Article(id=1222482754877510473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482747264852071, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1585065600000, receivedDateStr=2020-03-25, revisedDate=1588953600000, revisedDateStr=2020-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769392201394, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1611072000000, pubDateStr=2021-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769392201394, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769392201394, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769392201394, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1222482747264852071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='107', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769392199579, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769414905563, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222577983139861118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482747264852071, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222577983144055423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482747264852071, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=66, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222482755871560586, articleId=1222482754877510473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of Phase Change on Space Charge and DC Breakdown Characteristics of Polylactic Acid, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence of phase change on the space charge characteristic and electric strength of polylactic acid (PLA), we prepared PLA samples and studied their physical and chemical properties, conduction current, space charge, and electric strength. The results show that the phase change (glass transition) temperature of PLA is 59℃, and before and after the phase change, the PLA nucleates and the unite cell grows, respectively. As a result, the conductivity of PLA first increases then decreases and increases again with the increase of temperature. More shallow interface traps are introduced in the phase transition process, resulting in the average trap depth of PLA decreases with the increase of temperature. Before and after phase change, PLA is in glass state and rubber state, respectively. When the temperature increases by 20℃, the electric strength of PLA in glass state decreases by 12%, while the electric strength of PLA in rubber state decreases by 40%.

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为研究相变对聚乳酸(PLA)空间电荷特性和电气强度的影响,制备了PLA试样并对其理化性能、电导电流、空间电荷、电气强度展开研究。结果表明:PLA的相变(玻璃化转变)温度为59℃,在相变前后PLA分别发生成核和晶胞生长,使得PLA的电导率随温度升高呈先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势;相变过程中引入了更多界面浅陷阱,导致PLA的平均陷阱深度随温度升高而减小。相变前后PLA分别为玻璃态和橡胶态,当温度分别升高20℃,玻璃态时电气强度下降12%,橡胶态时电气强度下降40%。

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周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),北京人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术教学与科研工作。
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李科(1994-),男(汉族),重庆人,硕士生,主要从事高压绝缘材料性能的研究。

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李科(1994-),男(汉族),重庆人,硕士生,主要从事高压绝缘材料性能的研究。

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figureFileBig=ywGmp7zACiNs/10rMNt1kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222577749118669355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482754877510473, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Comparison of properties of PLA and common insulating materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料玻璃化转变温度/℃熔融温度/℃介质损耗因数tanδ相对介电常数ε体积电阻率/(Ω·cm)
PLA581700.0103.104.3×1017
XLPE-5>2500.0252.354.4×1016
LDPE-1201100.0102.30>1016
HDPE-1201300.0102.30>1016
PP51650.0502.20>1016
PVC70~1001800.1004.00~5.001011~1014
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PLA与常用绝缘材料性能比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料玻璃化转变温度/℃熔融温度/℃介质损耗因数tanδ相对介电常数ε体积电阻率/(Ω·cm)
PLA581700.0103.104.3×1017
XLPE-5>2500.0252.354.4×1016
LDPE-1201100.0102.30>1016
HDPE-1201300.0102.30>1016
PP51650.0502.20>1016
PVC70~1001800.1004.00~5.001011~1014
), ArticleFig(id=1222577749269664306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482754877510473, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Comparison of DC electric strength of PLA in different temperature, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型形状参数

直流电气强度

/(kV/mm)

AD值
PLA(30℃)225520.39
PLA(50℃)184850.69
PLA(70℃)112890.41
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不同温度场下PLA直流电气强度比较

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类型形状参数

直流电气强度

/(kV/mm)

AD值
PLA(30℃)225520.39
PLA(50℃)184850.69
PLA(70℃)112890.41
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试样30℃50℃70℃
PLA490429250
XLPE350255210
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不同温度下PLA与XLPE直流平均电气强度比较

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试样30℃50℃70℃
PLA490429250
XLPE350255210
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相变对聚乳酸空间电荷和直流击穿特性的影响
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李科 1 , 周远翔 1, 2 , 张云霄 2 , 张灵 2 , 滕陈源 2, 3
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021,54(1): 66-72
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2021, 54(1): 66-72
相变对聚乳酸空间电荷和直流击穿特性的影响
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李科1, 周远翔1, 2, 张云霄2, 张灵2, 滕陈源2, 3
作者信息
  • 1新疆大学 电气工程学院 电力系统及大型发电设备安全控制和仿真国家重点实验室风光储分室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047
  • 2清华大学 电机系 电力系统及大型发电设备安全控制和 仿真国家重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 3武汉大学 电气与自动化学院,湖北 武汉 430072
  • 李科(1994-),男(汉族),重庆人,硕士生,主要从事高压绝缘材料性能的研究。

