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High temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber insulators and liquid silicone rubber (LSR) insulators are widely used in power system transmission lines. In order to compare the performance differences of HTV silicone rubber and LSR material for external insulation under typical formulas, the mechanical properties, electrical properties, and hydrophobicity of the two materials were tested. The results show that LSR has better mechanical and electrical properties than HTV silicone rubber. The initial hydrophobicity characteristics of HTV silicone rubber and LSR are similar. The crystallization temperature of LSR is lower than that of HTV silicone rubber, and the thermal stability is higher than that of HTV silicone rubber, which indicates that LSR is more suitable for operation in low temperature or high temperature outdoor environment.

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高温硫化(HTV)硅橡胶绝缘子和液态硅橡胶(LSR)绝缘子广泛应用于电力系统输电线路上。为比较典型配方下外绝缘用HTV硅橡胶和LSR材料的性能差异,对二者的力学性能、电气性能、憎水性进行研究。结果表明:LSR相比于HTV硅橡胶具有更好的力学性能和电气性能;HTV硅橡胶和LSR的初始憎水特性相差不大;LSR的结晶温度低于HTV硅橡胶,热稳定性高于HTV硅橡胶,说明LSR更适于在低温或者高温户外环境中运行。

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谭向宇(1980-),男(汉族),新疆乌鲁木齐人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气工程放电理论和传感器技术的研究。

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谭向宇(1980-),男(汉族),新疆乌鲁木齐人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气工程放电理论和传感器技术的研究。

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谭向宇(1980-),男(汉族),新疆乌鲁木齐人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气工程放电理论和传感器技术的研究。

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IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2016,23(6):3668-3675., articleTitle=Investigation of the tracking and erosion resistance of cured liquid silicone rubber containing ureido-modified MQ silicone resin, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1218964275163480289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544433881089, awardId=202301AS070028, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省基础研究专项重点项目(202301AS070028), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1218964275293503725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544433881089, awardId=202104BN050011, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省揭榜制项目(202104BN050011), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1218964275402555637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544433881089, awardId=YNKJXM20210075, language=CN, fundingSource=中国南方电网科技项目(YNKJXM20210075), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1218964269060768706, 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articleId=1210613544433881089, language=CN, label=图4, caption=HTV硅橡胶和LSR的DSC测试结果, figureFileSmall=LAPoEkjWT7Yy1YWjUwF8Hg==, figureFileBig=M95SPEBHoKXN3yuJwlX/fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218964273921966237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544433881089, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Thermal stability test of HTV silicone rubber and LSR, figureFileSmall=5CRRaGJZB/0l4mVw2/tTYQ==, figureFileBig=ZWPl6ziRx/PHuAWt1mY24Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218964273989075107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544433881089, language=CN, label=图5, caption=HTV硅橡胶和LSR的热稳定性测试, figureFileSmall=5CRRaGJZB/0l4mVw2/tTYQ==, figureFileBig=ZWPl6ziRx/PHuAWt1mY24Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218964274098127015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544433881089, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Relative reaction of LSR during TGA process, figureFileSmall=+WtrH43+EwqoHoJefNViZQ==, figureFileBig=EdRQxBiqzm2Ud64azEVECg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218964274202984622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544433881089, language=CN, label=图6, caption=LSR的热失重相关反应, figureFileSmall=+WtrH43+EwqoHoJefNViZQ==, figureFileBig=EdRQxBiqzm2Ud64azEVECg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218964274312036534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544433881089, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Mechanical properties of LSR and HTV silicone rubber, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样硬度(Shore A)拉伸强度/MPa断裂伸长率/%撕裂强度/(kN/m)
HTV硅橡胶63.05.256228.6217.858
LSR41.55.187344.3717.049
), ArticleFig(id=1218964274442059961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544433881089, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

LSR和HTV硅橡胶的力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样硬度(Shore A)拉伸强度/MPa断裂伸长率/%撕裂强度/(kN/m)
HTV硅橡胶63.05.256228.6217.858
LSR41.55.187344.3717.049
), ArticleFig(id=1218964274555306175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544433881089, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Electrical properties of LSR and HTV silicone rubber, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样体积电阻率/(×1012 Ω·m)相对介电常数介质损耗因数/%电气强度/(kV/mm)
HTV硅橡胶21.082.772.7928.00
LSR55.702.720.3527.61
), ArticleFig(id=1218964274651775171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544433881089, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

