Article(id=1210620766748536860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703088000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-21, revisedDate=1709049600000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766564083038, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766564083038, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766564083038, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564083038, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210620759618220989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766564081339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564115162, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=98, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210620767146995752, articleId=1210620766748536860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on condensation discharge characteristics on surface of epoxy resin insulation for switchgears, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Partial discharge often occurs due to condensation on the surface of insulator inside the switchgear of box-type substation at the bottom of the wind turbine tower, which seriously threatens the operational safety of equipment. In order to further understand the electric field distribution and discharge process on the surface of epoxy resin with condensation, we used artificial spray condensation was to simulate the natural condensation process in this study. The influence of condensation on the electric field distribution of the insulation surface was simulated and analyzed when the electric field non-uniform coefficient was changing. The spectrogram of partial discharge on the epoxy resin surface under different condensation amount was measured, and the change law of the insulation surface discharge was further discussed. The results show that the artificial spray condensation can quantitatively simulate the condensation amount on the insulation surface under natural condensation. Condensation at different locations can cause the distortion of partial electric field, leading to the accumulation and increase of surface charges on the discharge path, which increases the possibility of partial discharge. When the non-uniformity coefficient of surface electric field is larger, the partial discharge initial voltage is lower, and partial discharge is easier to occur. The increase in the adhesion amount of condensation on the insulation surface promotes the partial discharge. With the increase of condensation amount, the degree of surface electric field distortion and the probability of water droplet fusion increase, while the initial discharge voltage decreases, the number and amplitude of surface discharge increase.

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风机塔底箱式变电站的开关柜内绝缘子表面常会凝露并引发局部放电,严重威胁设备运行安全。为进一步了解凝露后环氧树脂表面的电场分布和放电过程,本文以人工喷雾凝露的方式模拟自然凝露过程,仿真分析了电场不均匀系数变化时凝露对绝缘表面电场分布的影响,测量了不同凝露附着量下环氧树脂表面的局部放电谱图,并进一步讨论了绝缘表面放电的变化规律。结果表明:人工喷雾凝露可以较好地定量模拟自然凝露下绝缘表面的凝露附着量;不同位置的凝露均会引起局部电场畸变,导致放电路径上的表面电荷聚集和增加,提高了局部放电发生的可能性;表面电场不均匀系数越大,局部放电的起始电压越低,越容易引发局部放电;绝缘表面凝露附着量的增加对局部放电现象有促进的作用,凝露越多,表面电场畸变程度和水珠融合概率越大,起始放电电压就越低,表面放电次数和放电幅值越高。

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雷志鹏(1983-),男(汉族),山西太原人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘、矿用智能与新型电器方向的研究。
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赵心毅(1999-),男(汉族),山西忻州人,硕士,主要从事绝缘表面放电监测及电动汽车充电设施运监的研究。

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赵心毅(1999-),男(汉族),山西忻州人,硕士,主要从事绝缘表面放电监测及电动汽车充电设施运监的研究。

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赵心毅(1999-),男(汉族),山西忻州人,硕士,主要从事绝缘表面放电监测及电动汽车充电设施运监的研究。

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试样表面附水质量/g水珠密度/(个/mm2)水珠面积占比/%水珠长轴均值/mm水珠短轴均值/mm形状因子
自然凝露596.66738.7020.5350.3130.846
684.08245.4160.6460.4220.859
763.70447.3870.6720.4250.849
922.22753.1490.7940.5320.864
1111.58757.8500.9100.6010.873
喷雾凝露596.28939.4380.5340.3440.881
684.90246.2950.5880.3820.844
763.17547.6930.7030.4530.882
922.05350.9450.8360.5270.875
1111.49057.700.9790.6250.846
加权误差0.1080.0180.0530.0620.028
相似度94.6%
