Article(id=1210620766312329228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1674230400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-21, revisedDate=1711641600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766564082935, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766564082935, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766564082935, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564082935, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210620759618220989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766564081339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564115162, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=36, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210620766723371034, articleId=1210620766312329228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on electrical properties of nano-alumina modified epoxy resin in condensation environment, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of significant decrease of insulation performance caused by condensation on the surface of switchgear insulation components in high temperature and high humidity environments, in this paper, E51 epoxy resin was modified by adding different mass fractions of nano-alumina, and the electrical properties of the modified samples were tested. The results show that the resistivity and dielectric loss factor of the modified epoxy resin decrease slightly. In the condensation environment formed under different temperature difference, the flashover voltage of the modified epoxy resin clean sample with nano-alumina mass fraction of 1%, 3%, and 5% is 56.7%, 84.5%, and 66.7% higher than that of unmodified sample, respectively. With nano-alumina mass fraction of 1%, 3%, and 5%, the flashover voltage of the contaminated sample is 10.8%, 17.3% and 14.9% higher than that of unmodified sample, respectively, and the effective value of the leakage current is 40.3%, 46.6% and 45.8% lower than that of unmodified sample, respectively. In summary, the electrical properties of modified epoxy resin samples containing 3% nano-alumina are improved significantly.

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为解决高温高湿环境中开关柜绝缘器件表面易产生凝露导致绝缘性能显著下降的问题,本文通过添加不同质量分数的纳米氧化铝对E51型环氧树脂进行改性,并测试改性后样品的电气性能。结果表明:改性后的环氧树脂电阻率和介质损耗因数略微下降,在不同温差条件下形成的凝露环境中,纳米氧化铝质量分数为1%、3%、5%的改性环氧树脂清洁样品的闪络电压较未改性样品分别提升了56.7%、84.5%、66.7%,染污样品的闪络电压分别提升了10.8%、17.3%、14.9%,泄漏电流有效值较未改性样品分别降低了40.3%、46.6%、45.8%。综上,含3%纳米氧化铝的改性环氧树脂样品电气性能提升明显。

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杨占刚(1983-),男(汉族),陕西韩城人,高级工程师,主要从事配电网运维管理、高电压与绝缘技术等的研究;

毕茂强(1984-),男(汉族),四川内江人,副教授,主要从事高电压试验技术、绝缘子检测和外绝缘等的研究。

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杨占刚(1983-),男(汉族),陕西韩城人,高级工程师,主要从事配电网运维管理、高电压与绝缘技术等的研究;

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杨占刚(1983-),男(汉族),陕西韩城人,高级工程师,主要从事配电网运维管理、高电压与绝缘技术等的研究;

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毕茂强(1984-),男(汉族),四川内江人,副教授,主要从事高电压试验技术、绝缘子检测和外绝缘等的研究。

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毕茂强(1984-),男(汉族),四川内江人,副教授,主要从事高电压试验技术、绝缘子检测和外绝缘等的研究。

