Article(id=1210620764198400987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702396800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-13, revisedDate=1708444800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766564082431, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766564082431, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766564082431, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564082431, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210620759618220989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766564081339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564115162, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=66, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210620764471030752, articleId=1210620764198400987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Mechanical properties research and service life prediction of nitrile rubber in thermal air ageing and oil ageing, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the ageing resistance of nitrile rubber products, such as high-temperature resistance, transformer oil resistance, and heat-compression resistance, we conducted accelerated ageing tests on nitrile rubber (NBR) under high temperature conditions of 90, 120, and 135℃ in hot air, hot oil, hot air compression, and hot oil compression, respectively. The effects of ageing temperature, ageing time, and ageing environment on the mechanical properties of NBR were researched, and compression set was used as an evaluation index to predict the actual service life of NBR. The results show that the ageing rate of NBR increases with the increase of temperature. During the ageing process, with the increase of ageing time, the Shore hardness and compression set of NBR increase, while the elongation at break decreases. 25# transformer oil can slow down the decrease in Shore hardness and compression set performance of NBR, while it slows down the decrease at first and then accelerates the decrease in fracture elongation. Based on the Arrhenius law, the predicted service life of NBR in hot oil compression environment at temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80℃ is 3.726, 1.877, 0.985, 0.542, and 0.303 years, respectively.

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为探究丁腈橡胶制品的耐高温、耐变压器油和耐热压缩等耐老化性能,本文在90、120、135℃高温条件下开展丁腈橡胶(NBR)在热空气、热油、热空气压缩和热油压缩中的加速老化试验,研究了老化温度、老化时间和老化环境对NBR力学性能的影响,并以压缩永久变形作为评价指标预测NBR的实际使用寿命。结果表明:老化温度越高,NBR老化速率越快。NBR在老化过程中邵氏硬度和压缩永久变形随着老化时间增加而增大,断裂伸长率随着老化时间增加而减小。25#变压器油可以减缓NBR的邵氏硬度和压缩永久变形性能下降,对断裂伸长率下降的影响为先减缓后加速。基于Arrhenius定律预测NBR在热油压缩环境下使用温度为40、50、60、70、80℃时的服役寿命分别为3.726、1.877、0.985、0.542、0.303年。

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康举(1983-),男(满族),河北承德人,副教授,主要从事电网金属材料和绝缘电介质材料的故障分析、寿命评估等的研究。
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韩哲文(1986-),女(汉族),内蒙古呼和浩特人,高级工程师,主要从事电站、电网材料的监督检验、故障分析、寿命评估等的研究。

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韩哲文(1986-),女(汉族),内蒙古呼和浩特人,高级工程师,主要从事电站、电网材料的监督检验、故障分析、寿命评估等的研究。

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韩哲文(1986-),女(汉族),内蒙古呼和浩特人,高级工程师,主要从事电站、电网材料的监督检验、故障分析、寿命评估等的研究。

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组别加速老化环境试样类型介质试验温度/℃试验周期/d取样时间/d力学性能指标
1热空气Ⅰ型哑铃型空气90、120、135141、2、4、6、8、10、14断裂伸长率
2热油25#变压器油
3热空气压缩B型圆柱体空气压缩永久变形
4热油压缩25#变压器油
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试验分组

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别加速老化环境试样类型介质试验温度/℃试验周期/d取样时间/d力学性能指标
1热空气Ⅰ型哑铃型空气90、120、135141、2、4、6、8、10、14断裂伸长率
2热油25#变压器油
3热空气压缩B型圆柱体空气压缩永久变形
4热油压缩25#变压器油
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老化温度/℃线性回归决定系数(R2)达到临界值的时间/dlnt
900.995 955.131 24.009 71
1200.977 024.067 03.180 84
1350.993 05.5863 31.720 32
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NBR在不同老化温度下压缩永久变形保持率下降至临界值的时间

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老化温度/℃线性回归决定系数(R2)达到临界值的时间/dlnt
900.995 955.131 24.009 71
1200.977 024.067 03.180 84
1350.993 05.5863 31.720 32
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服役温度/℃4050607080
寿命预测/年3.7261.8770.9850.5420.303
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NBR在25#变压器油中的预测使用寿命

