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In recent years, with the rapid development of new energy vehicles and flexible direct current transmission projects, and other fields, there was an increasing demand for the metallized film capacitors with high volume ratio and high temperature resistance. Especially under extreme conditions such as high temperature and high electric field, higher requirements were put forward for the electrical performance of dielectric films in capacitors. In this paper, the current research status and development trend of dielectric film materials for metallized film capacitors in recent years were summarized. Firstly, the key factors affecting the energy storage performance of dielectric films were introduced and the failure reasons of metallized film capacitors under operating conditions were analyzed. Secondly, the modification methods of energy storage performance for dielectric films designed on the basis of four aspects, such as molecular chain structure, aggregation state structure, doping of functional fillers, and surface modification were summarized. Finally, the strategies to improve the energy storage performance of dielectric films of metallized film capacitors were summarized and prospected.

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近年来,随着新能源汽车和柔性直流输电工程等领域的迅速发展,对高容积比、耐高温金属化薄膜电容器的需求日益增加,尤其对高温高电场等极端条件下电容器中介电薄膜的电气性能提出了更高要求。本文总结了近年来金属化薄膜电容器介电薄膜材料的研究现状和发展趋势。首先,介绍影响介质薄膜储能性能的关键因素,并分析金属化薄膜电容器在运行工况下的失效原因;其次,归纳基于分子链结构、聚集态结构、功能填料掺杂和表面改性等4个方面设计的介电薄膜储能性能改性方法;最后,对提升金属化薄膜电容器介电薄膜的储能性能的策略进行总结并做出展望。

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张天栋(1987-),男(汉族),黑龙江大庆人,教授,博导,主要从事先进电工绝缘材料与绝缘技术的研究。

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张天栋(1987-),男(汉族),黑龙江大庆人,教授,博导,主要从事先进电工绝缘材料与绝缘技术的研究。

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Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2022,10(46):24611-24619., articleTitle=Significant improvement in high-temperature energy storage performance of polymer dielectrics via constructing a surface polymer carrier trap layer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964295593939145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613547982262427, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=232, issue=null, pageStart=109856, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=84, authorNames=XIEZ L, LIUD Y, TANGX H, journalName=Composites Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIEZ L, LIUD Y, TANGX H, et al. Largely improved dielectric energy performances and safety of BOPP film via surface engineering[J]. Composites Science and Technology,2023,232:109856., articleTitle=Largely improved dielectric energy performances and safety of BOPP film via surface engineering, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964295661048010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613547982262427, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=5, issue=3, pageStart=3119, pageEnd=3128, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=85, authorNames=BAOZ W, DUX Z, DINGS, journalName=ACS Applied Energy Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAOZ W, DUX Z, DINGS, et al. Improved working temperature and capacitive energy density of biaxially oriented polypropylene films with alumina coating layers[J]. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2022,5(3):3119-3128., articleTitle=Improved working temperature and capacitive energy density of biaxially oriented polypropylene films with alumina coating layers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964295736545483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613547982262427, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=30, issue=5, pageStart=1950, pageEnd=1957, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=86, authorNames=WANGX, ANZ L, ZHUOM J, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANGX, ANZ L, ZHUOM J. Energy storage performance and dielectric properties of surface fluorinated BOPP films[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2023,30(5):1950-1957., articleTitle=Energy storage performance and dielectric properties of surface fluorinated BOPP films, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964295812042956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613547982262427, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=10, issue=12, pageStart=5881, pageEnd=5891, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=87, authorNames=LIX Y, XIEY C, XIONGJ, journalName=Materials Horizons, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIX Y, XIEY C, XIONGJ, et al. Superior high-temperature capacitive performance of polyaryl ether ketone copolymer composites enabled by interfacial engineered charge traps[J]. Materials Horizons,2023,10(12):5881-5891., articleTitle=Superior high-temperature capacitive performance of polyaryl ether ketone copolymer composites enabled by interfacial engineered charge traps, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218964295883346125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613547982262427, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=14, issue=10, pageStart=5513, pageEnd=5522, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=88, authorNames=PEIJ Y, ZHONGS L, ZHAOY, journalName=Energy Environmental Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PEIJ Y, ZHONGS L, ZHAOY, et al. All-organic dielectric polymer films exhibiting superior electric breakdown strength and discharged energy density by adjusting the electrode-dielectric interface with an organic nano-interlayer[J]. 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电介质材料T/℃εr(1 kHz)tanδ(1 kHz)Eb/(MV/m)测试条件Ue/(J/cm3)η/%参考文献
f/HzE/(MV/m)
BO-(PP-g-MMA)-5%125≈2.3≈0.00576410≈7504.590[43]
MMA-VK 1∶0.05≈25≈3.50.03875075015.7≈88[44]
MMA-VK 1∶0.05100≈4≈0.255006.687[44]
PEI(BPADA-MDA)室温3.650.304674102.493[46]
CPE(氯含量71%)室温≈3.3≈0.05>7001070011.91>80[47]
90≈3.6≈0.08>52010≈520≈4.4>70[47]
Al-PI200≈3.28≈0.0096736395.7490[49]
), ArticleFig(id=1218964283807945648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613547982262427, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于分子结构改性的聚合物储能性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电介质材料T/℃εr(1 kHz)tanδ(1 kHz)Eb/(MV/m)测试条件Ue/(J/cm3)η/%参考文献
f/HzE/(MV/m)
BO-(PP-g-MMA)-5%125≈2.3≈0.00576410≈7504.590[43]
MMA-VK 1∶0.05≈25≈3.50.03875075015.7≈88[44]
MMA-VK 1∶0.05100≈4≈0.255006.687[44]
PEI(BPADA-MDA)室温3.650.304674102.493[46]
CPE(氯含量71%)室温≈3.3≈0.05>7001070011.91>80[47]