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Aging characteristics and fai- lure mechanism of epoxy resin in hygrothermal environment[J]. High Voltage Apparatus,2022,58(6):87-92., articleTitle=Aging characteristics and fai- lure mechanism of epoxy resin in hygrothermal environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964352397398047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=4, pageStart=25, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=顾泽波, 赵雪茹, 郭力, journalName=机电工程技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=顾泽波,赵雪茹,郭力.开关柜凝露问题研究的现状与进展[J].机电工程技术,2022,51(4):25-29., articleTitle=开关柜凝露问题研究的现状与进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964352485478434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=4, pageStart=25, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=GUZ B, ZHAOX R, GUOL, journalName=Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUZ B, ZHAOX R, GUOL. The status and progress of research on the condensation problem of switchgear[J]. 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Mechanism analysis of condensation phenomenon in switchgear[J]. High Voltage Apparatus,2018,54(10):80-84., articleTitle=Mechanism analysis of condensation phenomenon in switchgear, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964354049953832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=55, issue=5, pageStart=42, pageEnd=48, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=庞先海, 董驰, 廖昀, journalName=绝缘材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=庞先海,董驰,廖昀,等.表面涂覆PRTV涂料的环氧树脂热老化试验研究[J].绝缘材料,2022,55(5):42-48., articleTitle=表面涂覆PRTV涂料的环氧树脂热老化试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964354154811434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=55, issue=5, pageStart=42, pageEnd=48, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=PANGX H, DONGC, LIAOY, journalName=Insulating Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PANGX H, DONGC, LIAOY, et al. Thermal aging test of epoxy resin coated with PRTV coating[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022,55(5):42-48., articleTitle=Thermal aging test of epoxy resin coated with PRTV coating, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964354234503212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=53, issue=10, pageStart=32, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=宁晓秋, 王立地, 王宇, journalName=绝缘材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宁晓秋,王立地,王宇,等.微米Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料介电性能和热性能研究[J].绝缘材料,2020,53(10):32-37., articleTitle=微米Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料介电性能和热性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964354322583599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=53, issue=10, pageStart=32, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=9, authorNames=NINGX Q, WANGL D, WANGY, journalName=Insulating Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NINGX Q, WANGL D, WANGY, et al. Dielectric and thermal properties of micron Al2O3/epoxy composites[J]. Insulating Materials,2020,53(10):32-37., articleTitle=Dielectric and thermal properties of micron Al2O3/epoxy composites, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964354414858288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=52, issue=12, pageStart=27, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=程显, 杨征, 王海燕, journalName=绝缘材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=程显,杨征,王海燕,等.雷电冲击电压下环氧树脂绝缘特性研究[J].绝缘材料,2019,52(12):27-34., articleTitle=雷电冲击电压下环氧树脂绝缘特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964354486161457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=52, issue=12, pageStart=27, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=11, authorNames=CHENGX, YANGZ, WANGH Y, journalName=Insulating Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHENGX, YANGZ, WANGH Y, et al. Study on the insulation characteristics of epoxy resin under lightning impulse voltage[J]. Insulating Materials,2019,52(12):27-34., articleTitle=Study on the insulation characteristics of epoxy resin under lightning impulse voltage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964354561658930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=12, issue=20, pageStart=206, pageEnd=207, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=崔志文, journalName=山东工业技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=崔志文.局放测试仪在变电站10kV开关柜运维中的应用[J].山东工业技术,2014,12(20):206-207., articleTitle=局放测试仪在变电站10kV开关柜运维中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964354624573492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=12, issue=20, pageStart=206, pageEnd=207, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=13, authorNames=CUIZ W, journalName=Journal of Shandong Industrial Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CUIZ W. The application of partial discharge tester in the operation and maintenance of 10kV switch cabinet in substation[J]. 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Key technologies investigation of damp-proofing and anti-dewing for 12kV high-voltage switchgear[J]. 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Study on polyurethane particle toughening modified epoxy base platen[J]. 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Preparation and properties of nano-Al2O3/epoxy resin composite anticorrosive coatings[D]. 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Preparation and properties of low-temperature radiation-resistant epoxy resin composite insulation materials[D]. 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Baoding: North China Electric Power University,2019., articleTitle=Effects of nano-Al2O3 and TiO2 and their fluorination on the surface insulating properties of epoxy resin, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1218964351986356242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, awardId=51607019, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51607019), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1218964352066048020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国网重庆市电力公司科技项目(No.2023渝电科技50#), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1218964344969286439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218964344973480743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, companyId=1218964344969286439, language=EN, country=null, 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项目污秽条件a污秽条件b污秽条件c
盐密/(mg/cm2)0.0870.1420.087
灰密/(mg/cm2)0.7830.7831.023
), ArticleFig(id=1218964351822778383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620766312329228, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

闪络电压试验的不同污秽度

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项目污秽条件a污秽条件b污秽条件c
盐密/(mg/cm2)0.0870.1420.087
灰密/(mg/cm2)0.7830.7831.023
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凝露环境中纳米氧化铝改性环氧树脂电气特性研究
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杨占刚 1 , 陈孟贤 1 , 王晓峰 1 , 籍勇亮 2 , 谢传林 3 , 毕茂强 3
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(12): 36-44
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(12): 36-44
凝露环境中纳米氧化铝改性环氧树脂电气特性研究
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杨占刚1, 陈孟贤1, 王晓峰1, 籍勇亮2, 谢传林3, 毕茂强3
作者信息
  • 1国网重庆电力公司市北供电分公司,重庆 401147
  • 2国网重庆市电力公司,重庆 400015
  • 3重庆理工大学 电气与电子工程学院,重庆 400054
  • 杨占刚(1983-),男(汉族),陕西韩城人,高级工程师,主要从事配电网运维管理、高电压与绝缘技术等的研究;