), ArticleFig(id=1218964346886078885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766748536860, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试样表面凝露的形态参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样表面附水质量/g水珠密度/(个/mm2)水珠面积占比/%水珠长轴均值/mm水珠短轴均值/mm形状因子
自然凝露596.66738.7020.5350.3130.846
684.08245.4160.6460.4220.859
763.70447.3870.6720.4250.849
922.22753.1490.7940.5320.864
1111.58757.8500.9100.6010.873
喷雾凝露596.28939.4380.5340.3440.881
684.90246.2950.5880.3820.844
763.17547.6930.7030.4530.882
922.05350.9450.8360.5270.875
1111.49057.700.9790.6250.846
加权误差0.1080.0180.0530.0620.028
相似度94.6%
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开关柜用环氧树脂绝缘表面的凝露放电特性研究
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赵心毅 1, 2 , 周文凯 1 , 李传扬 3 , 雷志鹏 1 , 李媛媛 1 , 赵良华 4
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024,57(12): 98-107
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024, 57(12): 98-107
开关柜用环氧树脂绝缘表面的凝露放电特性研究
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赵心毅1, 2, 周文凯1, 李传扬3, 雷志鹏1, 李媛媛1, 赵良华4
作者信息
  • 1太原理工大学 电气与动力工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 2内蒙古电力营销服务与 运营管理分公司,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010
  • 3清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系,北京 100084
  • 4江阴市富仁电气有限公司,江苏 江阴 214434
  • 赵心毅(1999-),男(汉族),山西忻州人,硕士,主要从事绝缘表面放电监测及电动汽车充电设施运监的研究。

通讯作者:

雷志鹏(1983-),男(汉族),山西太原人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘、矿用智能与新型电器方向的研究。
Research on condensation discharge characteristics on surface of epoxy resin insulation for switchgears
Xinyi ZHAO1, 2, Wenkai ZHOU1, Chuanyang LI3, Zhipeng LEI1, Yuanyuan Li1, Lianghua ZHAO4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electrical and Power Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 2Inner Mongolia Power Marketing Service and Operation Management Branch, Hohhot 010010, China
  • 3Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 4Jiangyin Furen Electrical Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214434, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.013
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风机塔底箱式变电站的开关柜内绝缘子表面常会凝露并引发局部放电,严重威胁设备运行安全。为进一步了解凝露后环氧树脂表面的电场分布和放电过程,本文以人工喷雾凝露的方式模拟自然凝露过程,仿真分析了电场不均匀系数变化时凝露对绝缘表面电场分布的影响,测量了不同凝露附着量下环氧树脂表面的局部放电谱图,并进一步讨论了绝缘表面放电的变化规律。结果表明:人工喷雾凝露可以较好地定量模拟自然凝露下绝缘表面的凝露附着量;不同位置的凝露均会引起局部电场畸变,导致放电路径上的表面电荷聚集和增加,提高了局部放电发生的可能性;表面电场不均匀系数越大,局部放电的起始电压越低,越容易引发局部放电;绝缘表面凝露附着量的增加对局部放电现象有促进的作用,凝露越多,表面电场畸变程度和水珠融合概率越大,起始放电电压就越低,表面放电次数和放电幅值越高。

绝缘子  /  凝露  /  表面放电  /  凝露放电  /  箱式变电站

Partial discharge often occurs due to condensation on the surface of insulator inside the switchgear of box-type substation at the bottom of the wind turbine tower, which seriously threatens the operational safety of equipment. In order to further understand the electric field distribution and discharge process on the surface of epoxy resin with condensation, we used artificial spray condensation was to simulate the natural condensation process in this study. The influence of condensation on the electric field distribution of the insulation surface was simulated and analyzed when the electric field non-uniform coefficient was changing. The spectrogram of partial discharge on the epoxy resin surface under different condensation amount was measured, and the change law of the insulation surface discharge was further discussed. The results show that the artificial spray condensation can quantitatively simulate the condensation amount on the insulation surface under natural condensation. Condensation at different locations can cause the distortion of partial electric field, leading to the accumulation and increase of surface charges on the discharge path, which increases the possibility of partial discharge. When the non-uniformity coefficient of surface electric field is larger, the partial discharge initial voltage is lower, and partial discharge is easier to occur. The increase in the adhesion amount of condensation on the insulation surface promotes the partial discharge. With the increase of condensation amount, the degree of surface electric field distortion and the probability of water droplet fusion increase, while the initial discharge voltage decreases, the number and amplitude of surface discharge increase.