通讯作者:

周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),北京人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术教学与科研工作。
Effect of Phase Change on Space Charge and DC Breakdown Characteristics of Polylactic Acid
Ke LI1, Yuanxiang ZHOU1, 2, Yunxiao ZHANG2, Ling ZHANG2, Chenyuan TENG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1The Wind Solar Storage Division of State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2021-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.012
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为研究相变对聚乳酸(PLA)空间电荷特性和电气强度的影响,制备了PLA试样并对其理化性能、电导电流、空间电荷、电气强度展开研究。结果表明:PLA的相变(玻璃化转变)温度为59℃,在相变前后PLA分别发生成核和晶胞生长,使得PLA的电导率随温度升高呈先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势;相变过程中引入了更多界面浅陷阱,导致PLA的平均陷阱深度随温度升高而减小。相变前后PLA分别为玻璃态和橡胶态,当温度分别升高20℃,玻璃态时电气强度下降12%,橡胶态时电气强度下降40%。

聚乳酸  /  环保材料  /  相变  /  空间电荷  /  电气强度

In order to study the influence of phase change on the space charge characteristic and electric strength of polylactic acid (PLA), we prepared PLA samples and studied their physical and chemical properties, conduction current, space charge, and electric strength. The results show that the phase change (glass transition) temperature of PLA is 59℃, and before and after the phase change, the PLA nucleates and the unite cell grows, respectively. As a result, the conductivity of PLA first increases then decreases and increases again with the increase of temperature. More shallow interface traps are introduced in the phase transition process, resulting in the average trap depth of PLA decreases with the increase of temperature. Before and after phase change, PLA is in glass state and rubber state, respectively. When the temperature increases by 20℃, the electric strength of PLA in glass state decreases by 12%, while the electric strength of PLA in rubber state decreases by 40%.