    毕茂强(1984-),男(汉族),四川内江人,副教授,主要从事高电压试验技术、绝缘子检测和外绝缘等的研究。

Research on electrical properties of nano-alumina modified epoxy resin in condensation environment
Zhangang YANG1, Mengxian CHEN1, Xiaofeng WANG1, Yongliang JI2, Chuanlin XIE3, Maoqiang BI3
Affiliations
  • 1Shibei Power Supply Branch, State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company, Chongqing 401147, China
  • 2State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company, Chongqing 400015, China
  • 3School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.005
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为解决高温高湿环境中开关柜绝缘器件表面易产生凝露导致绝缘性能显著下降的问题,本文通过添加不同质量分数的纳米氧化铝对E51型环氧树脂进行改性,并测试改性后样品的电气性能。结果表明:改性后的环氧树脂电阻率和介质损耗因数略微下降,在不同温差条件下形成的凝露环境中,纳米氧化铝质量分数为1%、3%、5%的改性环氧树脂清洁样品的闪络电压较未改性样品分别提升了56.7%、84.5%、66.7%,染污样品的闪络电压分别提升了10.8%、17.3%、14.9%,泄漏电流有效值较未改性样品分别降低了40.3%、46.6%、45.8%。综上,含3%纳米氧化铝的改性环氧树脂样品电气性能提升明显。

环氧树脂  /  纳米氧化铝  /  电气特性  /  凝露环境

In order to solve the problem of significant decrease of insulation performance caused by condensation on the surface of switchgear insulation components in high temperature and high humidity environments, in this paper, E51 epoxy resin was modified by adding different mass fractions of nano-alumina, and the electrical properties of the modified samples were tested. The results show that the resistivity and dielectric loss factor of the modified epoxy resin decrease slightly. In the condensation environment formed under different temperature difference, the flashover voltage of the modified epoxy resin clean sample with nano-alumina mass fraction of 1%, 3%, and 5% is 56.7%, 84.5%, and 66.7% higher than that of unmodified sample, respectively. With nano-alumina mass fraction of 1%, 3%, and 5%, the flashover voltage of the contaminated sample is 10.8%, 17.3% and 14.9% higher than that of unmodified sample, respectively, and the effective value of the leakage current is 40.3%, 46.6% and 45.8% lower than that of unmodified sample, respectively. In summary, the electrical properties of modified epoxy resin samples containing 3% nano-alumina are improved significantly.

