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Article(id=1210620765561549810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1698163200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-25, revisedDate=1705248000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766564082755, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766564082755, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766564082755, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564082755, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210620759618220989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766564081339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564115162, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=130, endPage=136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210620765939037183, articleId=1210620765561549810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on charge transport model considering influence of ionized charges, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cable joint is a key accessory of high-voltage DC cable, its insulation performance determines the stability of high-voltage DC transmission system. To verify the effectiveness of the charge transport model in calculating the electric field distribution of cable joints, we calculated the mobility of injected charge carriers and the conductivity of ionized charges through blocking experiments, and proposed a charge transport model that simultaneously considered the effects of injected and ionized charges, the undetermined parameters in the transport model were simplified. Then the electric field distribution of the XLPE-EPDM double-layer structure was simulated and calculated by using a simulation model, and the results were compared with the experimental results. The results show that with the increase of electric field intensity, the polarity of charge on the interfacial of the XLPE-EPDM double-layer structure is reversed. The simulation results calculated by the simulation model are in good consistency with the experimental results, which proves the effectiveness of the simulation model.

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电缆接头作为高压直流电缆的关键附件，其绝缘性能决定高压直流输电系统的稳定性。为验证仿真模型计算电缆接头电场分布中的电荷输运模型有效性，本文通过阻挡实验计算注入载流子迁移率和电离电荷电导率，提出了同时考虑注入电荷和电离电荷作用的电荷输运模型，并简化了输运模型中的待定参数。然后利用仿真模型对XLPE-EPDM双层结构的电场分布进行模拟和计算，并与实验结果进行对比。结果表明：XLPE-EPDM双层结构的界面电荷极性随着场强的增加发生反转，仿真模型计算的模拟结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性，证明了仿真模型的有效性。

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贡新浩（1989-），男（汉族），江苏丹阳人，工程师，研究方向为超高压直流海缆关键技术研发；

赵军涛（1997-），男（汉族），山东临沂人，博士生，研究方向为高压直流电缆接头界面空间电荷积聚以及输运机理。

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贡新浩（1989-），男（汉族），江苏丹阳人，工程师，研究方向为超高压直流海缆关键技术研发；

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贡新浩（1989-），男（汉族），江苏丹阳人，工程师，研究方向为超高压直流海缆关键技术研发；

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赵军涛（1997-），男（汉族），山东临沂人，博士生，研究方向为高压直流电缆接头界面空间电荷积聚以及输运机理。

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赵军涛（1997-），男（汉族），山东临沂人，博士生，研究方向为高压直流电缆接头界面空间电荷积聚以及输运机理。

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ABC
EPDM9.606×1071.104×1041.676×10-7
XLPE3.911×10171.938×1043.585×10-7
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EPDM和XLPE的电离电荷电导率拟合系数

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ABC
EPDM9.606×1071.104×1041.676×10-7
XLPE3.911×10171.938×1043.585×10-7
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参数取值
XLPEEPDM
初始离子浓度9×108
电离势垒/eV1.15
注入势垒/eV电子1.291.29
空穴1.301.29
抽出系数电子0.70.7
空穴0.70.7
跃迁距离/mm电子13.5110.50
空穴19.2416.00
跃迁激活能/eV电子0.850.86
空穴0.910.93
复合系数电子与空穴2×10-32×10-3
电子与正离子0.0050.005
空穴与负离子0.0050.005
正离子与负离子00
二次电离势垒/eV1.251.17
界面势垒/eV0.17
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仿真模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值
XLPEEPDM
初始离子浓度9×108
电离势垒/eV1.15
注入势垒/eV电子1.291.29
空穴1.301.29
抽出系数电子0.70.7
空穴0.70.7
跃迁距离/mm电子13.5110.50
空穴19.2416.00
跃迁激活能/eV电子0.850.86
空穴0.910.93
复合系数电子与空穴2×10-32×10-3
电子与正离子0.0050.005
空穴与负离子0.0050.005
正离子与负离子00
二次电离势垒/eV1.251.17
界面势垒/eV0.17
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考虑电离电荷影响的电荷输运模型研究
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贡新浩 1 , 赵军涛 2 , 贺逸飞 2 , 张梓轩 2 , 朱铎坤 1 , 刘海钧 3 , 梁郑钊 3 , 吴锴 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024,57(12): 130-136
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024, 57(12): 130-136
考虑电离电荷影响的电荷输运模型研究
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贡新浩1, 赵军涛2, 贺逸飞2, 张梓轩2, 朱铎坤1, 刘海钧3, 梁郑钊3, 吴锴2
作者信息
  • 1江苏亨通高压海缆有限公司，江苏 苏州 215537
  • 2西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点 实验室，陕西 西安 710049
  • 3国家电投集团徐闻风力发电有限公司，广东 湛江 524199