LSR和HTV硅橡胶的电气性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样体积电阻率/(×1012 Ω·m)相对介电常数介质损耗因数/%电气强度/(kV/mm)
HTV硅橡胶21.082.772.7928.00
LSR55.702.720.3527.61
), ArticleFig(id=1218964274790187209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544433881089, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Hydrophobicity of LSR and HTV silicone rubber, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样静态接触角/(°)
平均值标准误差
HTV硅橡胶105.13.9
LSR106.61.6
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LSR和HTV硅橡胶憎水性

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试样静态接触角/(°)
平均值标准误差
HTV硅橡胶105.13.9
LSR106.61.6
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外绝缘用高温硫化硅橡胶和液态硅橡胶性能比较
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谭向宇 , 周年荣 , 钱国超 , 王达达 , 徐肖伟
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(11): 87-92
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(11): 87-92
外绝缘用高温硫化硅橡胶和液态硅橡胶性能比较
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谭向宇, 周年荣, 钱国超, 王达达, 徐肖伟
作者信息
  • 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,云南 昆明 650217
  • 谭向宇(1980-),男(汉族),新疆乌鲁木齐人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气工程放电理论和传感器技术的研究。

Performance comparison of high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber and liquid silicone rubber for external insulation
Xiangyu TAN, Nianrong ZHOU, Guochao QIAN, Dada WANG, Xiaowei XU
Affiliations
  • Power Science Research Institute of Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Kunming 650217, China
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.010
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高温硫化(HTV)硅橡胶绝缘子和液态硅橡胶(LSR)绝缘子广泛应用于电力系统输电线路上。为比较典型配方下外绝缘用HTV硅橡胶和LSR材料的性能差异,对二者的力学性能、电气性能、憎水性进行研究。结果表明:LSR相比于HTV硅橡胶具有更好的力学性能和电气性能;HTV硅橡胶和LSR的初始憎水特性相差不大;LSR的结晶温度低于HTV硅橡胶,热稳定性高于HTV硅橡胶,说明LSR更适于在低温或者高温户外环境中运行。

高温硫化硅橡胶  /  液态硅橡胶  /  力学性能  /  电气性能  /  热稳定性

High temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber insulators and liquid silicone rubber (LSR) insulators are widely used in power system transmission lines. In order to compare the performance differences of HTV silicone rubber and LSR material for external insulation under typical formulas, the mechanical properties, electrical properties, and hydrophobicity of the two materials were tested. The results show that LSR has better mechanical and electrical properties than HTV silicone rubber. The initial hydrophobicity characteristics of HTV silicone rubber and LSR are similar. The crystallization temperature of LSR is lower than that of HTV silicone rubber, and the thermal stability is higher than that of HTV silicone rubber, which indicates that LSR is more suitable for operation in low temperature or high temperature outdoor environment.