90≈3.6≈0.08>52010≈520≈4.4>70[47]
Al-PI200≈3.28≈0.0096736395.7490[49]
), ArticleFig(id=1218964283908608949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613547982262427, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Energy storage performance of polymers based on aggregated structure regulation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电介质材料T/℃εr(1 kHz)tanδ(1 kHz)Eb/(MV/m)测试条件Ue/(J/cm3)η/%参考文献
f/HzE/(MV/m)
LCBPP/0.05%NA-2125≈2.33≈0.000 3599.43.69[52]
PP/0.03%有机结晶促进剂584.8[53]
PP/PP-g-MAH/org-MMT室温3.35≈0.0015201 0005005.2093.5[54]
PP(30kGy电子束辐照)室温3.98≈0.0014301 000≈4003.63>95[55]
CPVC(140℃退火)25≈3.1≈0.010624106259.4082.7[56]
100≈3.4≈0.016474[56]
), ArticleFig(id=1218964284005077945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613547982262427, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于聚集态结构调控的聚合物储能性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电介质材料T/℃εr(1 kHz)tanδ(1 kHz)Eb/(MV/m)测试条件Ue/(J/cm3)η/%参考文献
f/HzE/(MV/m)
LCBPP/0.05%NA-2125≈2.33≈0.000 3599.43.69[52]
PP/0.03%有机结晶促进剂584.8[53]
PP/PP-g-MAH/org-MMT室温3.35≈0.0015201 0005005.2093.5[54]
PP(30kGy电子束辐照)室温3.98≈0.0014301 000≈4003.63>95[55]
CPVC(140℃退火)25≈3.1≈0.010624106259.4082.7[56]
100≈3.4≈0.016474[56]
), ArticleFig(id=1218964284114129854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613547982262427, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Energy storage performance of polymers modified by functional filler doping, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电介质材料T/℃εr(1 kHz)tanδ(1 kHz)Eb/(MV/m)测试条件Ue/(J/cm3)η/%参考文献
f/HzE/(MV/m)
PA531-20252.70.014 4626.8106004.4083[60]
PP/COC-80∶2025≈2.44≈0.000 4454.6≈2.24[61]
PP/COC-80∶20105358.91.38[61]
PP/50AA/0.6Zr120≈2.75≈0.003≈39010≈4502.2890[63]
PP/PP-g-MAH/BNNSs-1%室温≈2.26≈0.000 5437.51005004.11>95[64]
), ArticleFig(id=1218964284198015939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613547982262427, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于功能填料掺杂改性的聚合物的储能性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电介质材料T/℃εr(1 kHz)tanδ(1 kHz)Eb/(MV/m)测试条件Ue/(J/cm3)η/%参考文献
f/HzE/(MV/m)
PA531-20252.70.014 4626.8106004.4083[60]
PP/COC-80∶2025≈2.44≈0.000 4454.6≈2.24[61]
PP/COC-80∶20105358.91.38[61]
PP/50AA/0.6Zr120≈2.75≈0.003≈39010≈4502.2890[63]
PP/PP-g-MAH/BNNSs-1%室温≈2.26≈0.000 5437.51005004.11>95[64]
), ArticleFig(id=1218964284290290632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613547982262427, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Energy storage performance of polymers based on surface structure modification, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电介质材料T/℃εr(1 kHz)tanδ(1 kHz)Eb/(MV/m)测试条件Ue/(J/cm3)η/%参考文献
f/HzE/(MV/m)
PP/PF30≈2.38≈0.000 2658.5≈4.25[68]
BOPP/PF30≈2.20≈0.001 083275010.190[69]
120≈2.10≈0.000 86956005.5290[69]
BOPP/40%PVA/BT室温4.20≈0.009 0≈4804002.983[70]
AO/BOPP/AO-27020≈2.40≈0.001 0≈590200≈0.47>97[71]
125≈2.18≈0.001 0501.92000.4597.9[71]
BOPP/F2室温≈2.33≈0.001 6636.2106305.27≈84[72]
peak/0.3%m-ABA-BN室温≈4.80≈0.005 07311070011.787[73]
peak/0.4%m-ABA-BN150≈4.20≈0.016 06911060010.190[73]
PVDF/1%PMMA室温≈6.60≈0.02767.05100≈76019.08>60[74]
), ArticleFig(id=1218964284382565322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613547982262427, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基于表面结构改性的聚合物的储能性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电介质材料T/℃εr(1 kHz)tanδ(1 kHz)Eb/(MV/m)测试条件Ue/(J/cm3)η/%参考文献
f/HzE/(MV/m)
PP/PF30≈2.38≈0.000 2658.5≈4.25[68]
BOPP/PF30≈2.20≈0.001 083275010.190[69]
120≈2.10≈0.000 86956005.5290[69]
BOPP/40%PVA/BT室温4.20≈0.009 0≈4804002.983[70]
AO/BOPP/AO-27020≈2.40≈0.001 0≈590200≈0.47>97[71]
125≈2.18≈0.001 0501.92000.4597.9[71]
BOPP/F2室温≈2.33≈0.001 6636.2106305.27≈84[72]
peak/0.3%m-ABA-BN室温≈4.80≈0.005 07311070011.787[73]
peak/0.4%m-ABA-BN150≈4.20≈0.016 06911060010.190[73]
PVDF/1%PMMA室温≈6.60≈0.02767.05100≈76019.08>60[74]
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金属化薄膜电容器介电薄膜材料的研究现状
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张天栋 1 , 马海鑫 1 , 刘刚 2, 3 , 姚成 2, 3 , 孙海 1 , 殷超 1 , 张昌海 1 , 迟庆国 1
绝缘材料 | 新能源汽车用关键材料与技术专题 2024,57(11): 18-33
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绝缘材料 | 新能源汽车用关键材料与技术专题 2024, 57(11): 18-33
金属化薄膜电容器介电薄膜材料的研究现状
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张天栋1, 马海鑫1, 刘刚2, 3, 姚成2, 3, 孙海1, 殷超1, 张昌海1, 迟庆国1
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨理工大学 工程电介质及其应用教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司,广东 广州 510663
  • 3特高压电力技术与新型电工装备基础国家工程研究中心,云南 昆明 651705
  • 张天栋(1987-),男(汉族),黑龙江大庆人,教授,博导,主要从事先进电工绝缘材料与绝缘技术的研究。

Research status of dielectric film materials for metallized film capacitors
Tiandong ZHANG1, Haixin MA1, Gang LIU2, 3, Cheng YAO2, 3, Hai SUN1, Chao YIN1, Changhai ZHANG1, Qingguo CHI1
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2Southern Power Grid Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
  • 3National Engineering Research Center of UHV Technology and Novel Electrical Equipment Basis, Kunming 651705, China
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.002
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近年来,随着新能源汽车和柔性直流输电工程等领域的迅速发展,对高容积比、耐高温金属化薄膜电容器的需求日益增加,尤其对高温高电场等极端条件下电容器中介电薄膜的电气性能提出了更高要求。本文总结了近年来金属化薄膜电容器介电薄膜材料的研究现状和发展趋势。首先,介绍影响介质薄膜储能性能的关键因素,并分析金属化薄膜电容器在运行工况下的失效原因;其次,归纳基于分子链结构、聚集态结构、功能填料掺杂和表面改性等4个方面设计的介电薄膜储能性能改性方法;最后,对提升金属化薄膜电容器介电薄膜的储能性能的策略进行总结并做出展望。

金属化薄膜电容器  /  薄膜材料  /  储能性能

In recent years, with the rapid development of new energy vehicles and flexible direct current transmission projects, and other fields, there was an increasing demand for the metallized film capacitors with high volume ratio and high temperature resistance. Especially under extreme conditions such as high temperature and high electric field, higher requirements were put forward for the electrical performance of dielectric films in capacitors. In this paper, the current research status and development trend of dielectric film materials for metallized film capacitors in recent years were summarized. Firstly, the key factors affecting the energy storage performance of dielectric films were introduced and the failure reasons of metallized film capacitors under operating conditions were analyzed. Secondly, the modification methods of energy storage performance for dielectric films designed on the basis of four aspects, such as molecular chain structure, aggregation state structure, doping of functional fillers, and surface modification were summarized. Finally, the strategies to improve the energy storage performance of dielectric films of metallized film capacitors were summarized and prospected.