    • 贡新浩（1989-），男（汉族），江苏丹阳人，工程师，研究方向为超高压直流海缆关键技术研发；

    赵军涛（1997-），男（汉族），山东临沂人，博士生，研究方向为高压直流电缆接头界面空间电荷积聚以及输运机理。

Research on charge transport model considering influence of ionized charges
Xinhao GONG1, Juntao ZHAO2, Yifei HE2, Zixuan ZHANG2, Duokun ZHU1, Haijun LIU3, Zhengzhao LIANG3, Kai WU2
Affiliations
  • 1Hengtong Submarine Power Cable Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215537, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
  • 3Xuwen Wind Power Generation Co., Ltd., State Power Investment Group, Zhanjiang 524199, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.017
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摘要
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电缆接头作为高压直流电缆的关键附件，其绝缘性能决定高压直流输电系统的稳定性。为验证仿真模型计算电缆接头电场分布中的电荷输运模型有效性，本文通过阻挡实验计算注入载流子迁移率和电离电荷电导率，提出了同时考虑注入电荷和电离电荷作用的电荷输运模型，并简化了输运模型中的待定参数。然后利用仿真模型对XLPE-EPDM双层结构的电场分布进行模拟和计算，并与实验结果进行对比。结果表明：XLPE-EPDM双层结构的界面电荷极性随着场强的增加发生反转，仿真模型计算的模拟结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性，证明了仿真模型的有效性。

电缆接头  /  电离电荷  /  双极性载流子输运模型  /  电场分布

Cable joint is a key accessory of high-voltage DC cable, its insulation performance determines the stability of high-voltage DC transmission system. To verify the effectiveness of the charge transport model in calculating the electric field distribution of cable joints, we calculated the mobility of injected charge carriers and the conductivity of ionized charges through blocking experiments, and proposed a charge transport model that simultaneously considered the effects of injected and ionized charges, the undetermined parameters in the transport model were simplified. Then the electric field distribution of the XLPE-EPDM double-layer structure was simulated and calculated by using a simulation model, and the results were compared with the experimental results. The results show that with the increase of electric field intensity, the polarity of charge on the interfacial of the XLPE-EPDM double-layer structure is reversed. The simulation results calculated by the simulation model are in good consistency with the experimental results, which proves the effectiveness of the simulation model.