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服役温度/℃4050607080
寿命预测/年3.7261.8770.9850.5420.303
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丁腈橡胶热空气和热油老化力学性能研究及服役寿命预测
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韩哲文 1 , 季昌国 1 , 林林 2 , 王振龙 3 , 宋子博 1 , 刘娟 4 , 康举 3, 5
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2024,57(12): 66-73
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2024, 57(12): 66-73
丁腈橡胶热空气和热油老化力学性能研究及服役寿命预测
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韩哲文1, 季昌国1, 林林2, 王振龙3, 宋子博1, 刘娟4, 康举3, 5
作者信息
  • 1国网冀北电力有限公司电力科学研究院,北京 100045
  • 2国网冀北电力有限公司,北京 100045
  • 3北京石油化工学院 机械工程学院,北京 102617
  • 4西安大有检测技术有限公司, 陕西 西安 710018
  • 5清华大学 高端装备界面科学与技术全国重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 韩哲文(1986-),女(汉族),内蒙古呼和浩特人,高级工程师,主要从事电站、电网材料的监督检验、故障分析、寿命评估等的研究。

通讯作者:

康举(1983-),男(满族),河北承德人,副教授,主要从事电网金属材料和绝缘电介质材料的故障分析、寿命评估等的研究。
Mechanical properties research and service life prediction of nitrile rubber in thermal air ageing and oil ageing
Zhewen HAN1, Changguo JI1, Lin LIN2, Zhenlong WANG3, Zibo SONG1, Juan LIU4, Ju KANG3, 5
Affiliations
  • 1Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Jibei Electric Power Co., Ltd., Beijing 100045, China
  • 2State Grid Jibei Electric Power Co., Ltd., Beijing 100045, China
  • 3School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
  • 4Xi′an Dayou Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Xi′an 710018, China
  • 5State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.009
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为探究丁腈橡胶制品的耐高温、耐变压器油和耐热压缩等耐老化性能,本文在90、120、135℃高温条件下开展丁腈橡胶(NBR)在热空气、热油、热空气压缩和热油压缩中的加速老化试验,研究了老化温度、老化时间和老化环境对NBR力学性能的影响,并以压缩永久变形作为评价指标预测NBR的实际使用寿命。结果表明:老化温度越高,NBR老化速率越快。NBR在老化过程中邵氏硬度和压缩永久变形随着老化时间增加而增大,断裂伸长率随着老化时间增加而减小。25#变压器油可以减缓NBR的邵氏硬度和压缩永久变形性能下降,对断裂伸长率下降的影响为先减缓后加速。基于Arrhenius定律预测NBR在热油压缩环境下使用温度为40、50、60、70、80℃时的服役寿命分别为3.726、1.877、0.985、0.542、0.303年。

丁腈橡胶  /  加速老化  /  热油压缩  /  压缩永久变形  /  寿命预测

In order to explore the ageing resistance of nitrile rubber products, such as high-temperature resistance, transformer oil resistance, and heat-compression resistance, we conducted accelerated ageing tests on nitrile rubber (NBR) under high temperature conditions of 90, 120, and 135℃ in hot air, hot oil, hot air compression, and hot oil compression, respectively. The effects of ageing temperature, ageing time, and ageing environment on the mechanical properties of NBR were researched, and compression set was used as an evaluation index to predict the actual service life of NBR. The results show that the ageing rate of NBR increases with the increase of temperature. During the ageing process, with the increase of ageing time, the Shore hardness and compression set of NBR increase, while the elongation at break decreases. 25# transformer oil can slow down the decrease in Shore hardness and compression set performance of NBR, while it slows down the decrease at first and then accelerates the decrease in fracture elongation. Based on the Arrhenius law, the predicted service life of NBR in hot oil compression environment at temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80℃ is 3.726, 1.877, 0.985, 0.542, and 0.303 years, respectively.