epoxy resin  /  nano-alumina  /  electrical properties  /  condensation environment
杨占刚, 陈孟贤, 王晓峰, 籍勇亮, 谢传林, 毕茂强. 凝露环境中纳米氧化铝改性环氧树脂电气特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (12) : 36 -44 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.005
Zhangang YANG, Mengxian CHEN, Xiaofeng WANG, Yongliang JI, Chuanlin XIE, Maoqiang BI. Research on electrical properties of nano-alumina modified epoxy resin in condensation environment[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (12) : 36 -44 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.005
环氧树脂具有优异的力学和电气性能,常作为固体绝缘材料广泛应用于高压开关柜领域。在我国西南地区,开关柜中的元器件及设备运行在高温高湿的环境中,当环境温度发生变化时,极易发生凝露现象。当环氧树脂表面产生凝露时,水分易进入有缺陷的环氧树脂中,使环氧树脂吸水率增加,表面憎水性能降低[1-3];在运行电压的作用下,表面泄漏电流增大,加速环氧树脂的绝缘劣化,严重时导致绝缘故障,威胁电力设备的安全运行[4-6]
开关柜内的凝露是因为水汽在空气中达到饱和,在温度相对较低的金属表面或绝缘材料表面上凝结产生的[7]。因此,要防止开关柜内部产生凝露,就要使开关柜内部的温度始终高于外部环境温度,并尽可能地降低开关柜内部的相对湿度。目前开关柜的防凝露技术主要有加热除湿法、轮转除湿法、冷凝除湿法等[8]。其中,最常采用的是加热除湿法。文献[9]通过智能投切装置控制柜内外温差,研究了加热器的除湿性能。文献[10]设计了一种基于实时计算露点温度的加热器自启动装置。上述研究为开关柜的加热器布置提供了很好的参考,然而现有方法存在部分开关柜加热器电源不足的问题,且加热器功率不合理引起的加热盲区及过度加热的问题,会造成凝露加重和绝缘器件加速老化等后果。
为了应对上述加热和除湿方法解决开关柜凝露问题的不足,不少研究人员通过材料改性,以提高绝缘材料在湿热和凝露条件下的电气性能[11]。研究表明,通过掺杂纳米颗粒可以改善复合材料的表面憎水性能、力学性能、耐腐蚀性能等[12-15],但纳米颗粒易团聚的缺点影响了性能的提升效果[16-18]。针对这一问题,部分研究人员采用表面改性和适当的偶联剂改性减缓团聚现象,改善了纳米颗粒的分散性[19-21]。此外,国内外学者还发现纳米颗粒的表面改性可以改善复合材料的热导率和耐腐蚀性[22-23]
本文通过添加不同质量分数的纳米氧化铝对E51型环氧树脂进行改性,测试原样和表面接枝改性纳米氧化铝质量分数分别为1%、3%和5%的复合环氧树脂样品的体积电阻率、表面电阻率、介质损耗因数、泄漏电流和闪络电压等电气性能,研究结果可为环氧树脂绝缘材料的改性提供一定的参考。
环氧树脂(E-51),吉信化工有限公司;甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐(MTHPA)、2,4,6-三(二甲胺基甲基苯酚)(DMP30),常州市润翔化工有限公司;γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570),众诚精细化工公司;2,2′-偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)、苯乙烯(St),上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;氧化铝(α-Al2O3,平均粒径为30 nm),科特新材料科技有限公司;无水乙醇,科玛化学技术公司;丙酮溶液,默克有限公司。
DF-101T-5型加热磁力搅拌机,上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司;ZKT-11型真空泵真空桶,上海万经泵业制造有限公司;202-CW型鼓风干燥箱,上海东星建材试验设备有限公司;HC1204型精密电子天平,可精确至0.1 mg,上海花潮高科公司;MC-10pro型高速离心机,转速可高达1047.2 rad/s ,群安科学仪器(浙江)有限公司;JY98-3D型超声波细胞粉碎机,超声时间和超声功率连续可调,可调功率为0~2 kW,新芝生物科技股份有限公司。