cable joint  /  ionized charge  /  bipolar carrier transport model  /  electric field distribution
贡新浩, 赵军涛, 贺逸飞, 张梓轩, 朱铎坤, 刘海钧, 梁郑钊, 吴锴. 考虑电离电荷影响的电荷输运模型研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (12) : 130 -136 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.017
Xinhao GONG, Juntao ZHAO, Yifei HE, Zixuan ZHANG, Duokun ZHU, Haijun LIU, Zhengzhao LIANG, Kai WU. Research on charge transport model considering influence of ionized charges[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (12) : 130 -136 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.017
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0 引言
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近年来，交联聚乙烯（XLPE）高压直流电缆凭借其造价低、损耗小、绝缘性能强的优点，被广泛应用于高压直流输电系统（HVDC）中。然而，在电缆的连接区域，因存在不同的电介质界面，电场易发生畸变，严重影响高压直流电缆的正常运行。因此，电缆接头设计成为了领域内的焦点问题[1-3]。在设计电缆接头绝缘结构时，对其电场和电荷分布进行仿真计算，能有效地找到结构中的场强畸变点，进而改进绝缘结构的设计[4-6]。
用于电缆接头仿真计算的模型大致可分为两种，一种是直接使用材料电导率进行计算的工程模型，另一种则是充分考虑载流子在绝缘材料中注入、迁移、抽出等各个过程的精细模型[7]。工程模型只需测得材料在不同温度和场强下的电导率，拟合得到电导率随温度和场强变化的函数后，便可在需要的工况下进行仿真计算[8-10]。工程模型建模简单、准确，在实际工程中被广泛应用，但无法精确地考虑空间电荷分布对电场的影响。精细模型一般指双极性载流子输运模型，自1994年提出以来[11]，国内外学者对其进行了深入的研究。S L ROY等[12-13]系统地总结了求解双极性载流子输运模型的方法，并将其推广到三维同轴电缆结构中，计算了温度梯度下三维电缆结构的电场分布。陈庆国等[14]基于双极性载流子输运模型深入探索了温度对电缆接头电场分布的影响。精细模型充分考虑了电荷输运的过程，因而与实验结果有更好的一致性，但也存在两个问题：其一是由于实验方法的限制，往往不能直接得到和电荷注入、迁移、抽出以及与界面有关的具体参数，因此在仿真模型中，不得不引入大量的经验参数，这会影响仿真结果的准确性[15]；其二是现有模型中并没有充分考虑电离电荷的影响。这是因为实验方法的限制，难以有效区分注入电荷和电离电荷，同时在仿真计算中，考虑载流子在聚合物中微观迁移过程的精细模型，往往不能定量计算电离电荷的影响。而基于电导率进行电场计算的工程模型则忽略了空间电荷对电场分布的影响。G TEYSSEDRE等[16]在2005年指出，未考虑电离电荷是双极性载流子输运模型亟需解决的问题之一。该团队也通过在模型中人为设置初始电离电荷浓度和离子迁移率的方式对这一问题进行了探索。文献[17-18]通过将杂质分为只电离出正离子的A型杂质和只电离出负离子的B型杂质的方式，利用不同材料进行了考虑电离电荷的仿真。
本团队在前期研究中通过设计一种阻挡实验，成功测得了常用电缆接头材料的电离电流密度随温度及场强的变化规律，得到了注入载流子迁移率的精确计算方法[19-21]。本文首先介绍通过阻挡实验计算注入载流子迁移率以及电离电荷电导率的方法；然后将前期实验结果应用在双极性载流子输运模型中，得到充分考虑电离电荷影响的电荷输运模型，并验证其有效性；最后用该新模型计算交联聚乙烯-三元乙丙橡胶（XLPE-EPDM）双层结构的空间电荷分布，并设对照实验验证模型的正确性。
1 阻挡实验
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1.1 注入载流子迁移率的计算
常规实验方法很难分离从电极处注入的电荷和与材料电离产生的电离电荷。本文选择合适的阻挡材料，分别设计了单侧阻挡实验和双侧阻挡实验（见图1），定量计算注入载流子迁移率和电离电荷电导率。
将待测材料与阻挡材料紧密贴合，形成双层/三层复合结构。例如在单侧阻挡实验中，如图1(a)所示，将双层结构置于电声脉冲法测试系统（PEA）中，在外施电压作用下，靠近阻挡材料一侧电极注入的电荷被阻挡，而靠近待测材料一侧的电极可将电荷注入到测试层内，并最终积累在双层结构的界面上。其中，xini代表界面电荷起始位置，xend代表界面电荷结束位置。通过计算界面电荷以及待测材料体电荷的变化率，便可得到注入载流子迁移率 （μ′(t)）的计算公式，如式（1）所示。
