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To investigate the influence law and mechanism of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy materials for insulated pull rods, molecular dynamics simulations were used to calculate and analyze the macroscopic properties and microscopic structural parameters of epoxy resin cross-linked systems with PEGDGE mass fractions of 0, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (percentage of epoxy resin mass), respectively. The effect of PEGDGE content on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy materials for insulated pull rods was summarized, the influence mechanism was elucidated from the perspective of system structure, and the calculation results were verified through experiments. The results show that with the introduction of PEGDGE, the glass transition temperature, tensile strength, and bending strength of epoxy resin, as well as the viscosity of castable decrease, while the impact strength of epoxy resin increases. When the mass fraction of PEGDGE is 5%, the material shows the best comprehensive performance. PEGDGE molecules with high flexibility increases the free volume fraction, mean square displacement, and the ratio of bulk modulus to shear modulus (K/G) of the epoxy resin system, which enhances the mobility of molecular segments, and leads to the increase of toughness and the decrease of rigidity of the epoxy resin material.

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为研究聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(PEGDGE)对绝缘拉杆用环氧材料力学及热学性能的影响规律及机理,通过分子动力学模拟计算并分析了PEGDGE质量分数分别为0、5%、10%、15%、20%(占环氧树脂质量的百分比)时环氧树脂交联体系的宏观性能及微观结构参数,归纳了PEGDGE含量对绝缘拉杆用环氧材料力学及热学性能的影响规律,并从体系结构的角度阐明了影响机理,最后通过实验对计算结果进行了验证。结果表明:PEGDGE的引入使得环氧树脂的玻璃化转变温度降低,拉伸强度、弯曲强度和浇注料黏度减小,冲击强度增大,当PEGDGE质量分数为5%时材料具有最佳的综合性能;具有高柔顺性的PEGDGE分子增大了环氧树脂体系的自由体积占比、均方位移以及体积模量与剪切模量的比值(K/G),使得分子链段的运动能力增强,导致环氧树脂材料的韧性增大、刚性减小。

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魏莹(1990-),女(汉族),宁夏银川人,工程师,研究方向为电力设备状态检测;

马飞越(1986-),男(回族),宁夏平罗人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压技术。

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魏莹(1990-),女(汉族),宁夏银川人,工程师,研究方向为电力设备状态检测;

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魏莹(1990-),女(汉族),宁夏银川人,工程师,研究方向为电力设备状态检测;

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马飞越(1986-),男(回族),宁夏平罗人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压技术。

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马飞越(1986-),男(回族),宁夏平罗人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压技术。

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体系DGEBAMeHHPAPEGDGEBDMA
P-110089.9700.6
P-210092.3050.6
P-310094.63100.6
P-410096.97150.6
P-510099.30200.6
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原材料质量配比

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体系DGEBAMeHHPAPEGDGEBDMA
P-110089.9700.6
P-210092.3050.6
P-310094.63100.6
P-410096.97150.6
P-510099.30200.6
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体系体积模量(K)/GPa剪切模量(G)/GPa杨氏模量(E)/GPaK/G
P-14.812.486.281.94
P-24.652.135.632.18
P-34.451.435.373.11
P-43.851.123.483.44
P-53.520.962.923.67
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不同PEGDGE/EP体系的力学模量

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体系体积模量(K)/GPa剪切模量(G)/GPa杨氏模量(E)/GPaK/G
P-14.812.486.281.94
P-24.652.135.632.18
P-34.451.435.373.11
P-43.851.123.483.44
P-53.520.962.923.67
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体系VoVfFV/%
P-116 355.413 286.2416.73
P-217 596.883 597.6216.97
P-318 693.563 921.1117.34
P-419 911.564 203.5517.43
P-520 591.164 389.6417.57
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不同PEGDGE/EP体系的自由体积占比