nitrile rubber  /  accelerated ageing  /  thermal oil compression  /  compression set  /  life prediction
韩哲文, 季昌国, 林林, 王振龙, 宋子博, 刘娟, 康举. 丁腈橡胶热空气和热油老化力学性能研究及服役寿命预测. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (12) : 66 -73 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.009
Zhewen HAN, Changguo JI, Lin LIN, Zhenlong WANG, Zibo SONG, Juan LIU, Ju KANG. Mechanical properties research and service life prediction of nitrile rubber in thermal air ageing and oil ageing[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (12) : 66 -73 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.009
近年来,随着国内经济高速发展,电力变压器制造业也得到快速发展,变压器生产总量稳居世界前列[1]。然而,近年全国输变电设施可靠性统计分析显示,变压器为其中可靠性系数较低的设备之一,约23%的电力变压器故障会产生火灾、爆炸等危害[2-4]。变压器作为输配电的基础设备,在电力系统中承担着重要的调控作用,其可靠性是电网稳定运行的重要保障。通过对变压器部件的失效行为和剩余寿命进行研究,对提高其运行可靠性有重要意义。
丁腈橡胶(NBR)因分子中带有独特的氰基[5],使其耐热性、耐油性和耐磨性等性能优于其他品种的橡胶[6-8],因此NBR被广泛应用于对耐油性能要求苛刻的工作环境中,其中包括变压器行业中的减震垫和密封圈[9]。但由于NBR主链中含有双键[10],如长期与变压器热油接触会发生交互作用,不仅会产生CH4气体,降低变压器油的绝缘性能和导热性能,甚至造成变压器击穿[9,11],而且老化的NBR会表现出变形、硬化、脆化及龟裂等问题,进一步导致变压器油性能下降,引发漏油等问题,极大地影响变压器的稳定运行[10,12-14]。因此,关于NBR的老化问题和寿命预测一直受到研究人员的广泛关注。
钱艺华等[10]研究了NBR在70℃下老化后的力学性能,结果表明随着老化时间的延长,NBR断裂伸长率及抗压缩永久变形能力持续下降;与热氧老化相比,在油介质中老化的NBR表现出相对较低的硬度及断裂伸长率、较高的压缩永久变形。阙刚等[12]开展了热氧老化时间及温度对NBR力学性能的影响分析,并基于Arrhenius方程利用温度外推的方法预测了NBR的贮存寿命,得到以断裂伸长率为寿命预测评价指标时,NBR在23℃下的老化失效时间约为13年。游海军等[15]研究了NBR的热氧老化性能并进行了寿命预测,结果表明NBR热氧老化以交联反应为主,且随着热氧老化时间的延长,NBR总交联密度、定伸应力增大,断裂伸长率下降;以断裂伸长率作为评价指标时,预测其在25℃下的使用寿命为2年。以上研究表明,如要准确预测NBR的寿命需要综合考虑多方面的因素,如实验条件和性能指标等。李秀杰等[16]以拉伸强度作为评价指标,结合Arrhenius模型与Eyring模型,建立了航天器用NBR材料的湿热老化寿命预测模型,并利用该模型预测在20℃、相对湿度为60%条件下NBR的贮存寿命为5.71年。结合已有文献,国内外学者在NBR加速老化试验及寿命预测方面开展了大量的研究工作。但大部分研究者所设计的试验条件比较单一,不能综合地模拟实际工况下NBR的服役情况。此外,由于针对的应用场所不同,研究者们所设计的试验条件和评价指标不同,导致所预测的寿命也不相同,已有研究方法不适用于对现役500 kV油浸式变压器中NBR的实际使用寿命进行预测。另外,关于NBR在高温变压器油中的老化问题和使用寿命预测更是鲜有报道。
因此,本文通过对NBR在高温(90、120、135℃)条件下进行热空气、热油、热空气压缩和热油压缩加速老化试验,开展老化温度、老化时间和变形条件对NBR力学性能的影响研究。同时通过傅里叶红外光谱探究老化机理,在综合比较邵氏硬度、压缩永久变形和断裂伸长率等评价指标的基础上,依据“短板效应”选出一个最能反映NBR失效的指标。最后进一步基于Arrhenius方程预测NBR在变压器实际工作中的寿命。