insulators  /  condensation  /  surface discharge  /  condensation discharge  /  box-type substation
赵心毅, 周文凯, 李传扬, 雷志鹏, 李媛媛, 赵良华. 开关柜用环氧树脂绝缘表面的凝露放电特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (12) : 98 -107 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.013
Xinyi ZHAO, Wenkai ZHOU, Chuanyang LI, Zhipeng LEI, Yuanyuan Li, Lianghua ZHAO. Research on condensation discharge characteristics on surface of epoxy resin insulation for switchgears[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (12) : 98 -107 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.013
随着国家“双碳”战略的推进,风力发电等一系列新能源发电的占比稳步提升。然而,我国风力发电机大部分部署在西北地区或是沿海周边,受北方早晚温差大以及沿海周边地区气候湿润等因素影响,风电机组配套的塔底箱式变电站中开关柜内极易形成凝露。凝露的出现不但会降低柜中元件的绝缘强度,引发局部放电,严重时更会直接威胁整个机组运行的安全稳定性[1]。绝缘子作为隔离、固定开关柜内高压带电部分的关键元件,其两端承受较大的电气负荷和机械负荷。因此,研究绝缘子表面凝露状态及其对表面局部放电的影响,对于开关柜运维具有重要意义。
目前,已有部分学者对绝缘子表面凝露后的电场分布及表面放电特性开展了研究。蒋兴良等[2-4]通过研究潮湿雾霾环境中绝缘子的交流闪络特性,发现了瓷、玻璃、复合绝缘子的污闪电压随潮湿绝缘表面电导率、染污程度、等值盐密的增大而减小。吕玉坤等[5-6]通过仿真绝缘子表面存在积污颗粒后的电场分布,发现表面场强畸变率与导电颗粒粒径、数量成正相关。I J S LOPES等[7]研究发现硅橡胶表面的水滴会产生电场增强效应,增强因子大小正比于水滴大小和数量。同时,增强电场对于局部放电的促进作用存在一个阈值,当场强超过阈值时(3.0~3.5 kV/cm),放电水平会呈指数增长。吕玉坤等[8]通过分析绝缘子表面水珠的相关参数,发现水珠的粒径、间距和相对介电常数是影响绝缘子表面电场畸变程度的主要因素。刘轩东等[9-10]研究发现,处于潮湿环境中的硅橡胶表面附水质量随着环境温差、相对湿度和表面污秽度的增大而增大,且凝露现象越严重,表面闪络电压越低。刘勇等[11-13]通过人工雾室模拟大气条件,研究了不同污湿条件下硅橡胶绝缘表面液滴分布特征及其对绝缘子闪络电压的影响。曹雯等[14]通过实验结合仿真的方式,提出了由水珠动态行为引发的闪络物理模型,发现水珠体积、液体电导率、硅橡胶憎水性、污秽度等因素会改变水珠的形变与拉伸因子,进而诱发闪络形成。以上研究对于理解凝露造成不同绝缘表面放电和闪络过程起到了积极作用,也为本研究提供了有益借鉴,但其中多数研究围绕硅橡胶绝缘材料展开,而针对环氧树脂绝缘材料表面凝露后的放电特性关注相对较少。
针对这一问题,本文以人工喷雾凝露的方式代替自然凝露过程,测量不同凝露附着量下环氧树脂表面局部放电相位分布谱图(PRPD),通过仿真不同场强下表面凝露引起的电场畸变,分析其对表面局部放电过程的影响,并通过改变绝缘表面的凝露附着量,研究绝缘表面放电过程与凝露附着量的关系,以期为分析环氧树脂绝缘表面局部放电发展趋势提供参考。
