Article(id=1222482748934181501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482747264852071, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1586707200000, receivedDateStr=2020-04-13, revisedDate=1590163200000, revisedDateStr=2020-05-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769392199976, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1611072000000, pubDateStr=2021-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769392199976, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769392199976, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769392199976, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1222482747264852071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2021', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='107', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769392199579, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1769414905563, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222577983139861118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482747264852071, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222577983144055423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1222482747264852071, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=17, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222482749261337215, articleId=1222482748934181501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation of New Porous Adsorbent andIts Regeneration Test to Degraded Mineral Transformer Oil, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A kind of porous adsorbent was developed by low temperature hydrothermal method, and it was compared with 801 adsorbent, silica gel, activated aluminum oxide, and 13X molecular sieve through the regeneration tests of degraded mineral transformer oil. The composition change of oil after regenerated by the adsorbent were analyzed by infrared spectrum. The results show that the adsorbent has the characteristic diffraction peak of β zeolite, the aperture of the adsorbent is 0.8-1 nm, the particle size is mainly 0.7-0.9 μm, the specific surface area reaches up to 680 m2/g, the molar ratio of Si and Al is 3:1-5:1, and it has strong polarity and selective adsorption. The adsorptive capacity of the porous adsorbent is stronger than 801 adsorbent, silica gel, activated aluminum oxide, and 13X molecular sieve. It can efficiently adsorb the unsaturated hydrocarbons from degradation transformer oil without damaging the basic components of the oil.

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采用低温水热合成法研制了一种多孔吸附剂,与801吸附剂、硅胶、活性氧化铝和13X分子筛进行劣化矿物变压器油再生对比试验,采用红外光谱分析该多孔吸附剂再生后油液的组成变化情况。结果表明:该吸附剂具有β沸石特征衍射峰,孔径为0.8~1.0 nm,粒径主要分布在0.7~0.9 μm,比表面积高达680 m2/g,SiO2与Al2O3摩尔比为3∶1~5∶1,具有强极性和选择性吸附作用。该多孔吸附剂的吸附能力优于801吸附剂、硅胶、活性氧化铝和13X分子筛,可以高效吸附变压器油劣化产生的不饱和烃类物质,且不损伤油品的基本成分。

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窦鹏(1984-),男(汉族),宁夏石嘴山人,高级工程师,主要从事电力用油的监督与故障诊断的研究。

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窦鹏(1984-),男(汉族),宁夏石嘴山人,高级工程师,主要从事电力用油的监督与故障诊断的研究。

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窦鹏(1984-),男(汉族),宁夏石嘴山人,高级工程师,主要从事电力用油的监督与故障诊断的研究。

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检测项目劣化油新型多孔吸附剂801吸附剂硅胶活性氧化铝13X分子筛
外观深黄色,不透明淡黄色,透明黄色,透明深黄色,透明深黄色,不透明黄色,透明
pH值4.45.85.65.15.75.2
酸值/(mgKOH/g)0.0960.0080.0110.0240.0160.032
界面张力(25)/(mN/m)20.440.538.228.730.933.3
介质损耗因数(90)0.0820.0090.0130.0520.0640.049
体积电阻率(90)/(×1010 Ω·m)2.751.019.06.39.29.9
糠醛含量/(mg/kg)3.60.0020.0051.52.20.016
), ArticleFig(id=1222577736581894233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1222482748934181501, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

劣化变压器油再生后的性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目劣化油新型多孔吸附剂801吸附剂硅胶活性氧化铝13X分子筛
外观深黄色,不透明淡黄色,透明黄色,透明深黄色,透明深黄色,不透明黄色,透明
pH值4.45.85.65.15.75.2
酸值/(mgKOH/g)0.0960.0080.0110.0240.0160.032
界面张力(25)/(mN/m)20.440.538.228.730.933.3
介质损耗因数(90)0.0820.0090.0130.0520.0640.049
体积电阻率(90)/(×1010 Ω·m)2.751.019.06.39.29.9
糠醛含量/(mg/kg)3.60.0020.0051.52.20.016
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新型多孔吸附剂的研制及其对劣化矿物变压器油再生试验的研究
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窦鹏 , 李亚龙 , 车美美
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021,54(1): 13-17
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2021, 54(1): 13-17
新型多孔吸附剂的研制及其对劣化矿物变压器油再生试验的研究
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窦鹏, 李亚龙, 车美美
作者信息
  • 江苏方天电力技术有限公司,江苏 南京 211102
  • 窦鹏(1984-),男(汉族),宁夏石嘴山人,高级工程师,主要从事电力用油的监督与故障诊断的研究。