μ'(t)=ε1d2dQ'(t)dt+ε2d1dQ1(t)dtε1Q'(t)Eavg(t)
式（1）中：ε1和ε2分别为阻挡材料和测试材料的介电常数；d1和d2分别为阻挡材料和测试材料的厚度；Q1为在接地电极上感应的表面电荷量；Eavg为样品中的平均场强；Q′为待测材料体电荷和界面电荷的总量。
然而，在单侧阻挡实验中，界面处积累的电荷包含单侧电极注入电荷与材料本身电离的电荷，并未完全分离出电离电荷。因此在单侧阻挡实验的基础上，用两块阻挡材料分别紧密贴合在待测材料两侧，形成三层结构，即为双侧阻挡实验，如图1(b)所示，再测算电离电荷电导率。在外施电压作用下，两侧电极注入的电荷被完全阻挡，测试材料内部的电离电荷在外电场作用下分别移向极性相反的电极，最终积累在三层结构的界面处。此时界面电荷的变化速率即可反映电离电流的大小，同时可排除在单层阻挡实验结果中电离电荷的影响，得到准确的注入电子/空穴的迁移率（μ(t)）计算结果，如式（2）所示。
dQ(t)dt=dQ'(t)dt-dσifdt
μ(t)=ε1d2dQ(t)dt+ε2d1dQ1(t)dtε1Q(t)Eavg(t)
式（2）中：Q′(t)表示单层阻挡实验中的界面电荷量；Q(t)表示排除电离电荷影响后的界面电荷量；σif为双层阻挡实验中的界面电荷量，其随时间的变化率dσifdt可直接反映电离电流密度的大小。
1.2 电离电荷电导率的计算
实验测得三元乙丙橡胶（EPDM）和交联聚乙烯在30℃下电离电荷电导率随场强变化的规律如图2所示。从图2可以看出，在6～22 kV/mm测试场强内，EPDM的电离电荷电导率均大于XLPE，这可能是因为EPDM中较多的填料引起杂质电离。
将不同温度下测得的电离电荷电导率进行拟合，得到可应用于仿真模型中电离电荷电导率的计算公式，如式（4）～（5）所示。此处尚无法区分电离电荷的浓度和迁移率，仅能测得二者乘积。
Iion=dσifdt=A'exp-φkTsinh(B'E) 
γion=IionE=Aexp-BTsinh(CE)
式（5）中：Iion为电离电流；γion为电离电荷电导率；A′、B′为电离电流的拟合系数；A、B、C为电离电荷电导率拟合系数；E为电场强度；T为温度；φ为活化能。EPDM和XLPE的电离电荷电导率拟合系数结果如表1所示。
初始离子浓度是一个与场强有关的函数。在输运过程中，若某一区域的离子浓度高于初始值，则不做任何处理；若低于初始值，则将该区域的离子浓度补充至初始值。此处引入电离势垒的概念来计算电离比例系数（D），如式（6）所示。
D=ν0exp(-eWdis-e3EπεkT)
式（6）中：Wdis为电离势垒；v0为载流子逃离陷阱的尝试频率，其值等于kT/h，其中k为玻尔兹曼常数，h为普朗克常数；e为元电荷常数；ε为介电常数。
1.3 仿真模型
仿真使用的双极性载流子输运模型如式（7）所示。
∂na(x,t)∂t+∂ja(x,t)∂x=Sa(x,t)∂E(x,t)∂x=na(x,t)ε0εrja(x,t)=±(μa(x,t)na(x,t)E(x,t)-Dfdna(x,t)dx)
式（7）中：a代表不同类型的载流子，包括电子、空穴和正负离子；x为沿着试样厚度的位置；ja为不同载流子的电流密度；na为不同载流子浓度；ε0、εr分别为真空介电常数、相对介电常数；μa为不同载流子的迁移率；Sa为不同载流子的源项；Df为扩散系数。在阻挡实验中已经得到了注入电子/空穴的迁移率随场强变化的函数关系，因此源项Sa中仅包含复合的部分。
电极处注入电流遵循肖特基注入规律，同时设置抽出系数来实现抽出受限，得到式（8）。
jhi=AT02exp(-eωhikT0)exp(ekT0eE04πε0εr)jei=AT(D)2exp(-eωeikT(D))exp(ekT(D)eE(D)4πε0εr)
式（8）中：jhi、jei分别为阳极、阴极处的注入电流；ωhi、ωei分别为阳极和阴极的注入势垒；T0为初始位置的温度；E0为初始位置的电场强度。简化式（8）得到式（9）。
jho=CheμhunhuE(D)jeo=CeeμeuneuE0
式（9）中：jho、jeo分别为阳极、阴极处的抽出电流；Ch、Ce分别为阳极和阴极的抽出系数；μhu、μeu分别为空穴、电子的载流子迁移率；nhu、neu分别为空穴、电子的浓度。
由于实验尚不能分别得到电离电荷密度及迁移率，因此对于电离电荷的迁移过程，直接使用二者的乘积作为电离电荷电导率来进行计算，如式（10）所示。
γion=nion(E,T)×μion(E,T)=Aexp-BTsinh(CE)
式（10）中：γion为电离电荷电导率；nion(E,T)为电离电荷密度；μion(E,T)为电离电荷迁移率。
注入电子/空穴迁移率可通过拟合阻挡实验结果获得，之后按式（11）来估算电子/空穴的跃迁距离（λ）以及跃迁所需的能量（Δ）。
μt=(2λν0E)exp(-ΔkT)sinh(eEλ2kT)
在不同材料的界面处，通过设置界面势垒，用普尔-弗兰凯尔效应计算通过界面的电流密度，如式（12）所示，其中通过界面的电流密度与场强正相关。