改性环氧树脂样品制备分为两个部分,首先将苯乙烯接枝到偶联剂处理后的纳米氧化铝,然后将接枝改性后的纳米氧化铝按比例与E-51型环氧树脂混合掺杂,制备改性环氧树脂样品。
(1)将苯乙烯接枝到偶联剂处理后的纳米氧化铝步骤如下:①将KH570和α-Al2O3按质量比为1∶1混合搅拌5 min,然后加入无水乙醇中水浴加热(78℃) 5 min,以350 r/min的转速充分反应4 h。②将混合溶液以10 000 r/min的速度离心5 min,再将沉淀物静置24 h后干燥24 h。③将沉淀物粉末与50 mL丙酮溶液混合超声(500 W)分散45 min。④在混合溶液中加入9 mg 2,2′-偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN),56℃下加热30 min,然后逐滴加入6 mL苯乙烯,以350 r/min的速度反应3 h。⑤将反应后的溶液以10 000 r/min的速度离心5 min,用丙酮溶液浸泡沉淀物24 h,然后静置48 h,再以78℃烘干 24 h,最后得到苯乙烯接枝处理的改性氧化铝粉末。
(2)纳米氧化铝改性环氧树脂样品的步骤如下:①将前文得到的苯乙烯接枝氧化铝分别按不同质量分数(1%、3%、5%)和E-51型环氧树脂混合,放入60℃的磁力搅拌机中搅拌15 min。②将上述混合溶液超声(500 W)处理45 min,再分别将含不同质量分数改性氧化铝的混合溶液与MTHPA混合,水浴加热(60℃)搅拌15 min。③加入DMP-30促进剂搅拌20 min后除气泡15 min,然后浇注在模具中,在140℃下干燥固化2 h,最后冷却脱模得到改性环氧树脂样品,环氧树脂原样及改性样品实物图如图1所示。
掺杂质量分数为1%、3%、5%改性氧化铝的环氧树脂样品分别命名为KH570-St-1%、KH570-St-3%和KH570-St-5%。
凝露环境模拟试验箱的结构如图2所示,主要由环境箱、温湿度传感器、空压机、加热装置、制冷平台和超声波发雾器等组成。通过控制环境箱中的相对湿度、样品和环境箱中的温度差来模拟凝露。其中温湿度传感器可检测环境箱中的温度和相对湿度;空压机可改变环境箱中的空气流速;加热装置可对环境箱底部的水域进行加热;制冷平台可设置温度为一个固定值从而控制样品表面的温度;超声波发雾器可将去离子水产生水汽以促进凝露环境的形成。泄露电流、闪络电压测试标准为GB/T 4585—2004,测试温差为温湿度传感器检测出的环境箱温度与样品表面温度的差值。
样品表面特性影响环氧树脂表面的凝露状态。采用ZEISS SIGMA HD型场发射扫描电镜(SEM)测试材料的表面形貌,该电镜分辨率为1.3 nm,放大倍数为10~106。由于环氧树脂样品导电性不强,为了清晰地观测微观形貌,需要先对样品进行90 s的喷金处理。
绝缘材料的表面和体积电阻率是评估材料电阻特性的重要参数[25],选用Keithley6517B型高阻仪,测试电压为500 V。将样品置于Keithley 8009型电极测试盒中,其大小需要将底部电极覆盖,并保持测试环境温度和湿度的稳定,测试原理如图3所示。
采用Keithley 8009型三电极测试盒和IFDS型绝缘检测仪进行介质损耗因数测试。测试方法采用三电极法,对样品施加200 V电压,通过计算机软件配合测试不同频率下的电流数据,反算出被测样品不同频率下的复电容值,根据式(1)~(2)计算出介电常数和介质损耗因数,得到不同老化样品在不同频率下的介质损耗因数曲线,测试频率范围为0.001 Hz~1 kHz。
ε1=Ctπd22ε0
tanδ=G2πfC
式(1)~(2)中:ε0表示真空介电常数;ε1表示测量样品的介电常数;C表示样品电容值;t表示样品厚度,mm;d表示电极直径,mm;f表示频率;G表示电导率;tanδ表示介质损耗因数。
在进行泄漏电流试验时,样品与环境的温度差为20℃,相对湿度为85%,示波器采样速率为12.5 k/s,每组采样周期为8个周期,指型电极间距离为 1 cm,测试电压为2 kV,其原理如图4所示。
通过超声波发雾器产生水汽以形成凝露环境,待人工雾室中的相对湿度高于95%后等待10 min,以0.5 kV/s的升压速率升高电压,直到环氧树脂样品表面发生闪络,记录闪络电压数值,通过多次试验获取闪络电压平均值。
对掺杂不同纳米氧化铝含量的改性环氧树脂样品进行微观形貌测试,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,不同纳米氧化铝含量下环氧树脂中的纳米氧化铝粒子(图中白色虚线画圈处)都均匀地分散在基体中,这是因为硅烷偶联剂KH570对氧化铝表面修饰时,一方面引入了KH570上的-CH3O与氧化铝表面的-OH发生反应,另一方面硅烷偶联剂的有机官能团改善了粒子表面的电荷分布和作用力,促进了聚合物中纳米粒子的均匀分散[26]。此外,在制备环氧树脂样品时采用超声波细胞粉碎机进行分散,通过机械力的作用来进一步提升纳米氧化铝在改性环氧树脂中的分散性,减弱了团聚现象。