Preparation of New Porous Adsorbent andIts Regeneration Test to Degraded Mineral Transformer Oil
Peng DOU, Yalong LI, Meimei CHE
Affiliations
  • Jiangsu Frontier Electric Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211102, China
出版时间: 2021-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.003
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采用低温水热合成法研制了一种多孔吸附剂,与801吸附剂、硅胶、活性氧化铝和13X分子筛进行劣化矿物变压器油再生对比试验,采用红外光谱分析该多孔吸附剂再生后油液的组成变化情况。结果表明:该吸附剂具有β沸石特征衍射峰,孔径为0.8~1.0 nm,粒径主要分布在0.7~0.9 μm,比表面积高达680 m2/g,SiO2与Al2O3摩尔比为3∶1~5∶1,具有强极性和选择性吸附作用。该多孔吸附剂的吸附能力优于801吸附剂、硅胶、活性氧化铝和13X分子筛,可以高效吸附变压器油劣化产生的不饱和烃类物质,且不损伤油品的基本成分。

变压器油  /  多孔吸附剂  /  再生处理  /  红外光谱  /  801吸附剂

A kind of porous adsorbent was developed by low temperature hydrothermal method, and it was compared with 801 adsorbent, silica gel, activated aluminum oxide, and 13X molecular sieve through the regeneration tests of degraded mineral transformer oil. The composition change of oil after regenerated by the adsorbent were analyzed by infrared spectrum. The results show that the adsorbent has the characteristic diffraction peak of β zeolite, the aperture of the adsorbent is 0.8-1 nm, the particle size is mainly 0.7-0.9 μm, the specific surface area reaches up to 680 m2/g, the molar ratio of Si and Al is 3:1-5:1, and it has strong polarity and selective adsorption. The adsorptive capacity of the porous adsorbent is stronger than 801 adsorbent, silica gel, activated aluminum oxide, and 13X molecular sieve. It can efficiently adsorb the unsaturated hydrocarbons from degradation transformer oil without damaging the basic components of the oil.

