Article(id=1210590155811975557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1691596800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-10, revisedDate=1703174400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766556784823, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766556784823, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766556784823, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766556784823, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210590152548807015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='165', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766556784044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563998200, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620410958312217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620410958312218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=69, endPage=79, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210590156063633805, articleId=1210590155811975557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on ageing characteristics and operating life prediction of silicone rubber for composite insulators under large temperature difference, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The temperature difference in the southeastern region of Tibet is relatively large, which has negative influence on the insulation performance of composite insulators, and affects the continuous and reliable transmission of West East power. Silicone rubber samples were conducted 720 hours of high and low temperature cyclic ageing tests at -20-150℃ in this paper, and the silicone rubber sampes with different cycles were conducted various tests to study the changes of ageing performance in large temperature difference environments. The 12 kinds of tested characteristic parameters were conducted selection of characteristic parameters using Fisher Score, and 4 kinds of significantly correlated characteristic parameters were selected. Taking composite insulators running for 0-11 years as the research object, we conducted performance testing and result analysis on in-service composite insulators based on correlated characteristic parameters, and proposed an improved genetic algorithm to optimize the BP (Back Propagation) neural network prediction algorithm. On the one hand, this algorithm improves the optimal preservation strategy selection operator, and on the other hand, this algorithm dynamically adjusts the mutation probability and crossover probability during the iterative process. The results show that the four ageing characteristic parameters, which are tensile strength, dielectric loss factor tanδ, TGA residual ratio, and Si-OH transmittance reduction rate, are significantly correlated. Compared with the traditional BP and GA-BP (genetic algorithm back propagation) neural networks, the improved GA-BP neural network has stronger nonlinear learning and global optimization capability, and faster network convergence speed. The test error result of the improved GA-BP neural network on a group of samples aged for 11 years is 2.33%. The error between the predicted operating life and the actual service life of five groups of composite insulators is within 5%.

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藏东南地区环境温差较大,对复合绝缘子的绝缘性能产生负面影响,从而影响西电东送规模持续可靠送出。本文在-20~150℃下对硅橡胶试样开展720 h的高低温循环老化试验,对不同循环次数的硅橡胶进行各项测试用于研究其大温差环境老化性能变化规律。对测试的12个特征量通过Fisher Score进行特征量选择,筛选出4种显著相关性特征量。以运行0~11年复合绝缘子为研究对象,基于相关性特征量对在役复合绝缘子进行性能测试和结果分析,并提出一种改进遗传算法优化BP(back propagation)神经网络的预测算法。该算法一方面改进最优保存策略选择算子,另一方面迭代过程动态调整变异概率和交叉概率。结果表明:4项老化特征量拉伸强度、介质损耗因数tanδ、TGA最终剩余比例和Si-OH透过率下降率具有显著的相关性;相比传统BP神经网络和GA-BP(genetic algorithm-back propagation)神经网络,改进GA-BP神经网络的非线性学习和全局寻优能力更强,网络收敛速度更快;以老化11年的1组试样进行误差检验,改进GA-BP神经网络的检验误差结果为2.33%,5组复合绝缘子的运行寿命预测值与实际年限之间的误差均在5%以内。

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许志浩(1988-),男(汉族),湖北武汉人,讲师,博士,研究方向为电力设备智能检测与人工智能的应用。
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邱志敏(1999-),男(汉族),江西上饶人,硕士生,主要研究方向为复合绝缘子老化性能分析。

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邱志敏(1999-),男(汉族),江西上饶人,硕士生,主要研究方向为复合绝缘子老化性能分析。

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邱志敏(1999-),男(汉族),江西上饶人,硕士生,主要研究方向为复合绝缘子老化性能分析。

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ArticleFig(id=1218837387988357254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Information of composite insulators, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品编号电压等级/kV运行年限/a
A12200
A22201.5
A32203
A42205
A522011
), ArticleFig(id=1218837388051271815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