metallized film capacitors  /  film materials  /  energy storage performance
张天栋, 马海鑫, 刘刚, 姚成, 孙海, 殷超, 张昌海, 迟庆国. 金属化薄膜电容器介电薄膜材料的研究现状. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (11) : 18 -33 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.002
Tiandong ZHANG, Haixin MA, Gang LIU, Cheng YAO, Hai SUN, Chao YIN, Changhai ZHANG, Qingguo CHI. Research status of dielectric film materials for metallized film capacitors[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (11) : 18 -33 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.002
金属化薄膜电容器因其具有电气强度高、介质损耗低和自愈性好等优点,广泛应用于电子器件和电力设备中。当电容器中介电薄膜发生击穿时,击穿点的金属电极可以迅速受热升华而挥发,使薄膜重新恢复绝缘状态。然而,由于电容器的运行工况较为复杂,在高温和强电场等多场耦合条件下介电薄膜的绝缘性能和储能性能会发生严重劣化,导致器件发生故障[1]。例如在新能源汽车电驱动系统中,金属化薄膜电容器作为母线直流支撑电容,因吸收纹波电流而引起温升,温度高达120℃,但电容器中双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)薄膜的许用温度仅为85℃。而且当电场强度为400 MV/m和温度为120℃时,BOPP薄膜的充放电效率(η)降低至70%,容衰超过5%,可视为失效[2]。为了降低电容器温升,不可避免地采用水冷或风冷等被动冷却系统,增加了系统成本和占用的物理空间[3]。因此,提高金属化薄膜电容器介电薄膜的电气性能具有重要的工程价值[4-7]
当前,金属化薄膜电容器中介电薄膜涉及的材料体系较为丰富,而以BOPP、聚酯(PET)和聚碳酸酯(PC)为代表的介电薄膜应用较为广泛,其中BOPP薄膜因室温电气强度高(约为700 MV/m)、介质损耗低而备受青睐[8]。但高温条件下BOPP薄膜的介电性能劣化严重,因此开发耐高温的BOPP薄膜也是行业亟需解决的关键技术问题。聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜具有相对介电常数高和耐热性能好等特点,但是其分子链中碳元素含量高,当薄膜发生击穿时易产生积碳而导致短路,严重限制了金属化薄膜电容器的自愈能力。目前广泛研究的电容器介电薄膜材料还包括聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)、聚乙烯(PE)、环氧树脂(EP)等[9],但相关薄膜难以实现宏量制备且自愈性差,暂未取得商业应用[10]。本文以金属化薄膜电容器用薄膜材料为综述对象,对其研究现状及发展趋势进行系统总结。
聚合物电介质具有良好的柔顺性、绝缘性能等而广泛用于电容器领域中,但其相对介电常数较小。随着薄膜电容器向高容积比、小型化的方向发展,开发高能量密度的聚合物介电薄膜迫在眉睫[11]
通常情况下,电介质的储能密度可表示为式(1)
Ue=EdD
式(1)中:Ue是储能密度;E是施加的电场强度;D是电位移。
对于线性电介质而言,其储能密度与相对介电常数及电场强度的平方成正比,可表示为式(2)
Ue=12ε0εrE2
式(2)中:ε0为真空相对介电常数;εr为电介质的相对介电常数。
对于非线性电介质而言,受其本身剩余极化的影响,在充放电过程中会产生较多能量损耗。因此,其储能密度一般指放电能量密度(Ue),计算公式如式(3)所示。
Ue=DrDmEdD
式(3)中:Dm为最大电位移强度;Dr为剩余电位移强度。
从上述可知,电介质的储能密度主要与其相对介电常数εr和施加的电场E有关。因此,介电薄膜的相对介电常数越大,对降低电容器体积和提高电容器储能密度越有利[12-13]。目前,提升聚合物相对介电常数的方法主要有掺杂功能填料和调控分子链结构[14-15],这两种方法虽然能显著提升聚合物的相对介电常数,但同时也增加了介质损耗并降低电气强度。
介质损耗是决定电介质储能特性的关键因素。电介质的损耗大致分为两类,即弛豫极化损耗与电导损耗。弛豫极化损耗是指在施加电场极化过程中,电介质内部的自发偶极子或感应偶极子在电场作用下发生转向,撤去电场后又退极化至初始状态。由于电介质极化和退极化过程存在弛豫效应,导致电介质在撤去电场时仍存在剩余极化强度,从而产生的能量损耗。例如复合电介质中两相或多相界面处易发生电荷积累,导致的界面极化损耗是介质损耗的主要来源[16]
介质损耗不仅会对电容器的储能密度产生负面影响,而且损耗产生的焦耳热会导致器件内部温度升高,显著降低电介质的充放电效率,严重损害电容器的运行稳定性和寿命。图1为典型电位移与电场(D-E)回路[4]。对于线性电介质,损耗主要源于电导损耗。而对于非线性电介质,极化损耗和电导损耗均对能量损耗有贡献,其中D-E回路中充放电曲线围成的阴影面积表示能量损耗[17]。而在高温和强电场条件下,电介质的电导损耗呈非线性增加,泄漏电流会急剧增大,进一步加剧能量损耗。因此,降低电介质在高温和强电场下的介质损耗至关重要。
理想电介质材料应表现出极低的电导率,但由于外界条件诱发的自由电荷或介电薄膜经反复极化而出现结构缺陷均会提高电导率[18]。目前电介质的电导机制主要有两种:①受电极-电介质界面之间电荷影响的传导机制为电极限制传导机制,包括肖特基发射、隧穿效应和热电子场发射等;②受电介质本身特性影响的机制为体相限制传导机制,包括普尔-弗伦克尔发射、跳跃传导和欧姆传导等。在高温高电场条件下,电导主要以肖特基发射、普尔-弗伦克尔发射和跳跃电导为主,3种电导机制示意图如图2所示[19]