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体系VoVfFV/%
P-116 355.413 286.2416.73
P-217 596.883 597.6216.97
P-318 693.563 921.1117.34
P-419 911.564 203.5517.43
P-520 591.164 389.6417.57
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PEGDGE对绝缘拉杆用环氧材料力学及热学性能影响的分子动力学分析
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魏莹 1 , 马飞越 1 , 刘宇晨 2 , 张翀 3 , 崔惠泽 3 , 郭瑞鲁 3 , 陈铄 3 , 赵玉顺 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(12): 27-35
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(12): 27-35
PEGDGE对绝缘拉杆用环氧材料力学及热学性能影响的分子动力学分析
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魏莹1, 马飞越1, 刘宇晨2, 张翀3, 崔惠泽3, 郭瑞鲁3, 陈铄3, 赵玉顺2
作者信息
  • 1国网宁夏电力有限公司电力科学研究院,宁夏 银川 750002
  • 2合肥工业大学 电气与自动化工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009
  • 3中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 102211
  • 魏莹(1990-),女(汉族),宁夏银川人,工程师,研究方向为电力设备状态检测;

    马飞越(1986-),男(回族),宁夏平罗人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压技术。

Molecular dynamics analysis on effect of PEGDGE on mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy materials for insulated pull rod
Ying WEI1, Feiyue MA1, Yuchen LIU2, Chong ZHANG3, Huize CUI3, Ruilu GUO3, Shuo CHEN3, Yushun ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Ningxia Power Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750002, China
  • 2School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
  • 3China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102211, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.004
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为研究聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(PEGDGE)对绝缘拉杆用环氧材料力学及热学性能的影响规律及机理,通过分子动力学模拟计算并分析了PEGDGE质量分数分别为0、5%、10%、15%、20%(占环氧树脂质量的百分比)时环氧树脂交联体系的宏观性能及微观结构参数,归纳了PEGDGE含量对绝缘拉杆用环氧材料力学及热学性能的影响规律,并从体系结构的角度阐明了影响机理,最后通过实验对计算结果进行了验证。结果表明:PEGDGE的引入使得环氧树脂的玻璃化转变温度降低,拉伸强度、弯曲强度和浇注料黏度减小,冲击强度增大,当PEGDGE质量分数为5%时材料具有最佳的综合性能;具有高柔顺性的PEGDGE分子增大了环氧树脂体系的自由体积占比、均方位移以及体积模量与剪切模量的比值(K/G),使得分子链段的运动能力增强,导致环氧树脂材料的韧性增大、刚性减小。

聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚  /  环氧树脂  /  分子动力学  /  绝缘拉杆

To investigate the influence law and mechanism of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy materials for insulated pull rods, molecular dynamics simulations were used to calculate and analyze the macroscopic properties and microscopic structural parameters of epoxy resin cross-linked systems with PEGDGE mass fractions of 0, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (percentage of epoxy resin mass), respectively. The effect of PEGDGE content on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy materials for insulated pull rods was summarized, the influence mechanism was elucidated from the perspective of system structure, and the calculation results were verified through experiments. The results show that with the introduction of PEGDGE, the glass transition temperature, tensile strength, and bending strength of epoxy resin, as well as the viscosity of castable decrease, while the impact strength of epoxy resin increases. When the mass fraction of PEGDGE is 5%, the material shows the best comprehensive performance. PEGDGE molecules with high flexibility increases the free volume fraction, mean square displacement, and the ratio of bulk modulus to shear modulus (K/G) of the epoxy resin system, which enhances the mobility of molecular segments, and leads to the increase of toughness and the decrease of rigidity of the epoxy resin material.

polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether  /  epoxy resin  /  molecular dynamics  /  insulated pull rod
魏莹, 马飞越, 刘宇晨, 张翀, 崔惠泽, 郭瑞鲁, 陈铄, 赵玉顺. PEGDGE对绝缘拉杆用环氧材料力学及热学性能影响的分子动力学分析. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (12) : 27 -35 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.004
Ying WEI, Feiyue MA, Yuchen LIU, Chong ZHANG, Huize CUI, Ruilu GUO, Shuo CHEN, Yushun ZHAO. Molecular dynamics analysis on effect of PEGDGE on mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy materials for insulated pull rod[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (12) : 27 -35 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.004
绝缘拉杆是气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)断路器中用于连接操作机构和本体的关键部件,起着绝缘、操作开断的重要作用,是GIS断路器正常稳定运行与否的一个关键因素[1-2]。目前,常用的GIS断路器用绝缘拉杆几乎全部采用具有高强度、高模量、低固化收缩率特性的环氧树脂材料制作而成[3-4]
为了使绝缘拉杆具有更加良好的机械强度、耐热性能和绝缘性能,一般在真空环境下将纤维织物浸润于环氧树脂中进行纤维增强处理。在该过程中,要求环氧树脂保持较高的流动性和可操作性以达到最佳的浸润效果,故通常添加稀释剂于环氧树脂中以降低树脂的黏度[5]。但是,由于稀释剂与环氧树脂分子结构存在差异性,可能会导致添加稀释剂后的环氧树脂体系的交联结构发生变化,对环氧树脂的力学及热学性能产生影响,从而影响最终制造的绝缘拉杆成品的性能和工作可靠性[6]
关于稀释剂对环氧树脂材料力学性能、热学性能及固化工艺的影响,目前已有研究报道。肖一等[7]研究了活性稀释剂丁基缩水甘油醚的添加量对环氧树脂黏度、耐热性能的影响,发现丁基缩水甘油醚能有效提高环氧树脂的流动性,且随着稀释剂添加量增加,体系黏度逐渐下降。当其质量分数为15%时,环氧树脂的初始分解温度可提高18.9%。WANG L B等[8]将不同质量的具有12~14个碳原子长链的缩水甘油醚(AGE)与环氧树脂(E-51)进行掺杂,测试不同材料固化后的黏度和力学性能,发现当AGE质量分数为20%~30%时,E-51的黏度随着AGE质量分数的增加而急剧下降,并且固化产物的抗拉强度呈现增长的趋势。陈子豪等[9]研究了酚酞基聚芳醚酮(PEK-C)相对分子质量对改性环氧树脂增韧效果的影响,结果表明,在一定范围内,PEK-C的相对分子质量和添加量越大,增韧效果越好,其中质量分数为15%、相对分子质量为8×104的PEK-C改性环氧树脂具有最佳的力学性能,其拉伸强度和断裂伸长率较未改性树脂分别提高了68%和121%,冲击韧性较未改性树脂提升了99%。
虽然目前针对稀释剂对环氧树脂力学和热学性能的影响已有部分研究,但主要集中于实验测试层面,难以建立和分析环氧微观结构与材料性能之间的关联关系。
聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(PEGDGE)的分子结构由两个环氧基和可自由旋转的醚键单元组成,其分子链为具有高柔顺性的脂肪族长链,作为稀释剂可以降低环氧树脂黏度的同时还可以提高环氧树脂的韧性[10],但这会使环氧树脂刚性发生改变,从而影响绝缘拉杆用环氧材料的力学及热学性能[11]。为研究不同PEGDGE添加量对绝缘拉杆用环氧材料力学及热学性能的影响,通过分子动力学计算的方法,构建不同PEGDGE添加量下的环氧树脂交联模型,计算交联体系的玻璃化转变温度、力学模量等宏观热力学参数,以及自由体积占比、均方位移等微观结构参数,然后通过实验对计算结果进行验证,最终获得PEGDGE添加量对绝缘拉杆用环氧材料的力学及热学性能影响规律,以及交联体系的宏观特性与微观结构之间的关联关系,为确定性能相对最佳的PEGDGE/EP配方体系提供一定的参考。