high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber  /  liquid silicone rubber  /  mechanical properties  /  electrical properties  /  thermal stability
谭向宇, 周年荣, 钱国超, 王达达, 徐肖伟. 外绝缘用高温硫化硅橡胶和液态硅橡胶性能比较. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (11) : 87 -92 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.010
Xiangyu TAN, Nianrong ZHOU, Guochao QIAN, Dada WANG, Xiaowei XU. Performance comparison of high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber and liquid silicone rubber for external insulation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (11) : 87 -92 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.010
高温硫化(high temperature vulcanized,HTV)硅橡胶绝缘子由于优异的力学性能、电气性能和憎水性被广泛应用于国内电力系统输电线路上[1]。液态硅橡胶(liquid silicone rubber,LSR)绝缘子则在欧洲、日本、澳大利亚等国家得到广泛使用[2]。复合绝缘子常在户外运行,这意味着它们不仅要承受高电压和高应力的作用,而且要承受恶劣的气候环境[3-4]。因此,硅橡胶材料的力学性能、电气性能、憎水性以及耐温性能对于复合绝缘子的安全服役至关重要。
目前,研究者对HTV硅橡胶和LSR的力学性能、电气性能、憎水性以及耐低温特性开展了众多研究。王黎明等[5]分析了高电导率雾对HTV硅橡胶憎水性的影响;文献[6-7]研究了不同高岭土、环境湿度对HTV硅橡胶憎水迁移性的影响;屠幼萍等[8]研究了HTV硅橡胶长期运行后憎水性的非均匀变化规律;张文文等[9-10]研究了HTV硅橡胶经过-50℃冷冻后在室温下的力学性能、电气性能。
我国内蒙古根河地区最低温度为-58℃,接近硅橡胶生胶——聚二甲基硅氧烷的结晶温度[11],有可能诱发HTV硅橡胶的结晶现象。结晶的发生会导致HTV硅橡胶力学性能发生显著变化,不利于硅橡胶的服役。而上述的研究并没有考虑HTV硅橡胶在极端低温(-58℃)下的性能变化情况,本文通过DSC实验测量两种硅橡胶材料(HTV和LSR)的结晶温度,选择结晶温度更低的材料。不同于以往HTV硅橡胶在常温下的无定型相状态,HTV硅橡胶材料在半晶态状态下力学性能将发生显著变化。但是,现有研究未曾深入探究HTV硅橡胶材料在极限温度下分子结构变化的机理及其表现出的力学行为。此外,作为另外一种广泛使用的外绝缘用硅橡胶材料,LSR在长期运行中,其电气性能可能受到多种因素的影响,包括老化、环境条件和化学腐蚀等。随着时间的推移,LSR的电绝缘性能可能下降,特别是在高温、高湿或紫外线辐射的环境下,导致介电强度和绝缘电阻降低[12]。当在污染环境中用作外部绝缘体时,LSR表面覆盖的污染物和水分会导致漏电流和电弧放电,容易发生电痕[13-14]。接触强酸、强碱或其他化学物质会加速材料的降解,而动态负载下的机械疲劳也可能引发微裂纹,进一步影响电气性能。然而现有研究对LSR的力学性能和憎水特性研究较少,更缺乏HTV硅橡胶和LSR两种材料性能优劣的研究,限制了二者进一步的应用。
本文制作外绝缘用典型配方下的HTV硅橡胶和LSR样片,对比测量两种材料的力学性能(硬度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和撕裂强度)、电气性能(体积电阻率、相对介电常数、介质损耗因数和电气强度)、憎水性。采用动态热机械分析仪(DMTA)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重分析(TGA)研究两种材料的结晶温度、温变的力学行为和耐热性,以期为绝缘子的选型提供参考。