肖特基发射是指在高温下,金属电极中的载流子获得能量并克服电极-电介质界面势垒,最后注入到电介质内部形成泄漏电流。普尔-弗伦克尔发射是指聚合物内部陷阱捕获的载流子因获得能量后,克服势垒,跃迁至导带成为自由载流子,在电场作用下形成传导电流。跳跃电导则是指电介质中被陷阱捕获的电荷通过隧穿效应“跳跃”到另一个陷阱中,形成泄漏电流。上述3种电导机制的电流密度可分别由式(4)~(6)来表示[20]
J=4πqk2m*h3exp-qφB-qE/(4πεrε0)kT
J=qμNCEexp-qφT-qE/(4πεrε0)kT
J=qanvexpqaEkT-EakT
式(4)~(6)中:J为电流密度;m*为电介质中的有效电子数量;k为玻尔兹曼常数;h为普朗克常数;T为绝对温度;qφB为肖特基势垒高度;μ为电子漂移迁移率;NC为导带中的态密度;qφT为俘获能级;a为平均跳跃距离;n为电介质导带中电子浓度;v为电子在陷阱位置的热振动频率;Ea为活化能。
在常温低电场条件下,电介质的电导机制主要以欧姆传导为主,受电介质本身绝缘性能的影响,产生的传导电流非常小。而在高温高电场条件下,由式(4)~(6)可知,电导机制从线性欧姆电导转变为非线性欧姆电导。电流密度随温度升高呈指数增长趋势,导致电导率显著升高,从而严重影响电介质材料的绝缘性能,增大电容器的故障概率。介电薄膜的电导损耗抑制方法也是当前介质储能领域的研究重点之一。
电气强度是评价电介质绝缘性能和储能特性的重要参数。由式(2)可知,电介质的储能密度与施加场强密切相关,而电介质的电气强度又直接决定了其所能承受的最大电场[21]。电介质的击穿机制主要包括电击穿、热击穿、电树枝击穿、水树枝击穿、局部放电击穿和电机械击穿。对于薄膜材料而言,电击穿、热击穿和电机械击穿的发生概率最大。
电击穿的理论是以在电介质中发生碰撞电离为基础。固体电介质的中间存在少量处于导电能量状态的电子(传导电子),电子通过电场作用得到可使晶格原子电离的能量后,在电场加速下与晶格点上的原子发生碰撞,产生电子崩,当电子崩发展到足够强时就会引起电介质的击穿。
热击穿是指在外施电场下,电介质因介质损耗和漏导电流等因素产生热量,当产热大于散热时,会导致局部温升从而引发介质分解、碳化等现象,使其绝缘特性丧失进而发生击穿。热击穿的产生受电介质材料本身因素的影响,由于电容器在使用过程中长时间处于高温条件下,因此热击穿也是电容器薄膜材料发生击穿的主要机制。改善热击穿性能的方法主要有提高电介质材料的熔化温度(Tm)或玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、减少电介质内部产热或提高其导热效率。电介质材料的热稳定性方程如式(7)所示[22]
CvdTdt-div(λgradT)=σE2
式(7)中:Cv是比热;λ是热导率;σ是电导率。
电机械击穿是指电介质受施加高压影响而在表面产生感应电荷,该电荷的静电吸引产生压缩力,当压缩力超过电介质的机械抗压强度时,电介质就会击穿。电机械击穿实质上与外电场施加的麦克斯韦应力有关,电介质材料电机械强度的关系可由式(8)表示。
Eb=0.606(Yεrε0)0.5
式(8)中:Eb是电机械强度;Y是杨氏模量。
实际上,由于电介质击穿受到机械、热、化学和周围环境等诸多复杂因素的共同影响,其在复杂条件下所有的击穿现象仍无法得到精确的解释,因此需进一步的理论研究和探索。
温度是导致薄膜材料失效的主要原因之一。在高温条件下,电容器中介电薄膜本身是受热应力影响最大的部件,其属性决定了电容器可承受的最大工作温度。一方面,高温可能会引起聚合物化学结构的改变,例如热应力集中在一个化学键上时,会引起断键[23];另一方面,在高温运行时,电介质中的载流子因受热而增大迁移率和增加平均自由程,导致电场作用下泄漏电流急剧增大[24]。此外,介电聚合物的Tg相对较低,高温下介电聚合物表现出强烈的链段运动,这会增加介电材料的介质损耗和失效概率。例如聚丙烯的最高长时工作温度仅为70℃,而直流电容器的额定运行温度却远高于70℃,在高温下聚丙烯性能发生严重劣化,预期使用寿命缩短,增大了电容器的故障概率。
不仅如此,自愈和介质损耗等产生的热量也会对电介质薄膜造成损伤[25],导致在电容器实际运行中,其耐受电压远低于薄膜材料的理论击穿值。并且在长期的电和热共同作用下,薄膜材料会产生不可逆的老化和退化。因此,提升电介质薄膜的耐热性对保障金属化薄膜电容器在高温条件下的可靠运行具有重要意义。
薄膜材料在制备过程中经过拉伸、分切及芯子卷绕等工艺,内部会产生不均匀应力,在一定程度上对薄膜造成损伤。且薄膜与电极边缘受到的外加电流的热应力和薄膜因收缩效应产生的机械应力也会影响薄膜的使役性能[26]。此外,薄膜卷绕时无法彻底去除周围的空气和水分,这为气隙放电提供了条件,导致电容器容易因局部放电而发生故障。
金属化薄膜电容器发生自愈过程中往往伴随着电弧的产生,电弧放出的热量不仅会蒸发金属电极,也会破坏薄膜材料的表面结构,对电容器性能造成不可逆的影响[27]。同时,自愈过程产生的气体也会使电容器内部压强升高,由气体产生的应力也会使薄膜薄弱区域发生结构变化,引起银纹剪切带甚至开裂失效,严重威胁电容器的可靠性[25]。同时,薄膜的击穿点增多会导致电容值急剧衰减,容衰超过5%将引起电容器失效[28]
在电容器应用过程中,因薄膜材料老化导致的物理性能的退化最终会引发电容器故障[29]。老化与电介质中的电导和空间电荷有关,空间电荷的存在会导致电介质中局部电场畸变,从而为薄膜材料的老化反应提供能量。而电导造成的焦耳热会引起温升,从而进一步加速薄膜材料的老化反应进程[30]
目前薄膜材料的老化反应仍以热老化为主。由于金属化薄膜电容器在运行过程中温度可达到200℃以上,在高温下电介质薄膜的安全运行会受到严重影响。同时,热老化的发生还受到层间空气及水分、薄膜厚度均匀性等诸多因素的作用。这将导致聚合物链断裂,并产生极性碎片或基团(例如-CH2-和-OH)[31]。相关实验表明,热老化会造成聚丙烯分子链断裂,并使薄膜表面变得粗糙,产生空洞等缺陷,降低聚丙烯的介电性能[32]。且热老化后,聚丙烯内部产生小分子基团,导致局部电场畸变,介质损耗增大,严重降低了薄膜的储能性能,甚至造成电容器失效。