采用分子动力学模拟软件(Materials Studio,MS)构建交联单体分子模型,如图1所示。所用环氧树脂为双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA),固化剂为甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐(MeHHPA),添加剂为聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(PEGDGE)。通过Forcite模块对每种单体分子进行5 000 ps的几何结构优化,用于消除其中的内应力,以获得结构合理的无定型模型[12]
将已经构建好的3种交联分子单体在MS的Amorphous Cell 模块中建立3D无定型分子模型。DGEBA条数设置为20,PEGDGE条数分别设置为0、2、3、6、8,与实际添加量相对应,MeHHPA条数设置为DGEBA和PEGDGE条数之和的两倍,并采用周期性边界条件以消除其边界效应。设定初始密度为0.6 g/cm3,温度为600 K。在恒温恒体积条件下对各单体进行200 ps的计算,以消除分子结构的内应力。随后继续进行200 ps的计算以获得密度分布合理的未交联无定型分子模型。过程中的步长均设置为1 fs,压强为1个标准大气压,力场设置为COMPASS Ⅱ,控温方法采用Andersen,控压程序采用Berendsen[13]
根据环氧树脂与酸酐固化剂的交联反应原理,编制基于Perl语言的交联程序以模拟实现交联反应[14]。设置初始截断半径Rn为3.5 Å,最大截断半径Rmax为10 Å,步长为0.5 Å,反应温度设置为600 K。选取交联度为85%的交联结构,并选取其中能量最低的几何结构进行优化,最终得到5种不同PEGDGE质量分数(0、5%、10%、15%、20%,为占基体树脂DGEBA质量的百分比)的交联体系模型。图2为PEGDGE质量分数为15%时的交联体系模型。将交联体系模型升温至500 K,并对模型进行300~500 K的“退火”处理,温度间隔设置为25 K,各温度下的分子动力学模拟计算时间设置为200 ps,得到不同交联结构模型,以便于进行后续的宏观性能参数和微观结构参数的计算[15-16]
双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA),环氧值为0.535 mol/100 g;甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐(MeHHPA),相对分子质量为168.19,分析纯;聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(PEGDGE),分析纯;促进剂为N,N-二甲基苄胺(BDMA),分析纯。上述试剂均购于上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
表1中所示原料质量配比在三口反应釜中加入双酚A型环氧树脂、甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐、聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚,在80℃的真空条件下持续加热搅拌至完全混合均匀,制成PEGDGE质量分数不同的混料体系。然后将混料浇注到80℃预热处理的模具中,放置在真空干燥箱中进行真空加热固化,固化条件为80℃/4 h+140℃/12 h,得到PEGDGE质量分数为0、5%、10%、15%、20%的PEGDGE/EP体系,分别命名为P-1、P-2、P-3、P-4、P-5。
(1)玻璃化转换温度
采用美国TA仪器公司的DMA 800型动态热机械分析仪测试环氧材料样品的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。测试选用单悬臂模式,频率为1 Hz,最大振幅为1 μm,最大动态力为1 N,温度范围为40~200℃,升温速率为2℃/min,空气氛围。获得环氧树脂试样的损耗角正切(tanδ)随温度的变化曲线,并采用tanδ的峰值温度作为环氧树脂试样的Tg
(2)弯曲强度和拉伸强度
根据GB/T 2567—2021《树脂浇注体性能试验方法》,采用深圳三思纵横科技股份有限公司的UTM4104型电子万能试验机测量试样的弯曲强度和拉伸强度。测定时的试验速度为10 mm/min,仲裁试验速度为2 mm/min,每种试样测试5次,结果取平均值。
(3)冲击强度
根据GB/T 2571—1995,采用济南中路昌试验机制造有限公司的ZLCFD-5.5型复合冲击试验机对环氧材料的冲击强度进行测试,每种试样测试5次,结果取平均值。
(4)黏度
根据GB/T 22314—2008,使用上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司的NDJ-8S型旋转黏度计测量环氧树脂浇注料的黏度,测试温度为80℃,每5 min记录一次数据。