甲基乙烯基硅橡胶(甲基封端,分子量为58万,乙烯基含量为0.16%),山东东岳有机硅材料有限公司;氢氧化铝(ATH)阻燃剂(粒径为0.302 μm),山东铝业公司;气相法白炭黑(粒径为2.180 μm ),韩国KONASIL公司;氧化铁着色剂, 山东东营京国四维有限公司;羟基硅油,深圳吉鹏硅氟材料有限公司;双二五硫化剂,Akzo Nobel N.V公司;聚二甲基硅氧烷(乙烯基含量为0.25%)、氢硅油(Si-H∶vinyl=1.6∶1),深圳森日有机硅有限公司;铂催化剂(铂原子浓度为10×10-6),Heraeus公司;炔醇类抑制剂,Alfa Aesar公司。
将100份甲基乙烯基硅橡胶、120份氢氧化铝、30份气相法白炭黑、0.167份氧化铁着色剂和2.4份羟基硅油放入密炼机内密炼,使其混合均匀。之后将密炼胶取出,在开炼机上加入1.0份硅烷偶联剂及1.2份双二五硫化剂,静置24 h,等待小分子物挥发后,在10 MPa、170℃条件下,在硫化机内硫化15 min,得到HTV硅橡胶。
将100份乙烯基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷和15份气相白炭黑混合作为基胶。将铂催化剂加入基胶中,制成A组分。将氢硅油和0.05份炔醇类抑制剂加入基胶中,制成B组分。将A、B组分按照1∶1的质量比混合,并且在95℃条件下硫化20 min,得到LSR。
力学性能主要测试硬度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、撕裂强度4个参数。参照ASTM D 2240-81,利用邵氏硬度仪测试硅橡胶的硬度,测量试样上5个点的硬度取中位数作为结果;参照ASTM D 412-80,利用电子式万能拉力机测试试样的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,试样为哑铃状,拉伸速度为500 mm/min,测量5片试样取数值中位数作为结果;参照ISO 34-1:2004,利用电子式万能拉力机测试试样的撕裂强度,试样为直角形,拉伸速度为500 mm/min,测量5片试样取数值中位数作为结果。
电气性能主要测试体积电阻率、相对介电常数、介质损耗因数和电气强度。参照GB/T 1692—2008,利用ZC-90F型高绝缘电阻测量仪测试试样的体积电阻率,实验电压为500 V,读取60 s电阻值并计算,测量3片试样取数值中位数作为结果;参照ASTM D 150:1998测试试样的相对介电常数和介质损耗因数,采用上述标准中方法A测试,实验电压为1 000 V,电源频率为50 Hz,测量3片试样取数值中位数作为结果;参照IEC 60243-2013,利用击穿强度测试仪测试试样的电气强度,圆柱电极直径为25 mm,试样厚度为1 mm,在绝缘油中采用短时(快速)升压方式进行测量,升压速率为500 V/s,测量5片试样取数值中位数作为结果。
参照DL/T 376—2019,利用静态接触角测量仪观测不同试样表面的憎水性。测试采用6 μL的水珠,在水珠滴落后10 s时测量。取3片试样进行测试,每个试样上取5个点,计算15次测量结果的平均数为最终结果。
采用动态热机械分析仪(DMA)进行玻璃化转变温度测试。先将温度降为-140℃,之后以2℃/min的升温速率逐渐升温至0℃,测试频率为1 Hz,测试模式为压缩模式。结晶温度采用DSC测试,先将温度快速下降至-90℃,之后以2℃/min的速率升温至0℃,再以-2℃/min的速率降温至-90℃,在氮气气氛中进行。利用热失重分析仪对样片进行热稳定性测试,测试温度为50~900℃,升温速率为10℃/min,氮气氛围。
表1为LSR和HTV硅橡胶的力学性能测试结果,图1为两种材料的应力-应变曲线。
表1可以看出,LSR和HTV硅橡胶的硬度、断裂伸长率的数值差异较大。由于LSR中不添加氢氧化铝,所以硬度较HTV硅橡胶低。但由于没有添加氢氧化铝,使得LSR试样在拉伸时,链段中间掺杂的无机物较少,链段可以很好的分散应力,橡胶分子容易舒展,利于取向,形成有序排列,从而提高了LSR的断裂伸长率,因此其断裂伸长率远大于HTV硅橡胶的断裂伸长率,如图1所示。硅橡胶试样处于分散交联状态时,拉伸强度可以很高。但是一旦受到外力时,交联键将逐一断裂,造成撕裂强度较低;硅橡胶试样处于集中交联状态时,通过集中交联点,将应力均匀的分散到周围的分子链上,使得材料抵抗外力的能力增强,因此较高的交联密度将会表现出较高的撕裂强度[12]。而HTV硅橡胶和LSR的撕裂强度相差不大,说明二者集中交联点相近。虽然氢氧化铝表面富有羟基,经过硅烷偶联剂表面处理,与硅橡胶基胶形成了化学和物理连接,可使应力更好的分散,提高试样的撕裂强度。但是HTV硅橡胶分子量较大,集中交联点较低,影响了HTV硅橡胶的力学性能。二者相互竞争,导致HTV硅橡胶的撕裂强度与LSR相差不大。