试验所用材料为江苏神马电力股份有限公司生产的NBR,用于500 kV油浸式变压器。按照GB/T 528—2009进行拉伸测试,拉伸试样采用I型哑铃状试样,总长度为115 mm(其中试验长度为25 mm),端部宽度为25 mm,狭窄部分长度和宽度分别为33 mm和6 mm,厚度为2 mm。按照GB/T 7759.1—2015进行压缩永久变形测试,压缩试样采用B型圆柱体试样,直径为13 mm,高度为6.5 mm。拉伸试样和压缩试样均通过橡胶切片机或压片机进行裁切制备。
综合考虑NBR在变压器中的实际工作环境以及25#变压器油(中石化长城润滑油公司生产)的特性等因素,参照GB/T 2941—2006,选择3组加速老化温度,分别为90、120、135℃;加速老化试验为期14 d,按照“前紧后疏”的取样原则[15],分别取第1、2、4、6、8、10、14 d老化后的试样进行检测。按照有无被压缩和是否变压器油浸泡分为4组,如表1所示(其中热空气压缩和热油压缩实验组中的试样放置于压缩永久变形装置中,压缩装置符合GB/T 7759.1—2015,保证试样上下表面均匀受力;热油和热油压缩实验组试样需完全浸没在25#变压器油中)。加速老化试验在HS-1226型老化箱中进行,老化箱符合GB/T 3512—2014,试样总体积不超过老化箱体积的10%,悬挂的试样间距至少为10 mm,试样与老化箱壁间距至少50 mm。
对试样进行热空气和热油老化试验后,按照GB/T 531.1—2008进行邵氏硬度测试。采用LX-A型邵氏硬度计,选用1 kg加压砝码,试验力保持时间为3 s,对每个试样表面不同位置测试5次硬度值,取平均值并求标准差。
选取3个尺寸一致的B型圆柱体试样放入压缩永久变形装置中,通过限制器保持25%的压缩率,按照表1所列方案进行热空气压缩和热油压缩老化试验,在达到取样时间后取出压缩装置,立即解除压缩并将试样取出置于木板上,在室温下恢复30 min,然后使用YJC106型数显橡胶测厚仪测量每个试样中心部位的高度,即恢复高度(h1),每个试样测量5次,测量完3个试样后,取平均值并求标准差,采用式(1)计算压缩永久变形。
C=h0-h1h0-hs×100%
式(1)中:C为压缩永久变形;h0为试样原始高度,mm;hs为压缩装置限制器高度,mm。
按照表1所列方案对拉伸试样进行老化试验,达到取样时间后,分别随机取出3个试样,在室温下放置1 d后,采用MTS-CET400型微型电子万能试验机进行室温拉伸测试获得断裂伸长率,取平均值并求标准差,拉伸速度为500 mm/min。
为研究NBR加速老化前后官能团的变化情况,利用Nicolet iS50型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测试试样表面的红外光谱,采用衰减全反射(ATR)附件,测量波数范围为4 000~700 cm-1,分辨率为2 cm-1,扫描次数为32次。
图1为NBR在不同老化环境和老化温度下的硬度变化曲线。从图1可以看出,NBR的邵氏硬度总体上随老化时间的延长和老化温度的升高而提高,反映出温度可加速NBR老化。已有研究指出,NBR分子在老化过程中会发生链切割和链传递的现象,使得分子链段数减少、弹性减弱,从而导致硬度增加[13]。此外,图1中老化试验后期的斜率基本比前期的大,说明老化速率随着时间的增加而增大,即存在加速老化的现象。这是因为NBR在老化过程中,内部的交联结构发生破坏,导致NBR内部结构松散,交联结构减少,并形成新的自由基,新的自由基会进一步加速老化反应[17]
对比NBR在热空气中和热油中加速老化的硬度变化趋势可知,在相同温度不同介质中,热油老化的硬度变化趋势总体上比热空气老化的平缓,且最终硬度值更低。这是由于25#变压器油中添加了如抗氧化剂等助剂,这些助剂会渗入NBR中,阻碍NBR分子与氧发生反应,延缓了NBR的老化过程,并同时改变橡胶的结构和性能,增加了橡胶的柔软度[18],导致老化后硬度没有明显提高,甚至还有低于初始硬度的情况,如图1(b)中90℃曲线6~10 d区间。然而随着老化时间的增长,溶胀到达平衡,加之交联结构的破环以及链断裂逐渐增多[10,19],最终导致硬度逐渐上升。需要说明的是,135℃下的老化试样均在第12天后出现了明显的脆化,性能严重下降,故未测试到第14天的硬度。下文压缩永久变形和断裂伸长率测试结果同理。