以箱式变电站的开关柜内支柱绝缘子用环氧树脂为研究对象,制作了两种不同形状的试样,如图1所示。使用前,先将试样放入磷酸三钠溶液中清洗,去除表面油脂和脱模剂,然后擦干表面溶液,并在60℃的干燥箱中静置2 h使其完全干燥。试样所用环氧树脂为珀力姆EP6101型,两种试样尺寸分别为215 mm×150 mm×4 mm和40 mm×40 mm×6 mm。其中,正方形试样表面尺寸与制冷片相当,可较好地控制表面自然凝露的均一性,但不易控制凝露放电研究中的电场不均匀系数,故仅用于研究自然凝露和人工喷雾凝露的对应关系。长方形试样表面尺寸较大,可以方便地调整电极布置,控制电场不均匀系数,故用于研究绝缘表面的凝露放电特性。
图2为基于脉冲电流法的凝露放电测量原理图。图2中,调压台用于控制无局放试验变压器的输出电压幅值;低通滤波器用于滤除电源电压中的干扰;试验变压器最大输出电压为100 kV,其局部放电量不超过5 pC;水电阻阻值为20 kΩ,用于防止试样击穿后的过电压损坏变压器纵绝缘;高压探头用于监测试样两端的电压,其变化比为1000∶1;限流电阻用于进一步限制试样表面发生闪络或电弧放电时的能量;高频电流互感器(HFCT)用于测量试样表面发生的局部放电;OMICRON MPD 600型局放仪用于采集并记录局部放电信号和高压探头输出的电压。
凝露放电测量时,先在环氧树脂试样表面喷洒一定量的凝露,然后对试样施加电压,电压从零开始,升压速率为0.1 kV/s,待观察到有起始放电后停止加压。凝露放电的起始放电电压为出现局部放电量大于10 pC时所施加的最低电压。之后重新在试样表面喷洒凝露,测量25 kV电压下实验60 s时的局部放电数据,并根据实验数据绘制局部放电图谱。
绝缘子加压时其表面会产生不均匀电场[15],从而引起局部放电。为了确定用于模拟绝缘子表面电场的电极结构,仿真分析了七一电气的ZJ-35Q/145×320型绝缘子的表面电场分布。设置绝缘子顶部高压端电压频率为50 Hz,有效值为35 kV,底部接地,仿真步长为5 μs,测量至12.5 ms时绝缘子表面电场分布,如图3(a)所示。从图3(a)可以看出,绝缘子顶部高压端和底部接地端的电场强度较高,分别约为2.09×106 V/m和1.83×106 V/m。从绝缘子两端向绝缘子中间,电场强度逐渐减小,如高压侧的第一个伞裙附近电场强度下降至2.69×105 V/m。伞裙中段电场强度最小,约为1.52×104 V/m。据此电场分布规律,将绝缘子高压端顶部、高压端首个伞裙和中部伞裙作为3处典型位置,分析它们的表面电场均匀程度。
一般来说,电场不均匀程度通过电场不均匀系数(K)来度量,其计算公式如式(1)所示。
K=EmaxEavg
式(1)中,Emax为电场中的最大电场强度;Eavg为参考点或参考区域内的平均电场强度。
图3(b)所示为上述三处典型位置的电场分布。经式(1)计算出绝缘子顶部电场不均系数为1.6,高压端首个伞裙电场不均系数为2.8,中部伞裙电场不均系数为2.1。
根据以上仿真结果,以电场不均匀系数为依据,使用图4(a)所示的3种电极结构模拟绝缘子典型位置的电场分布,采用长条形电极结构模拟均匀电场,其尺寸为200 mm×30 mm×20 mm,上棱倒角半径为10 mm;采用圆形电极1结构模拟稍不均匀电场,其直径为70 mm,高为20 mm,上棱倒角半径为8 mm;采用圆形电极2结构模拟不均匀电场,其直径为50 mm,高为20 mm,上棱倒角半径为8 mm。为找到作用效果最贴近于典型位置的电极布置方式,在仿真软件中不断改变电极位置,计算试样表面的电场不均匀系数。结果发现,若试样横置于水平x-y面,两电极之间保持90 mm水平间距紧贴试样上表面,长条形电极、圆形电极1、圆形电极2模拟的试样表面电场不均匀系数分别为1.6、2.2和2.8,与绝缘子三处典型位置的电场不均系数相近,故3种电极结构按照图4(b)所示方式布置。以上结果均基于周围介质为空气,x-y面为水平面,仿真步长为5 μs,电压频率为50 Hz,有效值为25 kV,计算时刻为12.5 ms的仿真条件下得出。