Tg是反应聚合物材料耐热性能的重要参数,是无定型聚合物从玻璃态到橡胶态(高弹态)的转变拐点时的温度,也是环氧树脂材料可以使用的上限温度。当环氧树脂体系温度处于Tg附近时,其由玻璃态转变为橡胶态,并且某些性质会发生明显的变化。本研究提取各个体系退火的密度-温度曲线,并进行分段线性拟合,两段直线的交点所对应的温度即为Tg[17]图3为PEGDGE质量分数为15%时PEGDGE/EP体系(P-4)的密度-温度拟合曲线,可以看出P-4体系的Tg约为380 K。
各PEGDGE/EP体系的分子动力学Tg计算结果如图4所示。从图4可以发现,随着PEGDGE质量分数的增大,PEGDGE/EP共混交联体系的Tg逐渐降低,表明PEGDGE的加入使得交联体系的热学性能逐渐下降,且当PEGDGE质量分数超过5%时,其值越大,玻璃化转变温度的下降越明显,进而导致环氧交联体系的耐热性能进一步降低。
对分子动力学模拟中构建的模型施加微小应力,使其在应力的作用下产生应变,从而计算交联体系结构模型的力学模量,以反映材料的力学性能。计算时无定型交联环氧树脂可视为各向同性材料[18-20]。本文提取了各个交联结构模型在300 K下的轨迹文件,通过体系对应变的响应进行收集,可以得到体系的刚度矩阵(Cij)和力学参数λ、μ,计算式如式(1)~(2)所示。以此计算得到交联体系的体积模量(K)、剪切模量(G)、杨氏模量(E),计算式如式(3)所示。
Cij=λ+2μλλ000λλ+2μλ000λλλ+2μ000000μ000000μ000000μ
λ=16(C12+C13+C21+C23+C31+C32)μ=13(C44+C55+C66)
K=λ+23μG=μE=μ3λ+2μλ+μ
力学模量计算结果如表2所示。从表2可以看出,随着PEGDGE添加量的增大,体系的体积模量、剪切模量、杨氏模量均有所下降,且PEGDGE质量分数超过5%时下降更快。分析认为,PEGDGE的分子链结构具有较高的柔顺性,并且分子结构中醚键的存在使得体系在抵抗应力时产生应变的概率增大,从而降低了整体交联结构的刚性,使得体系的力学模量减小,宏观上表现为绝缘拉杆用环氧树脂材料的拉伸、弯曲强度减小。
高分子聚合物材料的韧性可由体积模量K和剪切模量G的比值(K/G)进行表征。KG的比值越大,材料的韧性越强,材料抵抗外力冲击的能力越强,宏观上表征为绝缘拉杆用环氧树脂材料的冲击强度提高。从表2可以看出,PEGDGE的添加使得K/G值增大,体系的韧性提高。这是因为PEGDGE分子中含有醚键,交联后的交联结构中含有大量具有较强迁移能力的柔性侧链,增大了交联网络结构受到冲击应力时的迁移能力,增强了交联体系的韧性。
分子尺度上对自由体积的研究有助于分析聚合物分子链的空间堆积状态。自由体积占比(FV)是材料的重要微观结构参数,是影响交联体系玻璃化转变温度和聚合物材料性能的重要指标[21]。自由体积理论认为液态和固态物质的体积由两部分组成,一部分是被分子链占据的体积Vo(实际占有体积),另一部分是未被占据的体积Vf(自由体积)[22]。由于不同聚合物体系的体积不同,引入自由体积占比的概念,其为体系的自由体积与总体积的比值,用以表示交联体系模型中自由体积的相对大小[23],其表达式如式(4)所示。
FV=VfVo+Vf×100%
本文采用MS中的Atom Volumes & Surface模块计算了不同PEGDGE/EP体系的交联模型在300 K时的康诺利表面,图5为P-4体系的自由体积占比模型,图中蓝色区域部分代表自由体积。计算得到不同PEGDGE/EP体系的自由体积,占比如表3所示。由表3可知,随着PEGDGE质量分数的增大,体系的自由体积占比随之增大。这是因为PEGDGE的分子结构使得交联体系中分子链的柔顺性提升,分子链段的运动更不容易受到阻碍,使得体系抵抗外力形变的能力降低,从而表征刚性的力学性能如拉伸、弯曲强度减小。另外,自由体积占比对于体系的玻璃化转变温度等热学性能参数也存在一定的影响。自由体积占比越大,体系的交联结构越疏松,提供分子链段更多的自由空间而使其运动能力增强。当外界环境温度上升时,交联结构更容易因受热而被破坏,宏观上表现为材料的玻璃化转变温度降低,不利于绝缘拉杆在高温环境条件下的运行。
均方位移(DMS)用于表征动力学过程中粒子位移平方的平均值,是反映体系中原子或分子链段运动能力的重要参数之一[24-25],其定义如式(5)所示。
DMS=13Ni=0N-1[|Ri(t)-Ri(0)|2]
式(5)中:Ri(t)Ri(0)分别表示系统中的任意一个原子it时刻和初始零时刻的位移矢量(速度、位置);N表示体系中的原子数[26-27]。本文提取了各个交联模型在300 K温度下的结构文件,并计算了其对应的前30 ps的均方位移。均方位移曲线的末端斜率越小,交联体系中分子链段的运动能力越低,体系的弹性模量越高,力学性能越好。