表2为两种材料的电气性能测试结果。介电性能包含相对介电常数以及介质损耗因数。从表2可以看出,LSR的体积电阻率和介电性能较HTV硅橡胶优异。考虑到击穿场强试验的分散性,可以认为HTV硅橡胶和LSR的电气强度相差不大。由于LSR中不含氢氧化铝填料,一方面使得结晶水在LSR中含量较少,另一方面较少的填料减少了填料和基体的相互界面,使得填料界面重叠减少,提高了LSR的体积电阻率。根据Lichterecker模型[13],样片的介电常数是由样片基体和填料构成。ATH的介电常数高于基体,由于HTV硅橡胶中含有大量的ATH,其介电常数较大,其绝缘性能相对较低。综合而言,本研究中LSR的电气性能优于HTV硅橡胶。
表3为LSR和HTV硅橡胶的静态接触角测量结果。ATH为极性材料,HTV硅橡胶中含有大量的ATH,大量的ATH可能造成HTV硅橡胶混炼均匀程度不高,使其静态接触角较低并且误差范围较大。如表3所示,HTV硅橡胶的静态接触角略低于从绝缘子上剪下的LSR,而静态接触角的标准误差大于LSR。考虑到憎水角的平均值和误差范围,可以认为在本文1.2节所述配方下的HTV硅橡胶和LSR初始憎水性相差不大,如图2所示。
图3为两种材料的DMA测试结果。从图3可以发现,LSR的应力随着温度的升高先下降后上升,经过一段平缓的区域后进一步下降,可以分为阶段1、阶段2和阶段3。而相对应的损耗峰曲线出现3个峰值。
在阶段1,温度为-140~-120℃时,应力变化不大,而温度为-120~-100℃时,应力急速下降。从损耗峰1可知,LSR的玻璃化转变温度为-120℃左右。在-140~-120℃温度区间内,虽然温度升高,但是LSR还是处于玻璃态,应力变化并不明显。在-120~-100℃温度区间内,LSR链段脱离玻璃态成为可以自由运动的链段,呈现柔性,所以此时应力下降。
在阶段2,应力先上升后趋于平缓,损耗峰中出现峰2,这对应的是LSR的冷结晶过程。橡胶的冷结晶过程通常在-90℃附近发生,和本文所测试的结果一致。在-90℃附近,LSR自由活动的链段重排结晶成为有序的晶格,从而提高了应力,至-50℃时依然维持着冷结晶的状态,所以应力变化不大。
在阶段3,应力进一步下降至平缓,出现损耗峰3,这对应的是LSR的结晶的熔融过程。冷结晶熔融,使得LSR分子链段恢复柔性,所以此历程先下降,之后一直保持稳定。
图3还可以看出,HTV硅橡胶应力随着温度的升高而下降,并没有出现类似于LSR的冷结晶过程,说明在降温过程中HTV硅橡胶已经结晶完全。在-140~-120℃温度区间内,HTV硅橡胶为玻璃态,经历了应力的平缓期。在-120~-90℃温度区间内,应力急速下降,这是因为HTV硅橡胶由玻璃态转变为结晶态时部分原本处于玻璃态的HTV链段开始运动。而在-90~-40℃温度区间内,应力缓慢下降,这说明冷结晶随着温度的升高,逐渐熔融。在温度为-40℃附近时出现明显的熔融峰。HTV硅橡胶在相同的降温条件下,相比于LSR结晶速率较快,结晶完全,使得在升温过程中观察不到冷结晶过程。LSR和HTV硅橡胶的玻璃化转变温度相差不大,并且低于硅橡胶绝缘子实际运行环境的最低温度,因此对实际运行的参考作用不大。
图4为两种材料的DSC测试结果。从图4中可以看出,即使在急速降温环境下,硅橡胶还是处于结晶状态,不能直接进入玻璃态。升温时,仅出现了向下的吸热峰。降温时,出现了向上的放热峰。从图4还可以看出,LSR的结晶峰窄而尖,说明LSR的结晶温度较为统一,并且结晶的初始温度较HTV硅橡胶低较多。HTV硅橡胶的结晶峰则较为平缓,出现了2个放热峰相互重叠的放热曲线,这说明HTV硅橡胶中可能存在两个结晶过程。这与HTV硅橡胶中含有大量ATH有关。大量的ATH填料容易产生异相成核的作用,降低HTV硅橡胶的结晶温度和提高HTV硅橡胶的结晶速度。可能存在ATH异相成核结晶的放热峰和HTV硅橡胶自身链段结晶的放热峰。无论是结晶峰温度,还是结晶起始温度,LSR都低于HTV硅橡胶,并且与实际运行环境的最低温度较为接近,因此在该配方下,LSR可用于低温地区。