复合绝缘子信息

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产品编号电压等级/kV运行年限/a
A12200
A22201.5
A32203
A42205
A522011
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高低温循环次数/次表层结晶度/%里层结晶度/%结晶度变化/%
082.0179.462.55
6079.8854.2225.66
9080.3662.1418.22
12086.0445.4940.55
), ArticleFig(id=1218837388185489545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

硅橡胶试样表层和里层Al(OH)3结晶度情况

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高低温循环次数/次表层结晶度/%里层结晶度/%结晶度变化/%
082.0179.462.55
6079.8854.2225.66
9080.3662.1418.22
12086.0445.4940.55
), ArticleFig(id=1218837388252598410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Changes in infrared transmittance of different functional groups for silicone rubber, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高低温循环次数/次Si(CH3)3透过率下降率%Si-O-Si透过率下降率%Si-OH透过率下降率%
04.51.832
608.5214
9011316
1203256
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硅橡胶不同官能团的红外透过率变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高低温循环次数/次Si(CH3)3透过率下降率%Si-O-Si透过率下降率%Si-OH透过率下降率%
04.51.832
608.5214
9011316
1203256
), ArticleFig(id=1218837388378427532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Holes number of silicone rubber samples with different cycle times, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高低温循环老化次数/次孔洞数量/个
00
607
9011
12018
), ArticleFig(id=1218837388479090829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同循环次数的硅橡胶试样孔洞数量

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高低温循环老化次数/次孔洞数量/个
00
607
9011
12018
), ArticleFig(id=1218837388550393998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Test results of other performance parameters of silicone rubber samples after different cycles, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高低温循环次数/次交联密度tanδ平均值/%绝缘电阻/MΩ
00.969 822.39017.486 8
600.978 012.58820.388 4
901.001 982.73219.761 1
1200.998 612.87815.590 2
), ArticleFig(id=1218837388609114255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同循环次数的硅橡胶试样其他性能参数测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高低温循环次数/次交联密度tanδ平均值/%绝缘电阻/MΩ
00.969 822.39017.486 8
600.978 012.58820.388 4
901.001 982.73219.761 1
1200.998 612.87815.590 2
), ArticleFig(id=1218837388680417424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Ageing evaluation characteristic parameters of composite insulators, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号研究特性特征参量测试方法
1力学性能拉伸强度拉伸测试
2断裂伸长率
3电学性能绝缘电阻绝缘电阻测试
4介质损耗因数tanδ介电谱测试
5化学性能交联密度平衡溶胀法
6微观特性孔洞数量SEM分析
7结晶度变化XRD分析
8ATH热分解失重率TG分析
9TGA最终剩余比例
10Si(CH3)3透过率下降率FTIR分析
11Si-O-Si透过率下降率
12Si-OH透过率下降率
), ArticleFig(id=1218837388764303505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

复合绝缘子老化评估特征量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号研究特性特征参量测试方法
1力学性能拉伸强度拉伸测试
2断裂伸长率
3电学性能绝缘电阻绝缘电阻测试
4介质损耗因数tanδ介电谱测试
5化学性能交联密度平衡溶胀法
6微观特性孔洞数量SEM分析
7结晶度变化XRD分析
8ATH热分解失重率TG分析
9TGA最终剩余比例
10Si(CH3)3透过率下降率FTIR分析
11Si-O-Si透过率下降率
12Si-OH透过率下降率
), ArticleFig(id=1218837388856578194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=Test results of ageing characteristic parameters of silicone rubber with different years of service, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品编号拉伸强度/MPa介质损耗因数tanδ/%TGA最终剩余比例/%Si-OH透过率下降率/%
A24.472.6866.56.4
A34.022.8968.96.7
A43.513.7162.75.4
A53.135.6457.84.1
), ArticleFig(id=1218837388927881363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

在役不同年限的硅橡胶老化特征量测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品编号拉伸强度/MPa介质损耗因数tanδ/%TGA最终剩余比例/%Si-OH透过率下降率/%
A24.472.6866.56.4
A34.022.8968.96.7
A43.513.7162.75.4
A53.135.6457.84.1
), ArticleFig(id=1218837388990795924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=Evaluation index values for the prediction effect of two models, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项 目BP神经网络改进GA-BP神经网络
训练集(25)测试集(5)训练集(25)测试集(5)
均方误差MSE2.315 94.081 20.001 40.002 8
平均绝对误差MAE1.542 31.710 60.027 60.038 5
均方根误差RMSE1.781 02.208 00.026 10.034 2
决定系数R20.815 40.721 20.982 40.976 7
), ArticleFig(id=1218837389053710485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155811975557, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