图2为NBR在不同老化环境和老化温度下的压缩永久变形曲线。从图2可以看出,在热空气压缩和热油压缩下,随着温度的升高和老化时间的延长,NBR的压缩永久变形均增大,并且趋势相同,即试验前期增速较快,后期趋于平缓。另外,老化温度越高,压缩永久变形增加得越快。对比图2(a)(b)可以看出,在相同温度下热油中的压缩永久变形明显比热空气中的小。
橡胶的压缩永久变形主要受其分子链恢复能力的影响。NBR在受到压缩力作用时,分子链之间的距离会变小,内部温度升高,从而促进交联反应的进行[20],此时新形成的交联键对橡胶网络结构的固定作用会使得橡胶部分或完全不能恢复[21],导致NBR在老化过程中压缩永久变形的增加。由于热油压缩试样完全沉浸在25#变压器油中,有效阻止了空气与NBR的接触,降低了交联反应的程度,减缓了老化过程。因此,在热空气介质中的交联反应比在热油介质中的更加明显。此外,由于溶胀作用,热油压缩试样的恢复高度高于热空气压缩试样。综上,NBR在热油介质中的压缩永久变形低于热空气介质中的压缩永久变形。
图3为NBR在不同老化环境和老化温度下的断裂伸长率。由图3可知,随着老化温度的升高和老化时间的延长,NBR在热空气和热油中老化后的断裂伸长率均降低,并且老化温度越高,下降速率越快,试验前期(0~6 d)的下降速率比试验后期的快。对比图3(a)(b)可以看出,对于120℃和135℃两个老化温度的曲线,在试验前期、相同老化时间下,热油中的断裂伸长率稍高于热空气中的断裂伸长率;在试验后期(6 d后),热油中的断裂伸长率比热空气中下降得更快,断裂伸长率更低。这主要是因为一方面NBR长时间浸泡在25变压器油中,油分子的侵入使橡胶大分子链之间的相互作用减小,导致大分子链结构解缠,短时间内会增加其弹性和韧性,但长时间的浸泡会导致性能下降;另一方面25#变压器油在老化过程中会发生分解,产生一些对NBR有害的氧化物质,这些物质会进一步促进NBR的老化,导致橡胶的断裂伸长率急剧降低[22],而高温会加速上述过程,故在热油中老化后期,断裂伸长率下降得更快。
图4为NBR初始母材和经热油压缩、热空气压缩、热油、热空气4种条件加速老化14 d后的全反射红外(ATR-FTIR)谱图。以NBR初始母材为例,图4中3 500~3 300 cm-1处为-OH宽峰,2 913 cm-1和2 842 cm-1处分别为-CH2-的不对称和对称伸缩振动峰,2 233 cm-1处为氰基(-CN)的伸缩振动峰,1 725 cm-1处为C=O的伸缩振动峰,1 423 cm-1处是-CH2-的弯曲振动峰,954 cm-1处尖峰体现了反式1,4 -CH=CH-的变形振动[14,19,22]
图4可以看出,NBR老化后,位于2 913 cm-1和2 842 cm-1处-CH2-的不对称和对称伸缩振动峰强度明显降低,且温度越高特征峰强度的降幅越大;位于3 500~3 200 cm-1处的-OH吸收峰强度与初始母材相比,有明显的升高突起,而-OH来自氧化产物,结合-CH2-的伸缩振动峰强度降低说明有其它基团产生[23-24];位于954 cm-1处的反式1,4 -CH=CH-吸收峰强度也有所降低,表明分子间的双键发生断裂,形成了新的氧化物[25-26]。综上表明,NBR老化过程中存在氧化、断链和交联反应:NBR中的不饱和双键与氧发生氧化反应,形成羟基等含氧官能团;在高温环境下,NBR分子链因热裂解而断裂,产生自由基和碳碳双键,自由基的产生则会引发交联反应。氧化、断链反应如图5所示[27]
利用峰高度法,进一步对图4中典型特征基团在加速老化试验前后的浓度变化进行分析,以120℃老化试样为例,分析结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,各特征基团在不同条件下老化后的吸光度差值均低于初始母材的吸光度差值,表明各特征基团在加速老化试验后浓度普遍降低。其中,-CH2-浓度降低表明NBR老化过程中发生交联、氧化和断裂反应[28];-C=O-浓度降低是因为NBR中的增塑剂在老化过程中逐渐渗出并挥发[22];-CH=CH-浓度降低是发生氧化、断链反应导致,进一步对比发现,-CH=CH-在热油压缩和热油条件下的吸光度差值明显高于热空气压缩和热空气条件下,再次印证了变压器油隔绝了NBR与氧气的接触,可使氧化、断链反应减弱。