因自然条件下凝露时间较长,且凝露条件较难固定,为提高实验效率和可重复性,本文先使用自然凝露模拟平台研究不同情况下试样表面的凝露状态,然后建立人工喷雾凝露与自然凝露之间的定量关系,后续凝露放电实验均采用人工喷雾凝露方法模拟自然凝露。
图5为自然凝露模拟平台,用于模拟实际应用场景下的绝缘表面凝露。该平台由制冷片和高低温湿热箱两个部分组成。高低温湿热箱提供恒温恒湿环境,温度调节范围为-20~120℃,相对湿度调节范围为30%~95%。制冷片置于湿热箱中,可用来降低试样的表面温度,辅助维持试样表面温差,达到加速凝露形成的目的。制冷片制冷功率为120 W,制冷面尺寸为40 mm×40 mm,其表面抹有导热硅脂,加速温度传导。自然凝露时设置高低温湿热箱的相对湿度为80%,温度分别为20、25、30、35、40℃,待其内部温度和湿度达到预设值后,连续运行3 h,使内部环境稳定。然后给制冷片通电,测量制冷片工作5 min后试样上表面的凝露质量,并拍摄表面凝露状态。所用环氧树脂试样的尺寸为40 mm×40 mm×6 mm。
图6为人工喷雾凝露模拟示意图,使用空压机控制喷雾枪的压力,保持喷雾枪与试样的位置不变,然后控制喷雾的时长,实现在试样表面形成定量的凝露。所用喷雾枪喷口直径为0.8 mm,所用溶液为电导率为0.05 μS/cm的去离子水。人工喷雾时设置喷雾枪压力为137.9 kPa。喷雾枪轴线与水平面夹角呈45°,喷嘴距试样的水平距离和垂直距离均为1 m。为避免测量凝露附水质量时,试样侧面水珠和底部粘连硅脂造成的测量误差,采用吸水纸吸收试样上表面水珠,测量吸水纸的吸水量作为凝露附水质量。
以自然凝露的表面附水质量作为参照,不断改变人工喷雾凝露时喷雾的时长,得到图7所示不同自然凝露模拟条件和人工喷雾时长下试样的表面凝露状态对比。如湿热箱相对湿度为80%、温度为20℃下自然凝露5 min后试样表面的附水质量为59 mg,与人工喷雾凝露15 s后试样表面的附水质量相同。因此,通过控制人工喷雾凝露时间的长短,可以实现对自然凝露下试样表面附水质量的模拟。
进一步分析图7中不同凝露方式和条件下试样表面凝露的形态和分布可知,无论是自然凝露还是人工喷雾形成的凝露,二者的形态变化规律大致相同。在附水质量较小时,表面凝露分布细密;随着附水质量的增大,表面凝露的水珠粒径增加,水珠数量持续下降。因此,相同表面凝露附水质量下,试样表面的自然凝露状态与人工喷雾凝露状态近似。
为证明两种凝露方式的相似性,进一步对图7中凝露表面的形态参数进行计算。图8为凝露形态参数的具体计算过程,具体是将图7水珠照片用阈值筛选进行二值化,经过滤波、分割、填孔等一系列操作后,对去干扰的水珠图片进行水滴识别,得到凝露形态参数[16-17]表1为自然凝露与人工喷雾凝露后试样表面凝露的形态参数。形状因子为水珠与水珠之间最小圆形包络之间的面积比,该参数可用于区分圆形粒子和不规则粒子,其值越接近于1,水珠形状越贴近于圆形。
对比表1中自然凝露和人工喷雾凝露后试样表面水珠密度、水珠面积占比、水珠长短轴均值、水珠形状因子等参数发现,试样表面凝露的各参数误差均不高于0.11,人工喷雾凝露和自然凝露的综合相似度高达94.6%。由此可以得出,使用人工喷雾凝露的方法能很好地还原环氧树脂试样表面的自然凝露现象。
图9为试样表面凝露附着量为2 mg/cm2和电极间距为9 cm时,3种典型电极在25 kV下的PRPD谱图。由图9可知,当电场不均匀系数为1.6时,放电频率(单位时间的放电次数)较低,约为20 Hz,PRPD谱图呈三角状,围绕相位为60°和248°附近对称分布,负半周的最大放电量约为13 pC,高于正半周。当电场不均匀系数为2.2时,PRPD谱图呈山丘状,正负半周局部放电的中位位置分别为67°和240°,最大放电量分别约为20 pC和30 pC,放电频率为81 Hz,放电量和放电频率均高于电场不均匀系数为1.6时的PRPD谱图。当电场不均匀系数升高为2.9时,放电量和放电频率继续增大,PRPD谱图呈笋尖状,正、负半周局部放电的中位位置约为67°和230°,最大放电量分别增大到70 pC和60 pC左右,放电频率增大为279 Hz。由此可见,随着电场不均匀系数的增大,放电频率升高,放电量增大。