在金属化薄膜电容器的实际应用过程中,薄膜材料的失效受多种复杂条件的共同影响。例如电容器自愈过程伴随着电弧放电,放电结束后,自愈部位周围区域可能会产生缺陷,从而出现更多的电弱点,增大失效概率[33-34]。且薄膜材料在制备过程中使用的催化剂和添加剂等,在高温高电场条件下容易发生反应生成杂质或大量极性基团,增大介质损耗,导致薄膜材料失效[35]。同时,由于薄膜中存在杂质或气体,在击穿发生时会导致局部电场增大,严重影响金属化薄膜电容器的自愈过程。此外,电容器在断开充电装置后电压损失显著,这主要受介质泄漏电流和松弛极化影响从而严重限制电容器的实际应用[36]
金属电极对薄膜运行也有较大影响。在高温高湿条件下,金属镀层边缘由于与外界接触而更易发生腐蚀现象[37-38],这是由于金属电极附近的水分子被电解,其产物与金属电极直接反应导致。反应生成的氧化金属层亲水性增强,吸附极性基团的能力增强,极大削弱了电容器储能特性。且由于腐蚀现象的发生,需要增加金属电极的厚度,这会导致如损耗提高等对电容器正常运行的不利因素也增多[39]。此外,当金属电极端部的电流密度峰值达到13 A/m时,电极极有可能发生断裂[40],这些因素都会危害电介质的充放电能力。电极本身也对金属化薄膜电容器的性能有较大影响,特别是地电极,其表面必须光滑,任何粗糙点或纹理都会产生漏电流,并给设备的加工带来困难[41]
电阻对薄膜的储能性能也有较大影响。电容器内放电电阻的集中会导致热集中,使薄膜因过热而劣化,进而影响电容器的应用。同时,电阻与连接导线接触不良产生电弧,亦或者电容器内的杂尘颗粒导致场强畸变等,都会直接导致薄膜材料的击穿,从而影响电容器的应用[42]
目前,金属化薄膜电容器介电薄膜面临相对介电常数低、高温电气性能劣化等瓶颈问题。分子链接枝是提升薄膜介电性能的一种有效改性手段。通过在聚合物分子主链接枝极性基团能够提高介电常数并抑制电导损耗。LI J L等[43]在PP主链上接枝甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA),如图3(a)所示。由于两者间良好的相容性,在125℃下,MMA质量分数为5%的复合薄膜电气强度达764 MV/m,且在放电能量效率为90%时,放电能量密度达到了4.5 J/cm3,展现出极佳的耐温性如图4(a)所示,该方法为大规模生产耐高温强电场的介电薄膜提供了可能。ZHANG M R等[44]在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)主链中插入一定量的p-π-共轭N-乙烯基咔唑(VK)作为分子电荷陷阱,如图3(b)所示。加入VK单元显著提升了聚合物的电气强度。其中VK质量分数为3.6%的聚合物电气强度达到了750 MV/m,且该体系储能密度高达15.7 J/cm3,相比未接枝PMMA优势显著。
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)属于结晶型饱和聚酯,其具有优越的温度适应性,且在高温下也能保持较好的介电性能,因此具有电容器介电薄膜的应用潜力。LIU W等[45]将儿茶酚(CA)与四乙烯五胺(TEPA)聚合后,接枝在PET上。接枝后的聚合物表现出较好的介电强度,为PET基体在金属化薄膜电容器上的应用提供一种新的思路。CAO S M等[46]通过不同的单体配对制备合成了8种具有不同极性基团的新型PEI。结果表明,极性基团与柔性链段的引入是聚合物介电性能提升的关键因素,其中采用原料最佳配比合成的PEI电气强度和放电能量密度分别为674 MV/m和2.4 J/cm3,且其充放电能量效率在高电场下依旧保持较高水平,如图4(b)所示。不仅如此,其自愈所需能量低,对电容器的自愈性能有一定改善作用。
在聚合物中引入强分子间相互作用能提升其在高温下的热稳定性。ZHAO Y F等[47]制备了含氯量为71%的氯化聚乙烯(CPE),聚乙烯上的C-Cl键是随机分布的。由于Cl含量高,CPE表现出较高的相对介电常数和较低的介质损耗,且受温度影响较小,在120℃高温下仍能保持较好的稳定性。其电气强度高,且在700 MV/m的电场下,该聚合物的Ue约为12 J/cm3η约为83%。较好的介电性能和热稳定性使CPE在金属化薄膜电容器的应用中具有很大潜力。LIU H L等[48]通过光催化对BOPP膜改性,改性后薄膜上的C-H键被C-OH键取代,引入了深陷阱来捕获电极注入的电荷和空穴载流子,有效减弱了电场畸变。且该改性方法也抑制了载流子对聚合物分子链的冲击,从而降低电介质劣化和击穿的可能性。结果表明,改性后薄膜的电气强度明显提升,特别是在85℃时,电气强度达到了551.2 MV/m,相比未改性BOPP提高了42.7%。
改善聚合物分子链间共轭效应对于提升其高温储能性能具有明显效果。REN W B等[49]以商用PI为基体,通过引入脂环单元来构造脂环聚合物,实现本征解耦共轭,即破坏PI分子链间的共轭效应。由于柔性脂环结构取代了部分刚性分子链段,会增强分子链运动能力和电极化响应,因此改性PI表现出更优异的储能特性。在200℃高温下全脂环聚酰亚胺(Al-PI)的电气强度高达673 MV/m,Ue为5.74 J/cm3,且其在高温高场强下循环充放电十万次依旧保持优异的储能性能(如图4(c)所示)。同时其较好的碳氢比也能抑制击穿时的积碳现象,有利于电容器的自愈过程。表1总结了基于分子结构设计的聚合物复合介质储能性能相关研究结果。
总结来看,在聚合物基体中引入极性基团可以提高相对介电常数和抑制电导损耗,显著提升电介质的储能性能。此外,通过改善聚合物分子或分子链间相互作用,可大幅增强聚合物的热稳定性。因此,基于分子结构设计的改性仍是未来开发高性能金属化薄膜电容器介电薄膜的有效手段及主流趋势。但是,大量极性基团沿电场方向的聚集和取向会导致EbUeη降低,特别是在高温和高电场的同步作用下,降低作用更显著。且庞大的接枝链段会严重增大泄漏电流。因此,如何控制所选极性基团或接枝链段的数量来协调高极化、高电气强度、低介质损耗和低泄漏电流是当前重点关注的方向[50]