polylactic acid (PLA)  /  environment-friendly material  /  phase change  /  space charge  /  electric strength
李科, 周远翔, 张云霄, 张灵, 滕陈源. 相变对聚乳酸空间电荷和直流击穿特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (1) : 66 -72 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.012
Ke LI, Yuanxiang ZHOU, Yunxiao ZHANG, Ling ZHANG, Chenyuan TENG. Effect of Phase Change on Space Charge and DC Breakdown Characteristics of Polylactic Acid[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (1) : 66 -72 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.012
随着我国经济社会的不断发展,电力行业也呈现出蓬勃向上的发展趋势。据国家能源局统计,我国的社会用电量从2010年的41 999亿千瓦时上升到2019年的72 255亿千瓦时,同比增长约72%。电力电缆以其体积小、输送容量大等优势,在跨海输电、城市供电系统等领域的用量正在快速增长[1]。目前,电力电缆常用的绝缘材料有交联聚乙烯(crosslinked polyethylene, XLPE)、低密度聚乙烯(low density polyethylene, LDPE)、高密度聚乙烯(high density polyethylene, HDPE)、聚丙烯(polypropylene, PP)、聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)等,但这些材料具有使用量大、难降解、回收处理成本高等缺点,直接掩埋和焚烧会产生温室气体,造成环境污染[2]
近年来,环境污染和温室效应问题备受关注,各行业希望找到性能相当的环保型材料替代目前电缆使用的交联聚乙烯材料[3-4]。聚乳酸(poly-lactic acid,PLA)是以生物质为原料合成的高分子聚合物,生产能耗仅为石油基聚合物的50%~70%。PLA可通过堆肥、掩埋等方式快速降解,通过物理共混或化学共聚改变PLA的结晶度和亲水性,可以控制PLA复合材料的降解速度[5]。因此,目前PLA复合材料已广泛应用于食品包装、医疗、汽车和纺织等领域[6-7]。PLA与XLPE、LDPE、HDPE、PP、PVC的介电性能对比如表1所示[8-9],从表1可以看出,PLA具有优良的绝缘性能。因此,PLA在电力电缆绝缘领域的应用具有较大的发展潜力。
温度对材料的绝缘性能有一定影响[10-11],尤其相变对绝缘材料的绝缘强度有较大影响[12]。电力电缆的设计运行温度最高为70℃,PLA的玻璃化转变温度在电力电缆的设计运行温度区间内。而现有研究主要集中于聚合物未发生相变温度范围内的绝缘特性研究,关于相变对绝缘材料绝缘性能的影响机理尚不明确。因此,研究相变对PLA空间电荷和直流击穿特性的影响具有重要意义。
本研究采用热压法制备空气冷却的PLA薄膜试样,对PLA材料开展差示扫描量热测试。使用温控空间电荷测量平台和直流击穿平台对PLA进行空间电荷和直流击穿测试,并对温升作用下所获得的空间电荷积聚特性及直流击穿特性的变化规律进行分析和讨论。
选用美国NatureWork公司生产的PLA4032D颗粒,其密度为1.24 g/m3,熔点为160℃,玻璃化转变温度为57.8℃。PLA薄膜试样通过高温平板硫化机热压而成,热压温度为190℃,压强为10 MPa。为保证试样均匀性,在已充分预热的模具中加入过量的PLA颗粒,随后预热3 min,熔融状态下热压7 min。热压完成后,将制成的薄膜试样从模具中取出,置于空气中冷却至室温。所有试样的厚度控制在(100±15)μm范围内。
使用美国TA公司生产Q2000型的差示扫描量热仪(DSC),测量温度范围为30~210℃,系统升温速率为5℃/min。为研究热历史对PLA玻璃化转变温度和耐热性能的影响,本研究选用第1轮升温曲线,重复测试两次。
根据GB/T 1410—2006,测试使用的电导电流测量装置为三电极结构,电流的测量精度为0.01 pA。为防止环境的电磁干扰,测量单元置于金属屏蔽罩内,屏蔽罩与地线连接。测试电场强度为20 kV/mm,温度分别为30、40、50、60、70℃。为保证测试结果的可重复性,同一温度场下的电导电流取3~4次测试结果的平均值。测试极化时间为25 min,去极化时间为5 min。
使用温控电声脉冲法空间电荷测量系统对PLA材料开展空间电荷的测量,测量系统由程控电源、高压直流发生器、测量单元、示波器、程控计算机、烘箱等组成。测试前将烘箱温度调至测量温度保温2 h,保证测量单元内受热均匀,并根据IEC/TS 62758-2012对测量系统进行校准。分别在30、50、70℃下对PLA材料进行空间电荷测试,外施电场为-20 kV/mm,极化时间为60 min,去极化时间为15 min,每间隔5 s采集一次数据。负极为钪电极,接高压直流电,正极为铝电极,接地,每组测试重复3次。
根据GB/T 1408.2—2016,测试用高压电极为球电极,半径为10 mm,地电极为板电极。试验前将变压器油过滤备用,将球板电极打磨至相同目数。试验时,将击穿单元置于变压器油内,防止异常放电。试验的升压速率为500 V/s,有效样本数量为20个。