分析认为,由于水珠的介电常数大于空气和环氧树脂的介电常数,内部电荷在极化作用的影响下以微小电偶极子为单元集中排布在水珠表面,使得水珠边缘区域的电场强度和电场不均匀程度较大。而在相邻水珠电场的叠加之下,电场畸变程度和表面电荷聚集现象有进一步增大的态势,当该过程持续进行时,就会诱发水珠的融合以及表面放电。这种表面电场自增强发展为放电的过程在电场不均匀程度大的高场强区域尤为迅速。同时,当试样表面放电路径上的电荷密度超过临界值时,表面放电会沿电场强度最高的区域迅速形成和扩展,若此时试样表面电场不均匀程度较高,场强最高点周围的电荷分布将相对集中,大幅提高了放电发生的可能性。
图10为25 kV下电极中心连线方向上试验表面电场强度变化曲线。由图10可知,从电极边沿开始,电极连线方向上的电场共出现了5个波动点,其位置分别对应电极连线上的5个水珠。结合图11中水珠周围的局部电场分布不难发现,每个水珠边沿处电场畸变最为严重,最高电场强度出现在水珠两侧。电场不均匀系数为1.6、2.2和2.8时,水珠两侧的最大电场强度分别约为21.58×105、27.81×105和30.12×105 V/m。因此,整个电场的不均匀系数越高,水珠两侧电场的畸变越严重,导致在更低的电压下即可引起局部放电的发生,且相同电压下,放电次数和放电幅值也更大。
图12为25 kV下试样表面凝露附着量分别为1、2、3、4、5 mg/cm2时的典型PRPD谱图,所用电极为圆形电极1,电极间距为9 mm,试样表面局部放电后的状态如图13所示。从图12可以看出,不同凝露附着量试样的表面放电谱图均呈山丘状,且负半周期的放电幅值略高于正半周期,这是因为负极性电极更易发射电子,同时正离子碰撞负电极产生了二次电子发射[18-19]。当表面凝露附着量不超过3 mg/cm2时,表面放电均集中在工频周期的上升沿附近,且放电幅值不超过100 pC,幅值大小随着凝露附着量的增加而增大。观察此时试样的表面状态,如图13(a)所示,水珠均匀分布在试样表面,并无明显变化。当表面凝露附着量增大到4 mg/cm2时,试样的放电频率和最大放电量显著增加,放电幅值达到800 pC左右,放电发生的相位变宽。此时试样表面的放电剧烈程度激增,在加压37 s后试样表面形成了贯穿两极的水带通道,见图13(b)。当凝露附着量达到5 mg/cm2时,在加压16 s后试样表面即形成了贯穿的水带,如图13(c)所示,图中水带宽度较凝露附着量为4 mg/cm2时明显变宽。对比图12(d)(e)可知,试样PRPD谱图的形状相似,且凝露附着量越大,放电幅值越高,其中凝露附着量为5 mg/cm2时的最大放电量约为1.5 nC,且整个相位上均有表面放电出现。
当试样表面存在凝露时,凝露形成的小水珠与试样、空气的交界面并不光滑,在三者电场相互叠加之下,交界处电场畸变严重,导致此处电场强度相较周围大得多[20-21],因此也更易满足发生放电的条件。受水珠影响,绝缘表面电场畸变率随水珠粒径的增大而非线性增大[8]。结合表1中数据可知,凝露粒径的长短轴随凝露的增多而增大,故凝露附着量越大,表面水珠粒径越大,电场畸变越严重,引起的局放现象也就越明显。图14为凝露附着量与起始放电电压和放电次数的关系。从图14可以看出,随着凝露附着量的增加,起始放电电压逐渐下降,放电次数增多。当凝露附着量较大时,仅需要较小的电压就会在试样表面触发较为活跃的放电活动。