根据现有对NBR热空气(热氧)寿命预测的文献[12,15-16,23],大部分以压缩永久变形和断裂伸长率的性能变化作为指标来预测实际寿命,由于NBR在变压器中主要作为密封圈使用,常受到压缩作用,本文以压缩永久变形作为评价指标来预测NBR的实际使用寿命。参考GB/T 20028—2005,在硫化橡胶老化过程中,性能保持率(P)与老化时间(t)的关系可用式(2)描述。
P=Ae-Kt
式(2)中:A为常数;K为速率常数;t为老化时间,d。
速率常数(K)与老化温度(T)之间的关系服从Arrhenius方程,如式(4)所示。
K=Ze-E/RT
式(3)中:Z为频率因子,d-1E为活化能,J/mol;R为气体常数,8.314 J/(mol·K);T为老化温度,K。
结合式(2)~(3),可推出式(4)
lnt=E/RT+B
式(4)中,B为常数。
本文以压缩永久变形作为评价指标,故式(2)P为橡胶的压缩永久变形性能保持率。通常,以初始性能降低到50%作为临界值,即认为此时橡胶已经失去使用价值[12,15],因此本文在预测NBR在25#变压器油中的使用寿命过程中,取压缩永久变形保持率为50%作为失效临界值,即P=50%。由式(4)可知,lnt与热力学温度的倒数(1/T)呈线性关系,直线斜率为E/R,进一步可用外推法推算NBR在实际工作环境中的使用寿命[26,29]
NBR在25#变压器油中不同老化温度下的压缩永久变形保持率随时间变化的拟合曲线如图7所示。根据拟合曲线,可以得到NBR在热油压缩老化过程中不同温度下压缩永久变形保持率达到临界值(50%)的时间,即NBR的预测使用寿命,结果如表2所示。
根据表2代入lnt与1/T数值,得到拟合公式如式(5)所示。
lnt=6931.35/T-14.92968
通常油浸式电力变压器的工作环境温度在-25~40℃,内部温升在55~60℃[30],本工作选定所预测的NBR工作温度为40~80℃,代入式(5)可得到不同服役温度下的预测使用寿命,如表3所示。
(1)NBR在老化过程中邵氏硬度和压缩永久变形随着老化时间的增加而增大,断裂伸长率随着老化时间的增加而减小。老化温度越高,老化速率越快。25#变压器油可以减缓NBR的邵氏硬度和压缩永久变形增大的进程,但对断裂伸长率下降的影响为先减缓后加速。相比在热空气中,25#变压器油阻碍了NBR与氧气的接触,减缓了氧化和断裂反应。
(2)在热油压缩环境下,以压缩永久变形为评价指标,预测NBR在使用温度为40、50、60、70、80℃时的服役寿命分别为3.726、1.877、0.985、0.542、0.303年。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52175286)
  • 国网冀北电力有限公司科技项目(52018K22001L)
  • 清华大学高端装备界面科学与技术全国重点实验室开放基金资助项目(SKLTKF20B16)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.009
  • 接收时间:2023-12-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-13
  • 修回日期:2024-02-21
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52175286)
国网冀北电力有限公司科技项目(52018K22001L)
清华大学高端装备界面科学与技术全国重点实验室开放基金资助项目(SKLTKF20B16)
作者信息
    1国网冀北电力有限公司电力科学研究院,北京 100045
    2国网冀北电力有限公司,北京 100045
    3北京石油化工学院 机械工程学院,北京 102617
    4西安大有检测技术有限公司, 陕西 西安 710018
    5清华大学 高端装备界面科学与技术全国重点实验室,北京 100084

通讯作者:

康举(1983-),男(满族),河北承德人,副教授,主要从事电网金属材料和绝缘电介质材料的故障分析、寿命评估等的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.009
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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