I'=I0⋅exp(-eWinter-e3EπεkT)
式（12）中：I′为通过界面的电流密度；I0为到达界面的电流密度；Winter为界面势垒。
仿真模型中使用的所有参数如表2所示。
2 结果与讨论
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不同介质接触形成的界面更易捕获电荷，导致局部电荷积聚，进而造成电场畸变，严重影响系统的稳定性。本节分别从实验和仿真的角度研究XLPE-EPDM界面在不同电场强度下的空间电荷分布和电场分布，验证模型的有效性。
在实验中将厚度为0.25 mm的XLPE与厚度为0.35 mm的EPDM紧密贴合，构建XLPE-EPDM双层结构并置于PEA系统中，分别测得双层结构在10、20、30 kV/mm下的空间电荷分布。实验温度为30℃，XLPE侧为高压侧，EPDM侧为接地侧。在加压极化过程中，每种场强下XLPE-EPDM结构的电荷积聚都进入了稳定状态。稳定后3种场强下的电荷分布如图3所示。从图3可以看出，随着场强的增加，XLPE-EPDM界面电荷的极性发生了反转。在较低场强下（10 kV/mm、20 kV/mm），界面电荷的极性与EPDM侧一致，为负电荷；当场强增加到30 kV/mm时，界面电荷变为与XLPE侧一致的正电荷。许多学者也报道了XLPE-EPDM结构中界面电荷极性反转的现象，这可能是因为XLPE和EPDM的电导率随场强变化关系曲线有交点[22]。在较低场强下，EPDM的电导率大于XLPE，故界面电荷极性与EPDM侧的注入电荷相同；随着场强的增加，XLPE的电导率逐渐大于EPDM，界面电荷变为与XLPE侧的注入电荷极性相同。必须注意的是，电导率模型可以解释界面电荷极性反转的原因，但使用麦克斯韦瓦格纳极化（MWS）模型计算出的界面电荷量与实验结果存在较大误差，必须使用界面势垒理论对界面电荷量进行精确计算。
在仿真中构建了一维XLPE-EPDM双层模型，如图4所示，充分考虑电离电荷的影响并使用界面势垒理论进行仿真计算。在计算过程中，左侧为XLPE，右侧为EPDM，两者的厚度均为0.3 mm，a点为接地端，b点为XLPE与EPDM接触形成的界面，c点为高压侧。
在与实验条件相同的温度与外施电压下，采用充分考虑电离电荷效应的仿真模型，计算得到XLPE-EPDM双层结构的电荷分布模拟结果，如图5所示。
由图5可知，在考虑了电离电荷效应的仿真模型计算结果中，同样观察到界面电荷的极性反转现象。随着外施电场强度的增加，界面电荷由负极性变为正极性，与利用PEA法测得的实验结果完全一致，同时计算所得的界面电荷量也与实验结果接近。一维XLPE-EPDM双层结构的电荷分布测试仿真结果与实验结果的一致性验证了仿真模型的有效性，希望该模型可应用于实际三维电缆接头结构的空间电荷分布和电场分布计算。
本文仿真模型充分考虑了电离电荷及电荷传输过程中注入、抽出、迁移、复合、电离等过程的影响，同时尽可能地使用实验数据完善仿真模型。在后续工作中，希望寻找到简化仿真模型的方法和在工程实践中更适用的工程模型，以及简化模型的适用标准。同时，希望未来将仿真模型扩展到三维结构，使用充分考虑电离电荷影响的电荷输运模型计算真实三维电缆接头结构的电荷分布与电场分布，实现接头结构的优化设计。
3 结论
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（1）本文通过阻挡实验获得了注入电荷迁移率和电离电荷电导率的过程，并利用跳跃电导模型拟合得到可直接用于仿真模型的注入电荷迁移率和电离电荷电导率表达式。
（2）在充分考虑了正负离子与电子/空穴的复合过程以及复合生成的中性分子的二次电离过程后，在原有的双极载流子传输模型的基础上，建立了充分考虑电离电荷影响的电荷传输模型。
（3）利用该模型研究了不同电场下XLPE-EPDM双层结构的界面电荷行为，发现随着场强的增加，双层结构的界面电荷极性由负转正，仿真模型的模拟结果、界面电荷绝对值与实验结果接近，证明了仿真模型的有效性。
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2024年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.017
  • 接收时间：2023-10-25
  • 首发时间：2025-12-24
  • 出版时间：2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期：2023-10-25
  • 修回日期：2024-01-15
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    1江苏亨通高压海缆有限公司，江苏 苏州 215537
    2西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点 实验室，陕西 西安 710049
    3国家电投集团徐闻风力发电有限公司，广东 湛江 524199
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