除此之外,试样表面形成的水珠在表面张力和电场的共同作用下,会出现拉伸、振荡等一系列的动态行为[22-26]图15为实验中观察到的水珠典型拉伸和振荡过程。由图15可知,水滴由于承受着为正弦周波大小和方向不断变化的电场力,加之在自身惯性和表面张力的叠加下,振荡拉伸产生的形变不断。在振荡过程中,水珠重心来回左右偏移,左侧接触角时而大于右侧,时而小于右侧,宏观上呈现为水滴轮廓部分凸起,部分陷下,随电场周期变化而左右摇摆的过程。当振荡水珠单侧接触角大于90°,电压处在正、负半周时,水珠承受的电场力最大,重心处于左右偏移的极限,此时水珠间的距离最小,最易发生移动,出现水珠融合现象。而在拉伸过程中,电场力将水珠一侧挤压或拉伸,另一侧由于惯性未来得及变化,呈现出重心上下偏移的现象。受单侧挤压重心向上时,水珠两侧接触角同时减小,直径变窄;受单侧拉伸重心向下时,两侧接触角同时增大,直径变宽。当拉伸水珠的直径处于最大状态时,水珠间距最小,水珠彼此的吸引力最大,最易引发融合和表面闪络现象。结合这一过程可知,随试样表面凝露附着量增大,水珠之间距离缩短,相互靠近。在电场作用下,不同水珠彼此融合成更大粒径水珠的概率将大幅增加,电场的畸变程度将进一步加深,使得表面放电愈发强烈。若水珠融合过程持续发生,表面水珠会连接形成水带,贯穿两电极,最终引发激烈的沿面闪络[8,14]。因此,凝露的存在会加剧试样表面的放电现象,且凝露附着量越多,表面放电程度就越严重。
(1)人工喷雾凝露与自然凝露后环氧树脂表面的水珠密度、水珠面积占比、水珠长短轴均值、水珠形状因子等参数均有较好的一致性,相似度达94.6%,因此人工喷雾凝露可以实现对自然凝露的定量模拟。
(2)凝露的存在会引起环氧树脂表面局部电场严重畸变,导致水珠两侧畸变处电场强度明显增大。若此时整个电场的不均匀系数越高,畸变处的局部电场强度和电荷密度就越大,可使局部放电在更低的电压下被触发,局部放电的放电次数和放电量也随之增大。
(3)凝露附着量越高,起始放电电压越低,表面放电次数和放电幅值越高,即凝露附着量的增加对表面放电现象有促进的作用。当表面凝露附着量到达一定程度时,凝露之间会彼此拉伸融合形成一条贯穿两级的水带通道,此时表面放电加剧。绝缘表面凝露附着量越高,贯穿性的放电水带通道就越易形成。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977137)
  • 山西省基础研究计划(202403021211079)
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2024年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.013
  • 接收时间:2023-12-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-21
  • 修回日期:2024-02-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977137)
山西省基础研究计划(202403021211079)
作者信息
    1太原理工大学 电气与动力工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    2内蒙古电力营销服务与 运营管理分公司,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010
    3清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系,北京 100084
    4江阴市富仁电气有限公司,江苏 江阴 214434

通讯作者:

雷志鹏(1983-),男(汉族),山西太原人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘、矿用智能与新型电器方向的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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