图1为PLA材料的升温曲线。由图1可知,空气冷却下的PLA玻璃化转变温度为59℃,熔融温度为165℃。与PLA的颗粒料相比,空气冷却PLA薄膜试样的玻璃化转变温度和熔点变化不大,说明材料在制备过程中未破坏其分子结构,且冷却热历史对其影响较小。PLA是半结晶聚合物,由结晶相和非晶相构成,结晶相的形成又分为晶核形成和晶粒生长两个阶段,低温易于促进PLA成核,高温易于促进晶胞生长,晶胞生长温度主要介于玻璃化转变温度和熔点之间[13],温度范围为50~150℃。PLA在升温过程中伴随成核和晶胞生长的过程,从图1可以看出,在温度达到50℃左右时,PLA吸热量开始快速增加,促进了PLA分子链的热运动、成核和晶胞生长。
PLA是半结晶聚合物,能带非连续分布,电子在跨越结晶和非晶区域时需要跨越势垒,在低电场下难以形成隧道效应,主要以电子跳跃电导为主[14]图2是PLA的电导率随温度的变化关系图。由图2可知,PLA的电导率在30~50℃呈上升趋势,在50~60℃呈下降趋势,在60~70℃呈上升趋势,在整个测试温度范围内整体呈先上升后下降再上升的非单调变化。结合图1可知,PLA在50~60℃伴随成核和结晶,其结晶度阶段性提高,结晶区和非晶区间势垒增大,载流子迁移率降低,因此电导率下降。
PLA空间电荷的形成主要有两个来源:①来自电极的电子,在电场的作用下越过势垒注入绝缘材料;②在电场作用下,绝缘材料在合成和加工过程中产生的杂质被电离,形成离子电导[15]。因PLA没有类似XLPE的交联过程,副产物等杂质极少,以同极性电荷积聚为主导,无异极性电荷积聚。空间电荷在外施电场和畸变电场的共同作用下将产生局部电场集中,从而促进入陷电荷脱离陷阱,短时间内大量的空间电荷脱离陷阱并释放大量能量,这些能量通过光电子或者热电子的形式作用于PLA的大分子链,使其发生断裂,进而引发自由基反应,最终形成低密度区,造成绝缘破坏。
图3是PLA在-20 kV/mm外施直流电场下在30、50、70℃下的空间电荷积聚特性。从图3可以看出,在3个温度下PLA都存在一定程度的同极性空间电荷积聚现象,无异极性电荷积聚,空间电荷的积聚量随温度的升高逐渐减少。
图4是PLA试样在去极化过程中空间电荷积聚量随去极化时间的变化图。从图4可以看出,随着温度的升高,PLA在去极化过程中的电荷积聚量呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,去极化过程中的电荷消散速率呈先减小后增大的变化趋势。
根据图4可计算得到去极化过程中PLA的空间电荷积聚量的绝对值[16],其计算公式为式(1)
Q(t)=0dρx,tSdx
式(1)中:Q(t)为空间电荷积聚量的绝对值,C;ρ(x,t)为空间电荷的密度值,C/m3S为电极面积,m2d为试样厚度,m。
图5是PLA试样在去极化过程中空间电荷积聚量随去极化时间的变化关系。从图5可以看出,去极化过程中空间电荷的积聚量随温度的上升先增大后减小,空间电荷积聚量随去极化时间均呈指数衰减,在70℃下,衰减速率加快,并快速达到平衡状态。
通过去极化过程中空间电荷的变化情况可以计算出载流子的视在迁移率,如式(2)所示[17]
μ(t)=2εdq(t)(q+(t)-q-(t))q(t)d (t)
式(2)中:q+(t)为试样正极性电荷的平均密度;q-(t)为试样负极性电荷的平均密度。
PLA试样载流子的视在迁移率计算结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出,在30、50、70℃下,PLA试样载流子的视在迁移率均呈现指数衰减,在去极化时间约为170 s时达到平衡状态。入陷载流子脱离陷阱的难易程度与载流子迁移率的大小有关。空间电荷会被结晶相和非晶相之间存在的缺陷所形成的陷阱捕获[16]。结晶性聚合物在玻璃化转变温度至熔融温度之间都会发生成核和结晶过程,在高温时易于促进晶胞生长,低温时易于成核[13]。当温度从30℃上升至50℃,PLA在相变过程中开始出现成核和晶胞生长,结晶相增多会增加结晶相和非晶相间的界面,引入更多的界面缺陷进而形成界面浅陷阱,陷阱密度增大,导致去极化过程中载流子迁移率下降。当温度从50℃上升至70℃,电子的热运动加剧,被浅陷阱捕获的电荷能够激发进入导带,导致去极化过程中载流子迁移率上升。因此,PLA试样的载流子迁移率随温度升高先下降后上升。
去极化过程中的平均陷阱深度φ可通过式(3)表示[18]
φ=kTln (μheR2)
式(3)中:k为玻耳兹曼常数,k=1.38×10-23 J/K;T为绝对温度,单位为K;h=6.6×10-34 J·s;e=-1.6×10-19 C;R为局域态平均距离,单位为m。
图7是不同温度下PLA试样平均陷阱深度与去极化时间的关系。从图7可以看出,30、50、70℃下,PLA平均陷阱深度随去极化时间的增加先增大然后逐渐趋于平稳,表明浅陷阱中的载流子快速脱陷和迁移。30℃和70℃下,PLA分别处于稳定的玻璃态和橡胶态,750 s去极化时间内有更窄的陷阱分布,平均陷阱深度随去极化时间的变化差值约为0.04 eV。在50℃下,PLA出现成核和晶胞生长[13],引入了更多界面浅陷阱,导致陷阱深度变化随去极化时间分布更宽,平均陷阱深度随去极化时间的变化差值约为0.1 eV。PLA的平均陷阱深度随温度的升高先减小后增大。
结合图2中PLA的电导率测试结果可知,随温度升高,电导率呈先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势。在50℃左右电导率呈明显下降趋势,其主要原因是PLA在50℃左右发生玻璃化转变,出现成核和晶胞生长,引入了更多界面浅陷阱,电荷在输运过程中更容易入陷,界面陷阱增加是导致电导率非单调变化的主要原因。电导测试结果与去极化过程中PLA陷阱特性的变化规律一致。
聚合物的击穿是一个复杂的过程,影响聚合物电气强度的因素较多,即使在近乎相同的实验条件下所得到的电气强度仍然存在分散性和随机性。因此,本研究选用两参数的Weibull分布进行统计分析,其表达式为式(4)[19-20]