两种模型预测效果评价指标值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项 目BP神经网络改进GA-BP神经网络
训练集(25)测试集(5)训练集(25)测试集(5)
均方误差MSE2.315 94.081 20.001 40.002 8
平均绝对误差MAE1.542 31.710 60.027 60.038 5
均方根误差RMSE1.781 02.208 00.026 10.034 2
决定系数R20.815 40.721 20.982 40.976 7
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大温差对复合绝缘子硅橡胶老化特性及运行寿命预测研究
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邱志敏 1, 2 , 康兵 1, 2 , 严夏 1, 2 , 丁贵立 1, 2 , 许志浩 1, 2 , 李强 3 , 莫海鑫 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2024,57(9): 69-79
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2024, 57(9): 69-79
大温差对复合绝缘子硅橡胶老化特性及运行寿命预测研究
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邱志敏1, 2, 康兵1, 2, 严夏1, 2, 丁贵立1, 2, 许志浩1, 2, 李强3, 莫海鑫1, 2
作者信息
  • 1南昌工程学院 电气工程学院,江西 南昌 330099
  • 2江西省高压大功率电力电子与电网智能量测 工程研究中心,江西 南昌 330099
  • 3南方电网超高压输电公司大理局,云南 大理 671014
  • 邱志敏(1999-),男(汉族),江西上饶人,硕士生,主要研究方向为复合绝缘子老化性能分析。

通讯作者:

许志浩(1988-),男(汉族),湖北武汉人,讲师,博士,研究方向为电力设备智能检测与人工智能的应用。
Study on ageing characteristics and operating life prediction of silicone rubber for composite insulators under large temperature difference
Zhimin QIU1, 2, Bing KANG1, 2, Xia YAN1, 2, Guili DING1, 2, Zhihao XU1, 2, Qiang LI3, Haixin MO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electrical Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China
  • 2Jiangxi High Voltage and High Power Power Electronics and Grid Intelligent Measurement Engineering Research Center, Nanchang 330099, China
  • 3Dali Bureau of Southern Power Grid Ultra High Voltage Transmission Company, Dali 671014, China
出版时间: 2024-09-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.007
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藏东南地区环境温差较大,对复合绝缘子的绝缘性能产生负面影响,从而影响西电东送规模持续可靠送出。本文在-20~150℃下对硅橡胶试样开展720 h的高低温循环老化试验,对不同循环次数的硅橡胶进行各项测试用于研究其大温差环境老化性能变化规律。对测试的12个特征量通过Fisher Score进行特征量选择,筛选出4种显著相关性特征量。以运行0~11年复合绝缘子为研究对象,基于相关性特征量对在役复合绝缘子进行性能测试和结果分析,并提出一种改进遗传算法优化BP(back propagation)神经网络的预测算法。该算法一方面改进最优保存策略选择算子,另一方面迭代过程动态调整变异概率和交叉概率。结果表明:4项老化特征量拉伸强度、介质损耗因数tanδ、TGA最终剩余比例和Si-OH透过率下降率具有显著的相关性;相比传统BP神经网络和GA-BP(genetic algorithm-back propagation)神经网络,改进GA-BP神经网络的非线性学习和全局寻优能力更强,网络收敛速度更快;以老化11年的1组试样进行误差检验,改进GA-BP神经网络的检验误差结果为2.33%,5组复合绝缘子的运行寿命预测值与实际年限之间的误差均在5%以内。