体系的均方位移可以体现分子链段的运动能力,是表征环氧树脂交联体系热力学性能最直接的因素之一。图6为不同PEGDGE/EP体系相同交联度下的DMS曲线。从图6可以发现,随着PEGDGE质量分数的增大,对应的DMS曲线的末端斜率增大,说明PEGDGE的引入导致交联体系中分子链段的运动能力提高。这是因为PEGDGE分子链的柔顺性较高,使得整体交联结构的刚性下降,分子链段的运动能力提高,宏观上可以表现为绝缘拉杆用环氧树脂材料的玻璃化转变温度的下降。
根据环氧树脂试样的tanδ随温度的变化曲线,采用tanδ的峰值温度作为环氧树脂试样的Tg,结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,随着PEGDGE质量分数的增大,绝缘拉杆用环氧树脂材料的Tg随之减小,当质量分数超过5%时Tg下降较为明显。此外,分子动力学模拟的计算结果(图4)与实际实验结果在数值上存在一定的差距,这可能是因为仿真模拟计算进行了理想化处理,但两者在变化趋势上是相符的。因此,PEGDGE的过量添加会导致材料的热学性能下降明显,不利于绝缘拉杆的高温运行。
不同PEGDGE/EP体系固化物的力学性能测试结果如图8所示。从图8(a)和(b)可以看出,随着PEGDGE质量分数的增大,环氧树脂固化物的弯曲强度、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率整体呈现下降趋势,且质量分数超过5%时材料的弯曲强度下降幅度变大,这与表2中交联体系的力学模量总体的变化趋势相对应。说明PEGDGE的加入使得绝缘拉杆用环氧树脂材料的刚性下降,抵抗因外力而产生机械形变的能力下降,材料在拉伸应力集中处的延展性和耐久性降低,在受到较大应力时发生变形而断裂的可能性更大。
图8(c)可以看出,随着PEGDGE质量分数的增大,环氧树脂固化物的冲击强度呈现上升的趋势,且各PEGDGE/EP体系之间冲击强度的上升幅度较为均一。这与表2交联体系中的K/G值随着PEGDGE质量分数的增大而提高的趋势相对应,说明PEGDGE的加入使得绝缘拉杆用环氧树脂材料的韧性提升,在遭遇冲击破裂过程中吸收能量的能力提升。
根据GB/T 22314—2008,使用NDJ-8S型旋转黏度计测量环氧树脂浇注料黏度,因为绝缘拉杆用环氧树脂的玻璃纤维浸渍温度通常为60~80℃,故本文以80℃作为测量温度,每5 min记录一次数据,根据测试结果绘制成如图9所示的黏度-时间曲线图。从图9可以看出,当PEGDGE质量分数逐渐增大时,环氧树脂浇注料黏度的上升速率逐渐降低,相同时间下浇注料的黏度值减小,并且当PEGDGE质量分数为5%~10%时环氧树脂浇注料黏度的改善效果最为显著,超过该范围后效果较弱。这是因为当PEGDGE被添加到环氧树脂中时,其会与树脂分子发生相互作用,使得树脂分子间的距离增加,导致分子之间的相互作用变弱,浇注料的黏度下降,而添加量过多时分子相互作用趋于饱和,浇注料黏度的变化量减小。
(1)仿真结果中宏观力学及热学性能参数表明,PEGDGE的引入使得环氧树脂交联体系的玻璃化转变温度、体积模量、剪切模量、杨氏模量随之降低,用于表征体系韧性的体积模量与剪切模量之比(K/G)增大。
(2)仿真结果中微观结构参数表明,PEGDGE分子因具有柔顺性较高的特点,使得环氧树脂交联体系的自由体积占比和均方位移的末端斜率,导致体系中分子可自由运动的空间增大,分子链段的运动能力增强。
(3)实验验证结果表明,PEGDGE的引入使得环氧树脂材料的玻璃化转变温度、弯曲强度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和相同温度下的黏度逐渐降低,冲击强度提升,与仿真计算结果趋势一致。当PEGDGE质量分数为5%时,可兼顾材料的韧性、刚性及工艺性能,使材料的综合性能相对最佳。
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2024年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.004
  • 接收时间:2023-09-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-23
  • 修回日期:2023-12-29
基金
国家电网有限公司科技项目(5500-202258489A-2-0-KJ)
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    1国网宁夏电力有限公司电力科学研究院,宁夏 银川 750002
    2合肥工业大学 电气与自动化工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009
    3中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 102211
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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