Article(id=1210620761258201634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710432000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-15, revisedDate=1713888000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766564081730, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766564081730, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766564081730, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564081730, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210620759618220989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766564081339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564115162, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210620761593745958, articleId=1210620761258201634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on preparation and performance of wear resistant epoxy resin-based BMC, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, epoxy resin bulk molding compound (EP-BMC) was prepared by mixing short cut glass fibers and calcium sulfate whiskers with epoxy resin matrix. After molding and curing, the influence of glass fiber filler ratio on the wear resistance, mechanical properties, and dimensional stability of EP-BMC material was researched. The results show that with the increase of glass fiber filler ratio, the wear resistance and the linear expansion coefficient of EP-BMC material after thermal ageing decrease continuously, while the tensile strength and bending strength increase at first and then decrease. When the mass ratio of glass fiber to filler is 30∶40, the EP-BMC material shows optimal comprehensive performance. After thermal ageing, the volume wear is 1.00 mm3, the tensile strength and bending strength is 56 MPa and 145 MPa, respectively, the linear expansion coefficient is 24.94 μm·m-1·℃-1, and the volume resistance reaches 2.0×1013 Ω.

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本文以环氧树脂为基体,将其与短切玻璃纤维、硫酸钙晶须混合制备环氧树脂团状模塑料(EP-BMC),经过模压固化成型,研究玻纤填料比对EP-BMC材料耐磨性、力学性能、尺寸稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着玻纤填料比增加,EP-BMC材料热老化后的耐磨性能、线膨胀系数持续减小,拉伸强度和弯曲强度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当玻纤与填料质量比为30∶40时,EP-BMC材料的综合性能最优,热老化后体积磨损为1.00 mm3,拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别为56 MPa和145 MPa,线膨胀系数为24.94 μm·m-1·℃-1,体积电阻达到2.0×1013 Ω。

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韩领(1985-),男(汉族),河南郑州人,工程师,主要研究方向为高分子复合材料配方及工艺。

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韩领(1985-),男(汉族),河南郑州人,工程师,主要研究方向为高分子复合材料配方及工艺。

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韩领(1985-),男(汉族),河南郑州人,工程师,主要研究方向为高分子复合材料配方及工艺。

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原材料1#2#3#4#5#
环氧树脂16.516.516.516.516.5
固化剂13.513.513.513.513.5
抗氧剂0.30.30.30.30.3
玻纤1020304050
硫酸钙晶须6050403020
), ArticleFig(id=1218964338216456712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620761258201634, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

EP-BMC配方

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原材料1#2#3#4#5#
环氧树脂16.516.516.516.516.5
固化剂13.513.513.513.513.5
抗氧剂0.30.30.30.30.3
玻纤1020304050
硫酸钙晶须6050403020
), ArticleFig(id=1218964338300342797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620761258201634, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=The Hardness and abrasion resistance of EP-BMC, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能1#2#3#4#5#
巴氏硬度/HBa7170747167
热老化前体积磨损/mm31.032.583.163.906.99
热老化后体积磨损/mm30.250.431.002.5511.24
摩擦系数0.280.320.430.460.49
), ArticleFig(id=1218964338396811794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620761258201634, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

EP-BMC的硬度及耐磨性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能1#2#3#4#5#
巴氏硬度/HBa7170747167
热老化前体积磨损/mm31.032.583.163.906.99
热老化后体积磨损/mm30.250.431.002.5511.24
摩擦系数0.280.320.430.460.49
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耐磨环氧树脂团状模塑料的制备与性能研究
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韩领 , 王明星 , 卢瑞林 , 姚丁扬 , 邓凤阳 , 黄安民
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(12): 45-50
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(12): 45-50
耐磨环氧树脂团状模塑料的制备与性能研究
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韩领, 王明星, 卢瑞林, 姚丁扬, 邓凤阳, 黄安民
作者信息
  • 株洲时代新材料科技股份有限公司,湖南 株洲 412007
  • 韩领(1985-),男(汉族),河南郑州人,工程师,主要研究方向为高分子复合材料配方及工艺。

Research on preparation and performance of wear resistant epoxy resin-based BMC
Ling HAN, Mingxing WANG, Ruilin LU, Dingyang YAO, Fengyang DENG, Anmin HUANG
Affiliations
  • Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412007, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.006
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本文以环氧树脂为基体,将其与短切玻璃纤维、硫酸钙晶须混合制备环氧树脂团状模塑料(EP-BMC),经过模压固化成型,研究玻纤填料比对EP-BMC材料耐磨性、力学性能、尺寸稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着玻纤填料比增加,EP-BMC材料热老化后的耐磨性能、线膨胀系数持续减小,拉伸强度和弯曲强度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当玻纤与填料质量比为30∶40时,EP-BMC材料的综合性能最优,热老化后体积磨损为1.00 mm3,拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别为56 MPa和145 MPa,线膨胀系数为24.94 μm·m-1·℃-1,体积电阻达到2.0×1013 Ω。