复合绝缘子  /  高低温循环  /  Fisher Score  /  BP神经网络  /  GA-BP神经网络  /  运行寿命预测

The temperature difference in the southeastern region of Tibet is relatively large, which has negative influence on the insulation performance of composite insulators, and affects the continuous and reliable transmission of West East power. Silicone rubber samples were conducted 720 hours of high and low temperature cyclic ageing tests at -20-150℃ in this paper, and the silicone rubber sampes with different cycles were conducted various tests to study the changes of ageing performance in large temperature difference environments. The 12 kinds of tested characteristic parameters were conducted selection of characteristic parameters using Fisher Score, and 4 kinds of significantly correlated characteristic parameters were selected. Taking composite insulators running for 0-11 years as the research object, we conducted performance testing and result analysis on in-service composite insulators based on correlated characteristic parameters, and proposed an improved genetic algorithm to optimize the BP (Back Propagation) neural network prediction algorithm. On the one hand, this algorithm improves the optimal preservation strategy selection operator, and on the other hand, this algorithm dynamically adjusts the mutation probability and crossover probability during the iterative process. The results show that the four ageing characteristic parameters, which are tensile strength, dielectric loss factor tanδ, TGA residual ratio, and Si-OH transmittance reduction rate, are significantly correlated. Compared with the traditional BP and GA-BP (genetic algorithm back propagation) neural networks, the improved GA-BP neural network has stronger nonlinear learning and global optimization capability, and faster network convergence speed. The test error result of the improved GA-BP neural network on a group of samples aged for 11 years is 2.33%. The error between the predicted operating life and the actual service life of five groups of composite insulators is within 5%.