金属化薄膜电容器用薄膜材料的介电性能与其聚集态结构密切相关。而通过对聚集态结构调控可以明显改善介电薄膜在高温下的热稳定性和储能特性。研究表明,控制结晶能有效调控聚合物介电性能。由于球晶中分子链排列密集,载流子更易在非晶区运动,因此薄膜的介电性能主要受非晶区结构的影响[51]。而在高温环境下,聚合物非晶区分子链更易发生相对滑移,导致自由体积增大,载流子在自由体积中获得能量并加速运动,易使聚合物分子链被碰撞折断,造成电气强度下降,严重制约其实际应用。
在聚合物基体中掺杂成核剂等能有效改善结晶过程,增加成核密度,进而限制载流子的运输,改善聚合物的介电性能。XIAO M等[52]在长链支化聚丙烯(LCBPP)中分别掺杂两种不同含量的α成核剂和β成核剂,探究不同成核剂对LCBPP介电性能的影响。长链分支的引入可以通过增加交联点的密度来增强PP链间的摩擦阻力,从而提高分子链的热稳定性。同时,支链能够促进异相成核,增加球晶密度,并使球晶的分布更加均匀,减弱了结晶区非晶区的界面电场畸变。此外,成核剂与聚合物之间存在外延结晶效应,能加速晶核的形成,限制了载流子的运输。加入成核剂后,LCBPP的结晶度和球晶密度均有所改善,储能密度有了明显提升,其中添加质量分数为0.05%的NA-21α成核剂的LCBPP2复合薄膜储能密度(25℃)最大,达到了3.69 J/cm3,具有一定应用价值(如图5(a)所示)。RAN Z Y等[53]探究了不同添加比例的有机结晶促进剂对PP介电性能的影响。有机结晶促进剂本身可以作为成核剂,为PP球晶提供成核中心。同时还能使PP分子链缠结,增强链间相互作用,提高分子稳定性。在直流电压下,添加质量分数为0.03%有机成核促进剂的PP聚合物电气强度达到了584.8 MV/m,且该聚合物在直流叠加脉冲电压下的电气强度也有显著提升。添加有机成核剂对聚合物中的浅陷阱影响不大,但能明显提升深陷阱等级,有利于其介电性能的提升。
HU J等[54]探究了有机Na+-蒙脱土(org-MMT)对PP储能性能的影响,通过简单熔融共混方法制备了PP/PP-g-MAH/org-MMT复合材料。org-MMT作为非均相成核剂,有效提高了PP的结晶度,且有效抑制了PP球晶的尺寸。而PP-g-MAH的加入不仅改善了org-MMT在PP基体中的相容性和分散性,其极性基团的存在也进一步提高了复合材料的介电常数。其中添加质量分数为2%的org-MMT的复合材料介电常数为3.35,最大放电能量密度为5.2 J/cm3,该复合材料展现出极佳的储能性能。然而,过量的结晶剂等掺杂物会引发团聚现象,进而破坏球晶结构,因此需要控制其添加量。
采用物化方法直接改性聚合物也能实现对其结晶度和晶粒尺寸的改善。HU J等[55]采用电子束辐照对PP进行改性,电子束辐照降低了PP的晶粒尺寸。且在辐照过程中,PP分子链上的活性自由基发生氧化反应生成C=O等极性基团,增强了其极化特性。30 kGy电子束辐照PP的相对介电常数和电气强度分别为3.98 MV/m和430 MV/m,且放电能量密度达到3.63 J/cm3,充放电效率高于95%,相比未辐照PP优势显著(如图5(b)所示)。HE Y J等[56]探究了高温退火的方法对氯化聚氯乙烯(CPVC)的影响。高温退火过程促进了CPVC链段的移动,使自由体积减小,分子间作用力增大,聚合物链间的相互作用增强,进而促使CPVC结晶度提高。而且热处理有利于微晶的形成,而微晶又起到物理交联点的作用,有效提高了CPVC的模量和热稳定性。与原始CPVC相比,经过140℃热处理的CPVC最大电气强度为624 MV/m,放电能量密度为9.4 J/cm3,CPVC的储能性能得到显著提高(如图5(c)所示)。表2总结了基于聚集态结构调控的聚合物复合介质储能性能相关研究结果。
总的来说,聚集态结构与聚合物的储能特性密切相关,通过改善聚合物结晶度和晶粒尺寸、增加球晶密度、降低球晶尺寸并引入深陷阱等可以有效限制载流子的运输,降低传导损耗,有利于提升介电薄膜的热稳定性和储能性能。但需要注意的是,改善聚合物聚集态的同时,掺杂物的比例和极性基团的含量等对聚合物基体本身的介电性能也有较大影响,应避免过量掺杂而对复合体系产生负面作用。
功能填料掺杂常用于提高聚合物的介电性能,其中纳米填料以其独特优势备受青睐[17]。近年来,高绝缘无机纳米粒子如氮化硼纳米片(BNNs)、氧化镁(MgO)和钛酸钡(BaTiO3)等被广泛应用于聚合物电介质中。无机填料由于其显著的界面效应,能有效增强复合材料的极化,同时其宽带隙特点使复合薄膜在高温高电场下的漏电流得到有效抑制,有助于提升复合薄膜的放电能量密度和放电能量效率[57]。I RYTÖLUOTO等[58]将不同体积分数的疏水气相纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)颗粒掺杂到等规聚丙烯(iPP)中,结果表明复合体系的相对介电常数有所提升,但随着SiO2粒子含量的不断增加,因其团聚所造成的结构缺陷和局部电弱点会使复合体系的介质损耗增大,电气强度下降。需要注意的是,由于无机纳米颗粒与聚合物的相容性差,且容易发生团聚,在填料与聚合物界面处易引起局部电场集中。此外,无机纳米填料与电介质之间相对介电常数的较大差异可能引发严重的电场畸变,导致复合材料电气强度大幅下降,这些问题严重限制了功能填料掺杂方法的工业化规模应用[59]
一般来说,一味追求具有高εr的填料不符合当前电介质储能材料的发展趋势。与无机填料相比,有机填料在聚合物中的分散性好,能有效解决成膜问题。且全有机聚合物薄膜具有较高的柔韧性和介电强度。MA G Q等[60]在PP基体中掺杂了一种新型生物基聚酰胺PA513,成功制备了具有优异储能性能的PA513/PP全有机聚合物薄膜。由于PA较大的偶极矩可以增强复合薄膜的极化能力,且PA被认为是高电场下出色的自愈聚合物,有利于保持复合薄膜的自愈能力。结果表明,PA513在PP基体中建立了许多可以有效抑制载流子迁移的隔离界面,在一定程度上避免了电场集中,提高了薄膜的电气强度。且由于势垒的增强大幅降低了复合薄膜的传导损耗。如图6(a)所示,PA513质量分数为5%的样品最大电气强度达到了692.3 MV/m。PA513质量分数为20%的样品储能密度约为4.4 J/cm3,是纯PP的1.6倍左右。