设置相对湿度为85%,环境箱与样品表面温度差为25℃,测试环氧树脂原样与改性样品的表面凝露状态,结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,未改性环氧树脂的露珠颗粒大且多,并分布密集,有形成水膜的趋势,最大的露珠直径约为10 mm。而改性环氧树脂表面的凝露状态有显著的改善,表面存在细小的露珠但最大的直径未超过3 mm,说明通过对氧化铝表面进行偶联剂改性处理,KH570中含有的憎水性基团提升了环氧树脂表面的憎水性。因此,凝露状态下改性样品表面的露珠形态数量进一步减少,形态更加规则。但随着氧化铝含量的进一步增大,表面水珠增多。这主要是因为氧化铝本身吸收水分,其含量的增大使得改性材料的憎水性下降。
改性前后环氧树脂样品的表面电阻率和体积电阻率测试结果如图7所示。从图7可知,改性环氧树脂表面电阻率相较于未改性环氧树脂有一定程度的提高,而体积电阻率则随着纳米氧化铝添加量的增加而出现略微下降。这是因为纳米氧化铝容易在基体中发生团聚,从而影响载流子的迁移率[27]。但通过对纳米氧化铝进行偶联剂表面修饰,可以减缓团聚的发生,提高样品电阻率的稳定性。因此,改性后的环氧树脂样品仍保持着良好的电阻率。
在介质损耗中,非极性高分子聚苯乙烯主要表现为电导损耗,极性分子环氧树脂主要表现为极化损耗。因环氧树脂的固化程度较高,其介质损耗因数较低,高聚物中的增塑剂、杂质等均会对环氧树脂的介电性能产生较大影响[28]。未改性环氧树脂和不同含量纳米氧化铝改性环氧树脂的介质损耗因数如图8所示。从图8可知,纳米颗粒的引入会导致复合材料的介质损耗因数在低频段略微增加,这可能是因为纳米颗粒束缚了环氧树脂的侧基和分子链末端运动,减弱了分子链间的相互作用力,进而导致偶极子的极化减弱,使改性后的环氧树脂介质损耗因数略微增大。此外,纳米氧化铝本身的介电常数较环氧树脂基体大,因此随着纳米氧化铝含量的增加,改性环氧树脂的介质损耗因数也会增加。但考虑到增加的含量较少,且在高频段内改性环氧树脂介质损耗因数较原样有一定程度的下降,因此改性后的环氧树脂仍然保持着良好的损耗性能。
不同样品在凝露状态下的泄漏电流测试结果如图9所示。从图9可知,添加不同含量的改性纳米氧化铝后,环氧树脂样品的泄漏电流较未改性环氧树脂样品的更小。这主要归因于以下3个方面的影响:①高湿度环境中,未改性环氧树脂会出现较严重的凝露现象。水分子具有较强的电荷携带能力,导致电荷在材料表面集中积聚,从而增大了泄漏电流;②添加改性纳米氧化铝后,纳米颗粒与环氧树脂基体形成界面区域,该区域中的载流子被电场吸引并被陷阱捕获,受到束缚限制后无法进一步获得更高的能量,因此泄漏电流减小;③添加的苯乙烯具有强电负性,可以抑制带电粒子的运输,一定程度上减少了材料表面的电荷积聚。
图10为不同样品的泄漏电流有效值。从图10可以看出,KH570-St-1%、KH570-St-3%和KH570-St-5%的泄漏电流有效值分别为0.151、0.135、0.137 mA,相对未改性环氧树脂(0.253 mA)分别降低了40.3%、46.6%和45.8%。改性后的环氧树脂样品比未改性环氧树脂的泄漏电流有效值显著降低,其中纳米氧化铝质量分数为3%时的改善效果最为显著。
在不同温差条件下测试了各样品的闪络电压,结果如图11所示。根据图11可知,改性样品的闪络电压均有一定程度的提升,同时随着温差的增大,所有样品的闪络电压逐渐降低。这可能是因为温差增大后凝露增多且不规则,引起了样品表面电场畸变,从而降低了闪络电压。此外,不同含量纳米氧化铝的提升效果不同,采用平均值来表征提升效果。KH570-St-1%样品的闪络电压分别为31.72、29.36、26.3、23.26、21.12 kV,分别比未改性样品(25.42、18.64、17.04、14.62、11.26 kV)提升了24.78%、57.51%、54.34%、59.10%、87.57%;KH570-St-3%样品的闪络电压分别为37.7、34.84、30.22、27.32、25.14 kV,分别比未改性样品提升了48.31%、86.91%、77.35%、86.87%、123.27%;KH570-St-5%样品的闪络电压分别为33.56、31.4、28.74、25.66、21.22 kV,分别比未改性样品提升了32%、68.45%、68.66%、75.51%、88.45%。取平均值可得KH570-St-1%、KH570-St-3%和KH570-St-5%较未改性样品分别提升了56.7%、84.5%和66.7%。由此可知,不同含量纳米氧化铝的改善效果由小到大依次为KH570-St-1%、KH570-St-5%和KH570-St-3%。
为进一步研究表面污秽状态对环氧树脂表面闪络电压的影响,采用浸污法模拟3种污秽度进行试验,不同污秽度的盐密和灰密如表1所示。