环氧树脂  /  团状模塑料  /  耐磨性  /  尺寸稳定性

In this paper, epoxy resin bulk molding compound (EP-BMC) was prepared by mixing short cut glass fibers and calcium sulfate whiskers with epoxy resin matrix. After molding and curing, the influence of glass fiber filler ratio on the wear resistance, mechanical properties, and dimensional stability of EP-BMC material was researched. The results show that with the increase of glass fiber filler ratio, the wear resistance and the linear expansion coefficient of EP-BMC material after thermal ageing decrease continuously, while the tensile strength and bending strength increase at first and then decrease. When the mass ratio of glass fiber to filler is 30∶40, the EP-BMC material shows optimal comprehensive performance. After thermal ageing, the volume wear is 1.00 mm3, the tensile strength and bending strength is 56 MPa and 145 MPa, respectively, the linear expansion coefficient is 24.94 μm·m-1·℃-1, and the volume resistance reaches 2.0×1013 Ω.

epoxy resin  /  bulk molding compound  /  wear resistace  /  dimension stability
韩领, 王明星, 卢瑞林, 姚丁扬, 邓凤阳, 黄安民. 耐磨环氧树脂团状模塑料的制备与性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (12) : 45 -50 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.006
Ling HAN, Mingxing WANG, Ruilin LU, Dingyang YAO, Fengyang DENG, Anmin HUANG. Research on preparation and performance of wear resistant epoxy resin-based BMC[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (12) : 45 -50 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.006
团状模塑料(BMC)制品具有高的机械强度,良好的电绝缘性、抗漏电性、耐化学腐蚀性等性能,且成型周期短,生产效率高,因此广泛应用于电气部件、汽车部件和电子塑封等领域[1-2]。但传统不饱和聚酯BMC材料存在收缩率高、不耐高温、不耐磨等特点,限制了其在一些高端领域的应用[3-4]。相比不饱和聚酯材料,环氧树脂具有机械强度高、耐温性好、收缩率低以及电气性能优异等特点,且生产过程中基本上不产生低分子挥发物,因此更适用于制备有高端需求的BMC制品[5-7]
目前对环氧模塑料的研究主要集中在力学性能、电气性能等方面,而对于耐磨性、尺寸稳定性等方面的研究比较少。朱莉云等[8]以环氧树脂为基体,与短切玻璃纤维、滑石粉混合,制备了一种环氧树脂团状模塑料,考察了玻纤与滑石粉配比对BMC材料力学性能、电气性能及吸水率的影响,结果表明当玻纤与滑石粉质量比为35∶15时,模压制品性能最好。陈宇飞等[9]以环氧树脂和聚氨酯为基体,短切玄武岩纤维为增强材料,制备了玄武岩纤维增强环氧树脂团状模塑料,系统研究了固化工艺对材料力学性能和电性能的影响。
本文选用环氧树脂为基体,以合适的配比与短切玻纤和填料复配制备环氧模塑料(EP-BMC),再经过模压成型制备EP-BMC制品,重点研究玻纤填料比对环氧模塑料耐磨性能、力学性能和尺寸稳定性的影响。