环烯烃共聚物(COC)是一种新型非晶态聚合物,具有优异的力学性能、低介质损耗和高耐热性,玻璃化转变温度可达到100℃以上,在介电薄膜应用上具有较大潜力。XIAO M等[61]在PP中添加COC,制备了5种不同COC含量的复合薄膜。COC的环状结构抑制了链段的运动,且COC与PP的元素组成与分子结构相似,使两者具有很好的界面相容性。如图6(b)所示,相较于原始PP材料,添加不同含量COC的复合薄膜相对介电常数都有一定程度的提升。在105℃条件下,添加质量分数为20% COC的复合薄膜电气强度达到了358.9 MV/m,且添加质量分数分别为10%和20% COC的复合薄膜储能密度在各温度下都远高于PP。COC的加入使PP晶体更密集,减少内部缺陷,改善电场畸变,复合薄膜的介电性能实现大幅提升。但是,掺杂有机填料时需注意其所带来的不利影响[25],例如填料的热稳定性会严重制约薄膜的耐热性,且大极性的有机填料与基体间较大的界面张力会导致界面缺陷等,因此需对掺杂填料的综合性能进行考量[62]
采用有机/无机填料协同掺杂也是提升聚合物储能特性的有效方法。有机化合物能够改善无机填料与聚合物基体的相容性,增强无机填料在聚合物基体中的分散性,减少由相对介电常数差异引起的局部电场畸变。LIU W F等[63]探究了由PP、丙烯酸接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-AA)和纳米二氧化锆(ZrO2)组成的三元复合材料的高温储能性能,丙烯酸基团不仅可以促进PP的非均相成核,还能增强薄膜的极性,同时保证ZrO2在PP基体中的分散性和界面均匀性。结果表明,具有最佳填料组成的三元复合薄膜储能密度在120℃时达到了2.28 J/cm3,充放电效率在90%以上,证明三元纳米复合材料在高温下的储能性能得到了提升。WANG C Y等[64]在PP基体中加入PP-g-MHA和BNNSs纳米片共混物来改善其储能性能。BNNSs纳米片作为二维高介电常数无机填料能有效改善复合体系的介电性能,阻碍击穿过程中电树的扩展,而PP-g-MHA能够改善BNNSs与PP基体间的界面缺陷,减少电场畸变。如图6(c)所示,当纳米填料中掺杂BNNSs质量分数为1%时,复合薄膜的电气强度达到了437.5 MV/m,最大放电能量密度达到了4.11 J/cm3,表明复合薄膜的储能特性得到显著提升。
近年来,多面体低聚硅氧烷(POSS)在聚合物储能领域得到快速发展,其具有由硅氧交替连接的骨架组成的笼状结构,顶角上与Si原子相连的基团决定了POSS与聚合物基体之间的相互作用。作为有机无机杂化材料,无机相与有机相间通过强化学键结合,在一定程度上解决了无机粒子的团聚和两相界面结合力弱的问题。RAN Z Y等[65]将3种含有不同基团的POSS颗粒掺杂在PP中,发现复合材料的电气强度在不同温度下都有明显提升,其中最高的电气强度为607.7 MV/m,相比纯PP(503.1 MV/m)提高了约20.79%。复合体系的分子稳定性明显提升,分子亲和力高,捕获电荷的能力增强。且纳米POSS在复合体系中引入了较多的深陷阱,这对于提升复合体系的介电性能具有明显帮助。表3总结了基于功能填料掺杂的聚合物复合介质储能性能相关研究结果。
目前,掺杂功能填料来提高复合体系的介电性能受到广泛关注,但这种方法往往需要掺杂一定量的填料,可能导致电场畸变率提高和界面极化损耗增强。且基体与填料两相之间显著的性质差异会导致界面电场集中,结构缺陷增加等。而通过调整填料在基体中的分布或对填料进行表面改性等,虽然在一定程度上能提高复合材料在室温下的储能性能,但在高温条件储能性能仍表现不佳[66]。且全有机聚合物薄膜的理论研究相比无机填料改性薄膜仍有巨大差距,该领域在未来有望得到更加广泛的关注。同时,评估电容器用掺杂填料还需要考虑其形貌状态和力学性能,避免掺杂填料导致褶皱与孔洞的产生,进而影响薄膜介电性能。因此,如何通过改善复合材料界面问题和填料形貌与分布状态来实现其耐压特性与损耗特性的协同调控是目前功能填料掺杂改性的主要困难之一,仍需进一步研究解决。
采用表面结构调控的方法可以有效解决介电薄膜改性不均匀的问题。目前对于薄膜材料的表面改性研究主要基于表面粒子的沉积或涂覆。粒子在聚合物薄膜表面形成均匀稳定的改性层,克服了复合材料的电场集中和机械缺陷,为抑制载流子注入、阻碍电树生长和提高聚合物薄膜储能性能提供保障[67]。LIU H L等[68]基于化学气相沉积(CVD)技术,在聚丙烯薄膜表面沉积了不同厚度的含氟聚对二甲苯(PF)聚合物。结果表明,PF因其极低的介质损耗和优异的耐高温特性使复合材料的介电性能得到提升。在不同温度和电场强度下都展现出较低的电导率,且复合体系的电气强度也得到明显提升,在30℃条件下,最佳沉积厚度的复合薄膜储能密度达到了4.25 J/cm3,展现出较好的储能性能。但并非沉积层越厚,复合薄膜的介电性能越好。当沉积层较薄时,电荷没有足够的能量越过界面势垒进入PP中,且由于高静电势和不连续能级,大部分电荷被束缚在PF层中。而随着沉积层厚度的增加,能量积累效应使得界面势垒不足以限制载流子的定向迁移。在复合薄膜内容易形成稳定、连续的较大泄漏电流,造成电荷的激增甚至导致击穿。XIONG J等[69]探究了添加含Cl原子和F原子的聚对二甲苯衍生物对BOPP介电性能的影响。采用CVD技术在BOPP的一侧或两侧沉积聚对二甲苯衍生物,与原始BOPP相比,复合薄膜的高温储能性能,包括充放电效率、放电能量密度和循环稳定性都有显著提升,如图7(a)所示。这归因于聚对二甲苯对电极注入电荷和泄漏电流的抑制作用。特别是双面沉积结构的BOPP电容性能明显优于单面沉积结构的BOPP。且添加F原子的复合薄膜在室温和120℃下的放电能量密度分别为10.10 J/cm3和5.52 J/cm3,充放电效率大于90%,介电性能最优,这是因为含F聚对二甲苯衍生物有更深的陷阱水平,作为BOPP薄膜表面的电荷捕获层,提高了载流子捕获能力,降低了载流子迁移率,减小了泄漏电流,提高了复合薄膜的介电性能。