transformer oil  /  porous adsorbent  /  regeneration  /  infrared spectrum  /  801 adsorbent
窦鹏, 李亚龙, 车美美. 新型多孔吸附剂的研制及其对劣化矿物变压器油再生试验的研究. 绝缘材料, 2021 , 54 (1) : 13 -17 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.003
Peng DOU, Yalong LI, Meimei CHE. Preparation of New Porous Adsorbent andIts Regeneration Test to Degraded Mineral Transformer Oil[J]. Insulating Materials, 2021 , 54 (1) : 13 -17 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.003
变压器油主要起绝缘、冷却和消弧的作用,是保障变压器安全稳定运行的“血液”。纯净的矿物变压器油主要由烷烃、环烷烃和芳香烃等饱和烃类组成[1],运行过程中受温度、氧气、水分、电场等因素的共同作用会老化,生成醛类、酮类、酚类、羧酸、低分子有机酸等溶于油的氧化产物,一方面导致变压器油的理化性能降低[2-4],进而导致变压器本体的绝缘性能降低;另一方面这些酸类物质会腐蚀电力设备中的绝缘材料,破坏变压器材料的力学和绝缘性能,给变压器安全的运行造成严重危害[5-8]
分析变压器油劣化的原因,采取适当的再生处理方法对延长油品的使用周期有着重要意义,不仅可以实现劣化油的回收利用,还能保护环境,带来显著的经济效益和社会效益。吸附再生处理技术由于操作工艺简单、处理效果好、设备投资少、运行成本低等诸多优势,被广泛应用于电力用油的处理。吸附剂作为吸附处理技术的核心,一直是该研究领域的热点[9-10]。劣化变压器油常用的吸附剂有白土、801吸附剂、活性氧化铝、硅胶、分子筛等。
白土是油处理领域中最常用的传统吸附剂,是一种含硅、铝、镁等元素的黏土。目前对白土的研究多集中在改性方面,常用的改性方法主要是酸化改性和碱化改性[11-12],改性后的白土含有较多的活化酸中心,因此具备吸附能力,尤其对有色物质有较强的吸附力。但是,随着各行业对材料环保性能要求的提高,白土因其再生回收率低、排废量大、污染环境等原因,逐步被淘汰。
801吸附剂是一种含有稀土元素的硫酸铝盐,能有效吸附溶解于变压器油中的劣化产物,能使油品的酸值降低约70%,介质损耗因数降低90%以上,在电力用油处理中被广泛使用。801吸附剂的不足是价格偏高,且吸附剂与杂质结合产生的沉淀油泥质地紧密、不易清除,因此需要进一步探索以改善其性能[13]
活性氧化铝是由金属矿物铝矾土经加工精制后活化而成,是一种多孔、机械强度高、不易膨胀或收缩、化学稳定性好的固体材料。目前活性氧化铝凭借其高效的吸附性能被广泛应用于变压器油的脱酸处理,但是在吸附过程中易中毒[14],导致其脱硫脱氮能力下降。
硅胶表面具有硅烷醇特征基团,有丰富的微孔结构和较大的比表面积,是一种极性吸附剂。硅胶具有稳定的化学性质与耐热性,主要用于除去变压器油中的水分、树脂状物、不饱和烃、有机酸等有害成分,但在实际处理过程中发现硅胶的脱色 效果不佳,需要对其进行改性才能达到良好的脱色效果,制约了硅胶在油处理领域的广泛使用[15]
分子筛是由硅氧四面体通过氧桥键相连而形成具有一定尺寸的立方晶格多孔材料,具有比表面积大、孔道结构丰富、孔径可调节、吸附容量大、选择吸附性能强等优点。分子筛类吸附剂在油处理领域的研究和应用相对较多,唐金伟等[16]研制的微孔硅铝吸附剂已经应用于劣化变压器油的再生处理中,效果好,经济效益显著。赵耀洪等[17]使用13X分子筛脱除变压器油中的二苄基二硫醚杂质,并与传统的吸附剂进行比较,发现13X分子筛脱除二苄基二硫醚的效果最理想,并且通过优化分子筛粒径可以提升吸附剂对二苄基二硫醚的吸附效率。邓华等[18]将分子筛进行扩孔改性氧化,再与稀土按一定比例混合制得3种吸附剂,该吸附剂对变压器油中的腐蚀性硫有良好的吸附作用。
综上所述,目前处理变压器油常用的吸附剂均存在排废量大、脱色能力差、选择性吸附性能弱等缺点。鉴于此,本研究用廉价易得的原料制备一种新型多孔吸附剂,研究其在清除劣化矿物变压器油中的有害物质,净化变压器油方面的能力。
水玻璃,工业级;偏铝酸钠、氢氧化钠,分析纯;氯化铵溶液,浓度为18%,南京化学试剂股份有限公司。氯化稀土,纯度为98%,上海达瑞精细化学品有限公司。
S-4800型冷场发射扫描电子显微镜,日本日立公司;D/MAX-3B型X射线衍射仪,日本理学公司;3H-2000PM自动吸附仪,贝士德仪器公司;PHS精密酸度计,上海雷磁公司;HH.S11-8S型恒温水浴箱,北京新诺立华仪器有限公司;IR Prestige-21型傅里叶红外光谱仪,日本岛津公司。
将水玻璃搅拌加热到(50±3)℃,缓慢加入定量的氢氧化钠、偏铝酸钠和去离子水混合物,加料结束后继续搅拌30 min得到白色凝胶。将凝胶转移到500 mL塑料瓶中,加盖后置于40℃恒温水浴中陈化一定时间,直至变成透明溶胶。然后将溶胶加热至(90±5)℃时恒温搅拌,加入少量氯化稀土进行改性,再加入18%氯化铵溶液调节其pH值至6~7,过滤并用去离子水洗涤溶液至中性,再将其置于650℃蒸汽环境中焙烧得到固体粉末即为多孔吸附剂,其分子式表示为xMO·yAl2O3·zSiO2·nRe,其中M是金属阳离子(如钠离子);xyzn分别是MO、Al2O3、SiO2、稀土元素Re的分子数。