环氧树脂(4148A型)、固化剂(4148B型),均为工业级,惠柏新材料科技股份有限公司;短切玻璃纤维,长度为12 mm,重庆国际复合材料股份有限公司;填料为硫酸钙晶须,长度为40~100 μm,长径比为25~40,深圳市超邦新能源材料有限公司;抗氧剂,1010型和168型,天津利安隆新材料股份有限公司。
3L型密炼机,振德隆机械(昆山)有限公司;HYL-100P型液压机,衡阳华意机械有限公司;MMS-2A型屏显式磨损试验机,济南益华摩擦学测试技术有限公司;HAT502E型热老化箱,重庆哈丁科技有限公司;JYW-161型巴氏硬度计,沧州市欧谱检测仪器有限公司;Z100型电子万能测试仪,德国Zwick Roell公司;TMA Q400型热机械测试仪,美国TA仪器公司;LEICA DMi8型光学显微镜,德国徕卡显微系统;PC-68型数字高阻计,上海第六电表厂有限公司。
表1为EP-BMC配方。将环氧树脂和固化剂按一定质量百分比混合均匀后,加入抗氧剂混合制成均匀混合液;按表1配方将混合液和硫酸钙晶须填料以一定的比例加入密炼机中,在室温下低速混合5 min,制成树脂糊;再将短切玻璃纤维加入密炼机中,在室温下低速混合均匀,得到未成型EP-BMC材料。
将样板模具预热至60~80℃,将未成型EP-BMC材料铺入模腔中,然后将模具放置液压机工作台面,加压至10 MPa,固化程序为100℃/2 h+160℃/0.5 h,最后制得EP-BMC模压样板,样板尺寸为490 mm×220 mm×6 mm。
采用雕刻和铣加工方式将模压样板加工成标准测试试样,测试其各项性能。密度按照GB/T 1463—2005进行测试;巴氏硬度按照GB/T 3854—2017进行测试;拉伸性能按照GB/T 1447—2005进行测试;弯曲性能按照 GB/T 1449—2005进行测试;耐磨性能按照GB/T 3960—2016进行测试,压力为200 N,转速为196 r/min,周期为2 h;老化试验:将试样置于鼓风烘箱中,在250℃下加热168 h;线膨胀系数:按照ISO 11359-2:2021进行测试,温度区间为-10~50℃,升温速率为5℃/min;体积电阻按照 GB/T 31838.3—2019进行测试,测试电压为500 V。
图1为摩擦试验示意图。在进行摩擦测试时,试样安装于对磨体上方,并加载负荷,试样保持静止,对磨体圆环以一定转速转动。体积磨损(V)计算公式如式(1)所示。
V=m1-m2ρ
式(1)中:m1代表试验前试样的质量,g;m2代表试验后试样的质量,g;ρ为试样密度,g/cm3
摩擦系数(μ)的计算公式为式(2)
μ=MrF
式(2)中:M代表摩擦力矩,N·cm;r代表圆环半径,cm;F代表试验荷载,N。
表2为EP-BMC材料的硬度及热老化前后的耐磨性能。从表2可见,玻纤填料比对EP-BMC材料的硬度影响不大,对耐磨性能有较大影响。随着玻纤填料比增大,试样硬度在67~74 HBa浮动,而热老化前后的体积磨损和摩擦系数则持续增大。
图2是EP-BMC材料经热老化后的体积磨损。结合表2图2可以看出,无论是热老化前还是热老化后,EP-BMC材料的体积磨损均随着玻纤填料比的增大而加速增大。当玻纤填料比低于40∶30时,试样1#~4#热老化前的体积磨损均大于热老化后的体积磨损;而试样5#热老化前的体积磨损小于热老化后的体积磨损。相比热老化前,试样热老化后的体积磨损对玻纤填料比更为敏感,试样1#热老化后体积磨损为0.25 mm3,而试样5#热老化后体积磨损达到11.24 mm3,增加了将近两个数量级。
经分析,玻纤填料比对EP-BMC材料耐磨性的影响主要有以下3个原因:
(1)硫酸钙晶须的表面积大,可吸附聚合物分子链,一个粒子表面可通过吸附几条大分子链,形成物理交联点。当其中一条大分子链受到应力时,可通过交联粒子将应力传递到其他分子链上,使应力分布均匀化,减轻局部区域所受到的摩擦应力[10]。同时,无机粒子的导热性要优于环氧树脂分子链,加上晶须具有较大的长径比,能够在基体中形成有效的导热网链,可以很好地将基体内部产生的热量及时传递出去,也有利于降低材料磨损[11-13]。因此,晶须含量多时,材料的体积磨损较小。
(2)聚合物粘着转移机理[14]认为,聚合物材料在摩擦过程中常常向对磨面转移,体系的最终摩擦总是趋向于聚合物和聚合物之间的摩擦。实际上,玻璃钢材料具有一定的脆性,在与对磨体摩擦的过程中,试样表面会产生粉末微粒,特别是热老化后的试样表面本身就有一定程度的粉化,主要为晶须填料和树脂基体残留物。这些粉末微粒难以粘着在对磨体表面,却可以在试样与对磨体之间形成粉末层,起到润滑效果。同时,玻璃钢材料具有较高的硬度,对磨体表面形成的金属氧化物在摩擦过程中会向试样表面转移,形成一层转移膜,与粉末层产生协同效应,从而降低材料摩擦系数。随着玻纤填料比增大,晶须填料含量减少,摩擦过程中形成的粉末微粒减少,起到的润滑效果降低,因此EP-BMC材料的磨损增加,摩擦系数也增大。