XIE Z L等[70]通过等离子体辅助,在BOPP薄膜表面涂覆聚乙烯醇/钛酸钡(PVA/BT)涂层。等离子体处理使BOPP表面具有了一定的粗糙度和极性基团,从而使涂层牢固粘附在BOPP表面,而PVA与BT间的氢键作用使涂层具有较好的稳定性。如图7(b)所示,复合薄膜的电气强度基本保持在400 MV/m以上。且当电场强度为400 MV/m时,复合薄膜的最大放电能量密度达到了2.90 J/cm3,是BOPP(1.63 J/cm3)的1.8倍。BAO Z W等[71]在BOPP两侧表面沉积厚度为270 nm的Al2O3层,在温度为125℃时,复合薄膜在电场强度为200 MV/m下的放电能量密度为0.45 J/cm3,充放电效率高达97.9%,且复合薄膜的在该条件下能达到5 000次以上的电循环,展现出较好的高温电容储能性能。WANG X等[72]用F2/N2混合物对BOPP进行表面氟化,氟化后的BOPP薄膜相对介电常数和介质损耗变化不大,但其电气强度达到了630 MV/m,储能密度达到了5.27 J/cm3,相比未氟化BOPP有明显提升,这是因为氟化后F原子取代H原子使PP表层自由体积减小,且形成的C-F键电负性极强,有效减弱电子传递。
LI X Y等[73]采用氨基苯甲酸(ABA)作为电压稳定剂接枝在BN上制备了一种核壳结构纳米填料(mABA-BN)涂层,并涂覆在聚芳醚酮(PAEK)表面。ABA能有效改善聚合物-填料界面的均匀性,增加电荷陷阱的深度,从而降低传导电流,协同BN的高导热性有助于提高复合薄膜的高温介电性能。如图7(c)所示,在温度为150℃时,含有质量分数为0.3%表面改性涂层的复合膜表现出优异的介电性能,宽温区下的电气强度得到明显提升,在600 MV/m电场强度下,其Ue为10.1 J/cm3η超过了90%。在250 MV/m电场强度和150℃的条件下,可承受超过10万次的充放电循环,该方法适宜大规模制备,为聚合物表面调控工程提供了一种有效途径。
薄膜的表面形貌对介电性能也有一定的影响。研究表明,薄膜材料的表面缺陷越多,其电场畸变率越大,进而导致泄漏电流增大,电极-介质缺陷表面的静电力增大。静电力一旦超过聚合物的屈服应力,就会导致电极内塌等形貌变化,增大薄膜失效概率。而涂层可以抑制缺陷周围的电场畸变,当缺陷被涂层完全覆盖时,这种效应将发挥到最大。PEI J Y等[74]采用PMMA有机纳米层来修饰聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)薄膜的表面缺陷,由于涂覆PMMA层厚度很薄,涂覆后复合薄膜的结晶和相对介电常数变化不大。如图7(d)所示,涂层体积分数为1%的复合薄膜展现出极高的电气强度(767.05 MV/m)和能量密度(19.08 J/cm3),相较于原始PVDF的电气强度(637 MV/m)和能量密度(13.77 J/cm3)有了明显提升,并极大地改善了电极-介电界面的杨氏模量,降低了失效概率。在不牺牲充放电效率的前提下,复合薄膜的介电性能得到明显提升。表4总结了基于表面结构调控的聚合物复合介质储能性能相关研究结果。
尽管目前聚合物表面调控改性得到了广泛的研究,但迄今为止,试错策略仍然主导表面改性工程。对介电聚合物表面调控与界面极化特性之间关系的认识不足,很大程度上限制了介电聚合物表面调控方向的发展[17]。并且,通过薄膜表面涂覆填料或使用CVD技术进行大规模生产仍然是目前尚未解决的问题,很难在实际中进行商业化运作。相信未来表面结构改性研究能够得到深入发展。
本文以金属化薄膜电容器用薄膜材料改性方法为主线,从分子结构、聚集态结构、功能填料掺杂和表面结构调控改性的角度依次总结了其改性研究现状。主要结论如下:
(1)基于分子结构设计的聚合物介电薄膜储能性能研究已成为主流。通过将极性基团等接枝到聚合物主分子链上并优化极性基团的含量,有效提升聚合物的介电性能。
(2)基于聚集态调控的改性模式也被广泛研究,控制聚合物的结晶能有效调控其介电性能。由于球晶中分子链密集,使得载流子更易在非晶区运动,通过成核剂和结晶促进剂等控制聚合物的结晶过程,可以有效限制载流子的运输,显著降低传导损耗,改善聚合物介电性能。
(3)基于功能填料掺杂的改性研究中,有机分子半导体或无机纳米粒子均能有效改善复合材料在高温高电场下的储能性能。同时有机填料与无机填料通过表面修饰或调节添加比例亦可进一步优化储能性能。
(4)基于表面结构调控的改性研究对于提升薄膜材料的储能性能有明显效果。目前对于薄膜材料的表面改性研究主要是基于表面沉积或涂覆功能层。无机陶瓷颗粒在聚合物薄膜表面形成均匀稳定的薄层,可以有效阻碍载流子注入、抑制电树生长,进而提高聚合物薄膜的储能性能。
储能是电介质领域的研究热点,针对聚合物介电薄膜储能性能的改性方法也层出不穷,但真正能够在工程上取得应用的鲜见。一方面归因于大部分改性技术或实验结果来源于实验室小尺寸样本,受限于制备技术、性能稳定性或成本问题而难以进行放大试验和推广应用。另外一方面,当前对于介电薄膜储能性能的测试技术缺乏统一标准,导致实验结果的可参比性不高。新型介电薄膜材料开发或与工业生产工艺兼容的改性技术突破,将为高性能金属化薄膜电容器的研制提供重要支撑。
  • 特高压电力技术与新型电工装备基础国家工程研究中心开放基金资助项目(NERCUHV-2023-KF-02)
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2024年第57卷第11期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.002
  • 接收时间:2024-04-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-19
  • 修回日期:2024-05-29
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特高压电力技术与新型电工装备基础国家工程研究中心开放基金资助项目(NERCUHV-2023-KF-02)
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    1哈尔滨理工大学 工程电介质及其应用教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司,广东 广州 510663
    3特高压电力技术与新型电工装备基础国家工程研究中心,云南 昆明 651705
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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