染污样品在不同温差条件下的闪络电压试验结果如图12所示。由图12可知,不同灰密/盐密条件下,环氧树脂表面闪络电压均受温差的影响。在不同的污秽和温差条件下,改性样品的闪络电压均高于未改性样品,其中KH570-St-3%的闪络电压均高于其他样品。随着盐密和灰密的增加,原样以及改性样品的闪络电压均呈现下降趋势。一方面,灰密一致时盐密的增加使得污秽层电导率增大,从而降低了闪络电压;盐密一致而灰密增加时,灰密中的硅藻土易吸附环境中的水分形成水膜,导致闪络电压进一步降低。另一方面,表面污秽物增加了环氧树脂样品表面的凹凸程度,导致电场发生畸变,引发局部电弧的产生,最终闪络电压降低[29]
为了进一步分析改性样品较原样在不同污秽条件下电气性能的整体提升,通过计算不同污秽条件下测得的闪络电压平均值来表征样品在不同污秽条件下的整体闪络特性,结果如图13所示。
图13可以看出,当污秽条件不变时,闪络电压随纳米氧化铝含量的增加先增大后减小,这主要是因为纳米氧化铝含量增加,产生了更多的界面交互区域,减少了电荷的迁移和堆积,从而提高了闪络电压。同时,接枝的苯乙烯作为非极性聚合物,具有强电负性,其中的苯环结构具有较强的电子吸附能力,可以有效抑制带电粒子的运输,增强改性环氧树脂样品的电气性能。而当污秽条件变化时,闪络电压主要受灰密影响较大而受盐密影响较小,这主要是因为灰密的增加增大了单位体积内的硅藻土含量,硅藻土不溶于水且易吸附水分形成水膜,导致闪络电压急剧下降。在污秽条件a情况下,KH570-St-1%、KH570-St-3%和KH570-St-5%的闪络电压平均值分别为18.73、19.04、18.82 kV,分别比未改性样品(17.26 kV)提升了8.5%、10.3%、9.0%;在污秽条件b情况下,KH570-St-1%、KH570-St-3%和KH570-St-5%的闪络电压平均值分别为16.2、16.88、16.28 kV,分别比未改性样品(15.18 kV)提升了6.7%、11.2%、7.2%;在污秽条件c情况下,KH570-St-1%、KH570-St-3%和KH570-St-5%的闪络电压平均值分别为9.12、10.15、10 kV,分别比未改性样品(7.78 kV)提升了17.2%、30.4%、28.5%。取平均值可知,KH570-St-1%、KH570-St-3%和KH570-St-5%闪络电压较未改性样品分别提升了10.8%、17.3%和14.9%。由此可知在不同污秽条件下,改性样品较未改性样品的闪络电压下降幅度更小,污秽条件下的电气性能提升明显。
通过添加不同质量分数的纳米氧化铝对E51型环氧树脂进行改性,测试了改性前后样品的电阻率、介质损耗因数、泄漏电流和闪络电压等电气性能,得出以下结论:
(1)添加改性纳米氧化铝的环氧树脂样品表面电阻率有所上升,体积电阻率则略微下降,介质损耗因数略微增加。
(2)通过添加改性纳米氧化铝能够有效地抑制环氧树脂表面的泄漏电流,KH570-St-1%、KH570-St-5%和KH570-St-3%样品的泄漏电流有效值较未改性样品分别降低了40.3%、46.6%和45.8%,当纳米氧化铝质量分数为3%时的抑制效果最好。
(3)随着温差的增大,不同样品的闪络电压在凝露环境下均有一定程度的下降,改性环氧树脂样品的闪络电压下降幅度较未改性样品小,闪络特性有一定程度的提升,其中KH570-St-3%样品的闪络电压平均提升了84.5%。在不同污秽条件下改性样品的闪络电压也有较大程度的提升,受灰密的影响较大,其中3种污秽条件下KH570-St-3%样品的闪络电压提升最为显著,相较未改性样品闪络电压平均提高了17.3%。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51607019)
  • 国网重庆市电力公司科技项目(No.2023渝电科技50#)
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2024年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.005
  • 接收时间:2023-01-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-21
  • 修回日期:2024-03-29
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51607019)
国网重庆市电力公司科技项目(No.2023渝电科技50#)
作者信息
    1国网重庆电力公司市北供电分公司,重庆 401147
    2国网重庆市电力公司,重庆 400015
    3重庆理工大学 电气与电子工程学院,重庆 400054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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