图3为EP-BMC材料热老化后随测试时间和玻纤填料比变化的摩擦系数。从图3可看出,当摩擦开始时,材料的摩擦系数均较高,然后快速减小,逐渐在一个稳定的范围内波动。随着玻纤填料比增加,摩擦系数持续增加。
(3)在250℃高温下老化168 h之后,树脂基体会发生一定程度降解,导致玻纤外漏。图4为EP-BMC试样热老化后的表面形貌。从图4可以看出,随着玻纤含量的提高,树脂对玻纤的浸润性变差,老化后外漏玻纤越来越多。图5为EP-BMC材料热老化后的磨痕表面形貌。当玻纤填料比较低时,外漏玻纤较少,在摩擦的过程中产生的晶须粉末在试样与对磨体之间能起到润滑作用,摩擦系数较低,并保持稳定。此时材料摩擦以树脂、晶须的微粒磨损为主,磨痕区域相对平整,如图5(a)所示。从图5(b)(e)可以看出,随着玻纤含量增加,垂直于摩擦面的玻纤数量越来越多,试样磨痕变得越来越不平整,当玻纤填料比达到50∶20时,试样5#已基本没有平整的磨痕。这是因为玻纤的刚性比硫酸钙晶须大,而且无规分布,很多玻纤磨损方向与摩擦力方向相交,失去树脂包裹之后直接与对磨体接触时,无法形成类似晶须粉末的润滑层,在一定的载荷和相对旋转摩擦下,容易被剪切力磨损,加之玻纤之间相互缠结形成应力集中,最终加剧材料的磨损。
图6为EP-BMC材料随不同玻纤填料比变化的力学性能。从图6可以看出,试样1#的拉伸强度和弯曲强度较低,分别为39 MPa和97 MPa。试样3#的拉伸强度和弯曲强度均达到最大值,分别是56 MPa和145 MPa,比试样1#分别提高了43.6%和49.5%。由此可知,玻纤对于树脂基体的增强效果优于填料,随着玻纤填料质量比增大,复合材料的增强效果越来越好。但随着玻纤填料比继续增加,EP-BMC材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度开始减小,最低分别降至46 MPa和102 MPa(试样4#),比最大值分别减小了17.9%和29.7%。这是由于在一定的搅拌强度下,过多玻纤会并束或堆积,基体树脂难以充分浸润渗透,使得复合材料局部界面结合较弱,在外力作用下容易形成应力集中,导致EP-BMC的力学性能降低。
当EP-BMC材料应用于高低温循环变化的工况时,尺寸稳定性尤为重要。图7为EP-BMC随不同玻纤填料比变化的线膨胀系数(CTE)。从图7可以看出,试样1#的线膨胀系数为32.62 μm·m-1·℃-1,之后随着玻纤填料比的增大,试样5#的CTE减小到20.80 μm·m-1·℃-1,相比试样1#减小了36.2%。这是由于玻纤本身的热稳定性很好,加之玻纤长度比晶须填料大两个数量级,容易相互缠结,且随着玻纤含量增加,缠结作用变强,有效地限制了树脂基体分子链段的运动,导致线膨胀系数逐渐减小。
通常地,环氧树脂及其模塑料具有良好的电气绝缘性能[15-16],综合体积磨损、力学性能和线膨胀系数测试结果,发现当玻纤与填料质量比为30∶40时,EP-BMC材料的综合性能最佳,在500 V电压下测试该材料的体积电阻为2.0×1013 Ω,绝缘性能优良。
(1)热老化前后EP-BMC材料的体积磨损均随着玻纤填料比增大而持续增大,其中热老化后体积磨损对玻纤填料比更为敏感。当玻纤与填料质量比为50∶20时,热老化前后的体积磨损均达到最大值,分别为6.99 mm3和11.24 mm3
(2)EP-BMC材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度均随着玻纤填料比增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,当玻纤与填料质量比为30∶40时,拉伸强度和弯曲强度均达到最大值,分别为56 MPa和145 MPa。
(3)EP-BMC材料的线膨胀系数随着玻纤填料比增加而持续减小,当玻纤与填料质量比为50∶20时,线膨胀系数达到最小值20.80 μm·m-1·℃-1
(4)当玻纤与填料质量比为30∶40时,EP-BMC材料的综合性能最好,同时具有很好的耐磨性、力学性能、尺寸稳定性和绝缘性能。
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2024年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.006
  • 接收时间:2024-03-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-15
  • 修回日期:2024-04-24
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    株洲时代新材料科技股份有限公司,湖南 株洲 412007
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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