有良好传热性能的导热网络[18]
石墨烯片主要是横向取向起横向导热作用,同时也存在部分纵向取向,此结构能大幅提高环氧树脂在面外方向的导热性能。本研究基于真空辅助抽滤法,从豌豆荚结构中得到灵感,在石墨烯分散液中引入球形氧化铝,在氧化铝的作用下,使抽滤得到的石墨烯泡沫中石墨烯的取向发生部分转换,得到仿“豌豆荚”结构的氧化铝-石墨烯二元多孔框架。在灌注环氧树脂后探究其导热性能,并与简单共混法制备得到的氧化铝/石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料进行对比,研究仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元结构增强环氧树脂导热性能的机理。
环氧树脂,牌号为S06E,美国陶氏化学公司;甲基六氢苯酐(MHHPA),浙江阿尔法化工科技有限公司;尼龙滤膜,孔径为15 μm,海宁市桃园膜分离设备有限公司;石墨烯,宁波墨西科技有限公司;球形氧化铝,雅安百图新材料有限公司;Quanta FEG250型扫描电子显微镜,美国FEI公司;TGA 209 F3型热重分析仪,德国NETZSCH公司;LFA 467 HyperFlash®型闪射法导热仪,德国NETZSCH公司。
复合材料制备步骤如下:将一定量的石墨烯分散液(2 mg/mL)与球形氧化铝分散液(5 mg/mL)混合后超声分散30 min,得到均匀的混合分散液。然后将混合溶液抽滤得到仿“豌豆荚”球形氧化铝-石墨烯二元多孔结构。再将减压抽滤所得氧化铝-石墨烯多孔结构浸入混合均匀的环氧树脂与固化剂混合液中(Epoxy、MHHPA的比例为100∶95),在60℃下真空脱气1 h。再置于135℃下预固化2 h后在165℃下固化14 h,得到仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元结构增强环氧树脂复合材料(AGE)。对比样品氧化铝/石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料(R-AGE)由冻干得到的石墨烯粉体与氧化铝和环氧树脂混合均匀后直接固化得到,R-AGE中氧化铝和石墨烯的含量与AGE中保持一致。
激光闪点法(LFA)是所有热导率分析方法中最具代表性的瞬态分析方法。相较于保护热板法或热流量计等方法,LFA测试更加方便快捷。
本研究采用瞬态激光闪点法测定不同石墨烯负载下石墨烯/环氧复合材料的热扩散系数,遵循ASTM E-1461、DIN EN 821和DIN 30905的试验标准。测试过程中,在一定的设定温度下,闪光氙灯瞬间发出一束光脉冲,均匀地照射到样品的下表面,表层吸收光能,温度瞬间升高,起到热端的作用。在一维热传导中,能量被传递到冷端(上表面),再利用红外探测器连续测量样品上表面中心处相应的温升过程。理想情况下,光脉冲宽度接近无穷大,样品内部的热传导非常理想,可以实现从下表面到上表面的一维传热,而无需侧向热流。外部测量环境为空气是合适的绝热条件。当样品的上表面温度上升到恒定水平线时,存在热损失。计量表中显示的半温时间t50定义为探测器信号上升到最大值一半所需的时间。
热扩散系数α式(1)得出。
$\alpha=\frac{0.1388 d^{2}}{t_{50}}$
式(1)中,d是样品的厚度(mm)。
导热系数λ(W/(m·K))可由热扩散系数α (mm2/s)、比热Cp(J/(g·K))和密度ρ(g/cm3)的乘积求得,如式(2)所示。
λ=α×Cp×ρ
比热采用Pyris金刚石DSC(美国Perkinelmer公司)用参比法测量得到,氮气气氛。密度采用液体置换法测定。
图1为石墨烯和球形氧化铝的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图和尺寸分布统计结果。
图1可以看到,石墨烯为理想的二维片层结构,平均尺寸接近5 μm,与球形氧化铝的尺寸接近。选择石墨烯和球形氧化铝的原因是在二者混合均匀抽滤时堆叠的石墨烯片会因为氧化铝的存在而发生取向转换,从完全水平取向转变为部分垂直取向,如图2所示。如果氧化铝的尺寸过大会难以形成规则的三维石墨烯结构,过小则不能有效地分隔石墨烯层提供的孔隙用以灌注环氧树脂制备复合材料。从图2(a)可以看到,在对石墨烯纳米片抽滤过程中,因为球形氧化铝的存在,石墨烯纳米片在自组装过程中会产生取向转变,即由连续的水平方向取向转变为部分垂直取向的结构,形成仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元多孔结构,如图2(b)所示,数层堆叠或单层的石墨烯片为仿“豌豆荚”结构中的“豌豆荚壳”,球形氧化铝则为“豌豆”。在“豌豆荚”二元结构中对环氧树脂导热系数提升发挥主要作用的是石墨烯,而石墨烯的部分垂直取向能在保持石墨烯泡沫连续的同时大幅提高复合材料在面外方向的导热性能。仿“豌豆荚”结构中存在大量的孔洞,这些孔洞的出现是因为选择了合适的石墨烯和氧化铝尺寸,这些孔洞也有利于环氧树脂的灌注。
灌注环氧树脂完成后所得复合材料的断面扫描电子显微镜图如图3(a)所示,可以看出石墨烯纳米片之间的孔洞完全被环氧树脂填满,且仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯结构中的连续石墨烯片在灌注环氧树脂后结构保持十分完整,从而使得氧化铝-石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料的导热性能大幅提高。为了探究氧化铝-石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料内部的传热机理,同样制备了相同填料含量下的简单共混氧化铝/石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料(R-AGE)。图3(b)为R-AGE断面的SEM图,可以明显看出球形氧化铝和石墨烯基本无规则分布,同时石墨烯团聚严重,难以形成有效的热传导路径。相较于团聚严重的共混R-AGE,AGE可以构建起高效的热传导通路,极大地提高环氧树脂基体的导热系数,同时抽滤过程中在石墨烯层间出现的连续孔洞也有利于环氧树脂的灌注。