对HTV硅橡胶和LSR样片进行热失重分析,并对TG曲线进行微分,得到DTG曲线,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,HTV硅橡胶的热分解主要分为两个阶段[14]
第1个阶段是ATH变为Al2O3和小分子挥发造成的质量损失,如式(1)所示。
$2 \mathrm{Al}(\mathrm{OH})_{3} \xrightarrow{\Delta} \mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
第2阶段是硅橡胶受热后引发分子链断裂、交联反应而产生的质量损失,最终残留下难以热分解的白炭黑和类似SiO2的物质。
LSR的热分解曲线较为平滑,主要是硅氧烷的热分解,从DTG曲线上可以看出有3个阶段。阶段1为交联的硅氧烷小分子受热挥发;阶段2是侧链甲基在加热和铂催化剂的作用下断裂,在温度为400~500℃时变为亚甲基交联的硅氧烷结构,该结构在温度为500~700℃时消失[15-18],如图6所示;阶段3是硅氧烷三环体在热重分解高温段产生,最后残留下更难以分解的物质。
在HTV硅橡胶试样的TG升温过程中,ATH分解产生水分子。在密闭的惰性气体环境内,高温促进水分子水解硅氧烷,使得硅氧烷的热稳定性降低,因此HTV硅橡胶相较于LSR完全热分解温度较低。同时LSR中含有大量的硅氧烷,所以LSR较HTV硅橡胶热稳定性优异。
我国内蒙古自治区根河市非官方最低温度可达到-58℃,黑龙江省的漠河市最低温度可达到-52℃。对两种硅橡胶的低温适用性进行分析,从图4可知,HTV硅橡胶的结晶温度在-60℃以上,而LSR的结晶温度低于-60℃。聚合物发生结晶后会从原本的无定型态转变为半结晶态,分子结构排列发生改变,将对材料的力学性能和电气性能产生显著影响。因此,HTV硅橡胶应用于极端低温环境会发生结晶现象,有可能劣化硅橡胶材料的力学性能和电气性能,影响绝缘子的安全服役,而LSR的结晶温度更低,更适用于低温环境。
对于两种硅橡胶的高温适用性,从图5中可知,HTV硅橡胶在250℃左右开始分解,出现明显的热失重行为,而LSR在400℃以上才开始出现较为明显的热失重行为。热失重升温速率的增加会导致热分解行为向更高的温度段移动。在实际环境中HTV硅橡胶会在更低的温度段内分解。HTV硅橡胶中氢氧化铝分解产生的水分子还会进一步诱发硅橡胶的解链反应,降低HTV硅橡胶的高温下的服役寿命。因此,LSR更适用于高温环境。
综述所述,由于具有更低的结晶温度,更高的热分解温度,LSR的耐温性能优于HTV硅橡胶,更适用于宽温度范围的服役环境。
为比较外绝缘用HTV硅橡胶和LSR材料的性能差异,制作了外绝缘用典型配方下的HTV硅橡胶和LSR样片,对二者的力学性能、电气性能、憎水性和耐温性进行了测试。发现LSR质地较软,相比于HTV硅橡胶具有更好的力学性能和电气性能;HTV硅橡胶和LSR的初始憎水性相差不大,并且LSR的结晶温度低于HTV硅橡胶,热稳定性高于HTV硅橡胶,说明该配方下,LSR更适于在低温或者高温户外环境中运行。
  • 云南省基础研究专项重点项目(202301AS070028)
  • 云南省揭榜制项目(202104BN050011)
  • 中国南方电网科技项目(YNKJXM20210075)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.010
  • 接收时间:2023-02-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-14
  • 修回日期:2023-06-07
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云南省基础研究专项重点项目(202301AS070028)
云南省揭榜制项目(202104BN050011)
中国南方电网科技项目(YNKJXM20210075)
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    云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,云南 昆明 650217
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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