选用801吸附剂、硅胶、活性氧化铝和13X分子筛与本研究研制的多孔吸附剂进行劣化变压器油的再生对比试验。油液再生试验采用接触法,即分别称取2 g吸附剂加入到500 g劣化变压器油中(某220 kV变压器退出运行的25号油),在55℃恒温水浴下搅拌1 h,使吸附剂与油液充分接触达到最佳吸附效果。吸附完成后将油液与吸附剂的混合物过滤分离,按照GB/T 14542—2017测定劣化油和再生油液的外观、水溶性酸、酸值、界面张力、介质损耗因数、体积电阻率和糠醛含量。
分别取一定量的新油、劣化油和用多孔吸附剂再生处理后的油进行红外光谱测试,分析3种油样的组成变化。
比表面积(BET)是指多孔固体物质单位质量所具有的表面积,与颗粒的粒径、形状、表面缺陷及孔结构密切相关,比表面积越大,其活性越大,吸附能力越强。按照GB/T 19587—2017测得多孔吸附剂的BET值为680 m2/g。
X射线衍射法(XRD)可以测定粉体的类型、纯度或结晶度,不同的粉体有不同的组成和点阵结构。多孔吸附剂的XRD谱图如图1所示。
图1可以看出,该多孔吸附剂的SiO2与A12O3摩尔比约为3∶1~5∶1,在低角度区(2θ为1°~10°)和高角度区(2θ为10°~30°)均存在β沸石特征衍射峰,该沸石具有三维十二元环孔结构,有两个四元环和4个五元环的双六元环单位晶穴结构,热稳定性较高,对极性物质和不饱和烃类具有较强的吸附能力[19]
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测多孔吸附剂的形貌、孔隙大小、晶界和团聚程度等,结果如图2所示。从图2可以看出,该多孔吸附剂的结晶度和纯度很高,粒径主要在0.7~0.9 μm且分布均匀,孔径多分布于0.8~1.0 nm,具有选择性吸附的能力。
使用活性氧化铝、硅胶、13X分子筛、801吸附剂和新型多孔吸附剂对劣化变压器油进行再生,并与劣化油进行对比,结果如图3所示,具体数据如表1所示。从图3表1可以看出,活性氧化铝和硅胶的脱色效果较差,颜色与劣化油相近,依然是深黄色;13X分子筛和801吸附剂有一定的脱色能力;新型多孔吸附剂具有较好的脱色效果,这是因为该吸附剂具有较大的比表面积和强极性,对炭黑颗粒、胶质、树脂和沥青等着色物有较强的吸附能力,因此再生后的油品呈淡黄色。
表1可以看出,多孔吸附剂具有优良的脱色、脱酸、降低介质损耗因数和提高界面张力的能力,可以大幅提升变压器油的绝缘性能,其吸附性能优于801吸附剂、硅胶、活性氧化铝和13X分子筛,这是因为新型多孔吸附剂中引入了少量稀土,稀土元素的原子半径大,又极易失掉外层的6s电子和5d或4f电子,在不等价离子取代中会产生空位等缺陷,使内晶表面高度极化,从而提高了晶体间的库仑力和静电吸附力,极大地改善了吸附剂的稳定性和吸附性能。
分别取新油、劣化油和采用多孔吸附剂吸附再生后的油做红外光谱对比试验,结果如图4所示。
图4可以看出,劣化油出现明显的吸收峰,尤其是波数为1 720 cm-1的醛基吸收峰和2 720 cm-1处的C-H伸缩振动峰的出现,以及3 400~3 600 cm-1处的烃基吸收峰峰高和峰面积明显增大,由此判定变压器油中有不饱和醛类化合物生成,表明油品已经出现严重的劣化。从图4还可以看出,新油和再生油的红外光谱图并未有较大的改变,在波数为2 952~2 855 cm-1 处的C-H伸缩振动峰、1 456~1 376 cm-1处的C-H变形振动峰、1 606 cm-1处的苯环C=C振动峰完全相同,这是因为矿物油主要通过元素C、H构成分子的基本构架不变,故多孔吸附剂再生后的变压器油基本成分不变。在波数为1 600~1 700 cm-1处,新油和再生油的波峰比劣化油小,说明再生后油中羰基等活性物质减少,活性自由基减少,油品得到精制。
由此可见,多孔吸附剂可以高效吸附变压器油劣化产生的不饱和烃类物质,且不损伤油品的基本成分,有较好的选择性吸附能力。
(1)新型多孔吸附剂具有β沸石特征衍射峰,孔径为0.8~1.0 nm,粒径主要均匀分布在0.7~0.9 μm,比表面积高达680 m2/g,SiO2与Al2O3摩尔比低(为3∶1~5∶1),具有强极性。
(2)新型多孔吸附剂具有优良的脱色、脱酸、降低介质损耗和提高界面张力的能力,用量少,吸附能力优于目前常用的油处理吸附剂。
(3)红外光谱分析表明新型多孔吸附剂可以高效吸附变压器油劣化产生的不饱和烃类物质,且不损伤油品的基本成分,有较好的选择性吸附能力。
  • 江苏方天电力科技项目(KJXM-0215)
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2021年第54卷第1期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2021.01.003
  • 接收时间:2020-04-13
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2021-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2020-04-13
  • 修回日期:2020-05-23
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江苏方天电力科技项目(KJXM-0215)
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    江苏方天电力技术有限公司,江苏 南京 211102
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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