图4为纯环氧树脂、R-AGE和AGE复合材料在室温下的热扩散系数和导热系数,其中AGE(‖)表示AGE面内方向的导热系数,AGE(⊥)表示AGE面外方向的导热系数。
图4可以看出,AGE的导热系数较纯环氧树脂大幅提高。得益于AGE复合材料中仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元结构中的连续石墨烯多孔结构在水平和垂直方向构筑的高效导热通路,AGE在室温下面内方向的热扩散系数为17.1 mm2/s,导热系数更是达到33.4 W/(m·K)。AGE的面外方向热扩散系数达到6.8 mm2/s,导热系数为13.3 W/(m·K)。为了更好地说明AGE复合材料中仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元结构对复合材料导热能力的重要作用,测试了等填料含量的R-AGE复合材料的导热系数,结果R-AGE复合材料的导热系数仅为1.73 W/(m·K),较纯环氧树脂有所提高,但远低于AGE复合材料。这一结果说明球形氧化铝的引入帮助石墨烯取得部分取向转变并在环氧树脂复合材料中构建了高效的热传导通路,极大地提高了环氧树脂的传热能力。
为了表征复合材料在高温下的热传导能力,测试了纯环氧树脂、R-AGE和AGE复合材料在不同温度下的导热系数,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,复合材料的导热系数随温度升高而降低,在温度为100℃时,AGE面内方向的导热系数仍可以达到28 W/(m·K),而电子元器件的中心温度通常不会超过100℃,因此该AGE复合材料作为电子封装材料使用时在工作温度下都能保持理想的散热效果。
图6为纯环氧树脂、R-AGE和AGE复合材料较纯环氧树脂的导热系数增量比。从图6可知,AGE较纯环氧树脂面内方向的导热系数增量比高达16 600%,即较纯环氧树脂的导热系数提高了158倍,AGE较纯环氧树脂面外方向的导热系数增量比也达到了6 550%。相比之下,简单共混得到的R-AGE导热系数仅为1.73 W/(m·K),较纯环氧树脂的导热系数增量比仅为765%。总之,作为一种具备极高比表面积的纳米碳材料,石墨烯在构建三维高导热通路方面优势明显。
图7为AGE在多次升降温循环过程中面内和面外导热系数的变化。从图7可以看出,AGE在12次升降温循环过程中面内和面外导热系数变化不大,展示出极佳的稳定性,可在电子封装系统中长期稳定发挥散热作用。同时由于其存在导热各向异性,因此在仿“豌豆荚”结构中面内方向的导热系数高于面外方向的导热系数。但无论是在面内还是面外方向上,AGE复合材料的导热系数都远高于简单共混得到的R-AGE材料,说明仿“豌豆荚”结构在提高环氧树脂导热系数方面十分有效。
不同气氛下的热重分析(TGA)结果可被用来判定氧化铝-石墨烯/环氧树脂复合材料中的石墨烯和氧化铝含量,图8为复合材料在不同气氛下的热重曲线。由图8可以看出,纯环氧树脂在氮气气氛下1 000℃时完全分解;AGE在氮气气氛下1 000℃时残余质量分数为54.5%,而在空气气氛下1 000℃时残余质量分数为42.4%。纯环氧树脂可在氮气气氛下完全分解,而石墨烯在相同的气氛下则不会失重,同时环氧树脂与石墨烯纳米片在空气气氛下1 000℃时均能完全分解。因此结合不同气氛下的热重分析结果可知,氮气气氛下54.5%的残留率为球形氧化铝和石墨烯的总含量,在空气气氛下石墨烯完全分解,则42.4%的残留率全部为球形氧化铝。综上所述,AGE中石墨烯纳米片的含量为12.1%,氧化铝的含量为42.4%。在这一较低的石墨烯含量下取得如此之高的导热系数,说明仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元结构在提高环氧树脂导热性能方面具有独到之处。
本研究以仿生“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元结构为基本思路,在石墨烯纳米片抽滤过程中引入球形氧化铝,成功构建了仿“豌豆荚”氧化铝-石墨烯二元多孔结构。水平排列的石墨烯在球形氧化铝作用下部分发生取向转变,呈现仿“豌豆荚”结构,其中的石墨烯为环氧复合材料在面内和面外方向提供了高效的热传输通道,极大地增强了环氧树脂的导热性能。在石墨烯含量为12.1%,氧化铝含量为42.4%时,环氧复合材料在面外和面内方向上的导热系数分别达到13.3 W/(m·K)和33.4 W/(m·K)。可适用于电子产品封装散热,同时这一结构的开发也为三维石墨烯结构的构建提供了新思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51573201)
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2021年第54卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.02.003
  • 接收时间:2020-07-09
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-07-09
  • 修回日期:2020-09-02
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51573201)
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    中国科学院 宁波材料技术与工程研究所,浙江 宁波 315201
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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