F(x)=1-e-EE0β
式(4)中:F(x)为击穿概率统计值;E0F(x)=63.2%时的电气强度;E为电气强度;β为表征试样击穿电压分散程度的形状参数,用来估计实验试样内部缺陷的分布情况。
图8表2分别为PLA在不同温度下电气强度的Weibull分布图和统计表。从图8表2可以看出,随着温度的升高,PLA的电气强度呈下降趋势。30℃时,PLA的电气强度为552 kV/mm,形状参数为22(形状参数AD值为Anderson-Darling统计量);50℃时,PLA的电气强度为485 kV/mm,下降了12%,形状参数为18;70℃时,PLA的电气强度为289 kV/mm,下降了40%,形状参数为11。
随温度升高,聚合物在发生相变时,其直流击穿机制会随之发生改变。聚合物处于玻璃态时,其击穿的机制主要为电子雪崩击穿;当聚合物随着温度升高从玻璃态转变为橡胶态时,受电、热及聚合物分子链段松弛的综合影响,其击穿的机制转变为电热击穿、热击穿和自由体积击穿[21]。综上,在玻璃化转变温度以下(玻璃态),温度对聚合物电气强度的影响较小,主要与电子碰撞电离有关;在玻璃化转变温度以上(橡胶态),击穿机制与介质损耗引发的热过程、电子碰撞电离有关,温度对绝缘材料电气强度的影响较大。
表3中XLPE的直流平均电气强度为本课题组在相同实验条件下获得的数据[22]。从表3可以看出,与30℃下相比,50℃下PLA的平均电气强度下降了约12%,XLPE的平均电气强度下降了约27%。与50℃下相比,70℃下PLA的平均电气强度下降了42%,XLPE的平均电气强度下降了18%。XLPE的玻璃化转变温度为-5℃,PLA的玻璃化转变温度为59℃,温度从30℃上升至70℃时,PLA发生了相变,XLPE未发生相变,由此可见,绝缘材料受温升影响,相变后的绝缘强度会大幅下降。
综上所述,在发生相变前,随温度升高,PLA的电气强度受电子碰撞电离引发的电子雪崩击穿影响,随温度升高电气强度的下降幅度较小。发生相变后,电气强度受自由体击穿、电击穿和电热击穿影响,随温度升高下降率较相变前将成倍增长。
(1)随温度升高,PLA在极化过程中的空间电荷积聚量逐渐减小。结合去极化过程中载流子迁移率和陷阱深度的变化可以看出,PLA在相变过程中出现成核和晶胞生长,引入了更多界面陷阱,导致平均陷阱深度减小。
(2)相变前,PLA为玻璃态,其击穿机制主要为电子雪崩击穿,受温度影响较小,温度从30℃上升至50℃时,电气强度下降了12%;相变后,PLA为橡胶态,其击穿机制主要为自由体积击穿、电热击穿、电击穿,受温度影响较大,温度从50℃上升至70℃时,电气强度下降了40%。
(3)电力电缆绝缘材料的绝缘性能受温升影响,通常情况下绝缘可靠性会出现不同程度的下降,PLA在常温下有较好的电气绝缘性能,但是PLA的直流电气强度受温度的影响较大。电力电缆绝缘设计的最高工作温度为70℃,高于PLA的玻璃化转变温度,因此,要将PLA应用于电力电缆绝缘,需要提高PLA的玻璃化转变温度以保证其优异和稳定的绝缘性能。
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  • 中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2019M650029)
  • 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室开放课题(LAPS19004)
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2021年第54卷第1期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.012
  • 接收时间:2020-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2021-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-03-25
  • 修回日期:2020-05-09
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51907101)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977186)
中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2018QNRC001)
中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2019M650029)
新能源电力系统国家重点实验室开放课题(LAPS19004)
作者信息
    1新疆大学 电气工程学院 电力系统及大型发电设备安全控制和仿真国家重点实验室风光储分室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047
    2清华大学 电机系 电力系统及大型发电设备安全控制和 仿真国家重点实验室,北京 100084
    3武汉大学 电气与自动化学院,湖北 武汉 430072

通讯作者:

周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),北京人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术教学与科研工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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