composite insulators  /  high and low temperature cycling  /  Fisher Score  /  BP neural network  /  GA-BP neural network  /  operating life prediction
邱志敏, 康兵, 严夏, 丁贵立, 许志浩, 李强, 莫海鑫. 大温差对复合绝缘子硅橡胶老化特性及运行寿命预测研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (9) : 69 -79 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.007
Zhimin QIU, Bing KANG, Xia YAN, Guili DING, Zhihao XU, Qiang LI, Haixin MO. Study on ageing characteristics and operating life prediction of silicone rubber for composite insulators under large temperature difference[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (9) : 69 -79 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.007
随着西藏地区“十四五”规划和可再生能源“十四五”规划的进行,需要积极推动水风光储一体化西电东送规模清洁能源的持续可靠送出,复合绝缘子的需求量日益增大,截至2019年3月,我国110 kV及以上挂网运行的复合绝缘子使用量已超过1 000万支[1]
藏东南地区环境气候温差较大,通过分析气象局统计的西藏高海拔地区林芝市(海拔为3 100 m)近3年气候数据,该地区夏季时当天最高气温为32℃,最低气温为9℃,温差交替时间为8 h;冬季时当天最高气温为20℃,最低气温为-10℃,温差交替时间为8 h,冬季昼夜温差幅度最大[2]。同时根据对南方电网云南大理地区(海拔为2 090 m)绝缘子实际运行数据分析,硅橡胶材料受到高低温循环周期、温度等多因素的影响,会出现较大的性能差异,伴随着复合绝缘子在役年限的增加,其伞裙硅橡胶材料的电气特性、绝缘特性受大温差环境的影响而逐渐下降,更容易发生污闪与冰闪事故,威胁输电线路在大温差环境下的安全稳定运行。
国内外学者对硅橡胶老化性能劣化规律和失效机理开展了大量研究,并提出了一系列老化评价方法,其中多数研究是对在役数年和现场老化退役复合绝缘子材料直接进行老化性能测试和评价研究[3-7]。夏云峰等[3]选取新疆地区已退运的18批复合绝缘子为研究对象,测量各种老化特征量,通过统计分析得出,利用HC分级、密度以及硬度能判别硅橡胶的老化状态;陶风波等[4]以沿海工业地区运行0~13年的复合绝缘子为研究对象,对其硬度、静态接触角、O元素含量、基团的吸收峰高度比值等进行测试,利用BP神经网络建立了绝缘子寿命预测方法。也有少数在人工加速试验测试结果分析的基础上,再利用老化特征量进行复合绝缘子老化状态评估的研究[8-9]。蓝磊等[8]对高温硫化硅橡胶(HTV)进行加速电晕老化试验,基于陷阱理论的聚合物电老化寿命公式及HTV基团的红外光谱峰值变化,构建了高温硫化硅橡胶的老化寿命公式;蒋沙沙[9]通过对硅橡胶进行热氧加速老化试验建立了老化模型,以拉伸强度作为指标,通过Arrhenius方法计算得到高分子的动力学参数从而对硅橡胶的寿命进行预测。
上述研究多对现场老化复合绝缘子或已退役的复合绝缘子材料进行老化性能测试和状态评估,由于现场环境因素十分复杂,存在随机性大和可控性差等缺点,且由于绝缘子生产厂家的配方中基胶与填料的比例因年限不同而有所改变[10],造成不同时期对在役运行复合绝缘子取样进行性能测试定量分析时可能会产生误差,同时选取的老化特征量多基于以往老化研究经验,缺乏宏观性能变化规律和微观结构变化情况之间的理论支撑,易造成老化性能评价误差增大。
在对材料性能预测的研究中,BP(back propagation)神经网络在材料性能预测等工程领域中应用广泛,但在输电工程复合绝缘子材料寿命预测研究中未取得明显成果。由于BP神经网络自身存在初始阈值和权重选取不当、训练时容易陷入局部极小值两大缺陷,造成其非线性学习不足和网络性能不佳,可以通过遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)的全局搜索能力来实现神经网络优化。国内外学者对GA优化神经网络进行了许多改进[11-14],但改进多局限于初始权重优化和全局寻优能力,而忽略了种群的多样性和最优个体易被破坏造成局部收敛的问题,训练模型的时间比较长,改进后的预测效果并不显著。
针对上述研究的不足,本研究提出了一种改进GA-BP神经网络,引入随机反向学习策略(ROBL)改进最优保存策略选择算子,保持种群的多样性;变异概率和交叉概率通过动态调整的方式,迭代前期使全局搜索扩大,迭代后期提高收敛速度。
在建立硅橡胶材料数学模型之前,需研究其在模拟试验条件下宏观特性与微观结构变化之间的对应关系[14]。因此,本研究首先在模拟加速老化试验结果的基础上,选取当前测量硅橡胶材料老化较为常用的宏观和微观性能测试手段,进行性能测试并提取显著相关性的特征量,通过Fisher Score特征选择算法筛选出显著相关性的若干老化特征量,进行硅橡胶材料老化性能评价。然后以运行0~11年的复合绝缘子为研究对象,基于筛选的4种显著相关老化特征量,对在役复合绝缘子老化状态进行评估,提出一种大温差环境复合绝缘子用高温硫化硅橡胶的实用、可靠的老化状态评估方法。最后基于试验数据建立BP神经网络及改进GA-BP神经网络模型,对比分析两个模型的拟合能力和预测精度,以期为大温差环境在役复合绝缘子的运行寿命预测研究提供参考。
本研究所用复合绝缘子选取西南某2 500 m海拔地区的220 kV棒式支柱绝缘子,生产厂家为襄阳国网合成绝缘子有限责任公司,绝缘子型号为FZSW-252/12.5。取1支该厂家生产的新绝缘子记为A1,取同一生产厂家运行1.5~11年的4支复合绝缘子记为A2~A5,复合绝缘子具体信息如表1所示。对绝缘子A1~A5的高温硫化硅橡胶材料(HTV)采用裁刀裁剪成尺寸为60 mm×60 mm×3 mm(长×宽×厚)的试样和2型哑铃状试样若干,然后进行高低温循环试验。2型哑铃状试样总长度为75 mm,狭窄部分宽度为4 mm,端部宽度为12.5 mm,狭窄部分长度为25 mm。试验前对试样表面按照DL/T 810—2012相关要求进行清洁预处理,用去离子水清洗表面,再用蘸取无水乙醇的棉花擦拭试样表面,待干燥后放置于防尘防潮容器内24 h。
选择浙江戴纳自动化技术有限公司生产的DA-50A型恒温恒湿试验箱,箱内放入若干试样并按照GB/T 2423.1—2008和GB/T 2423.2—2001进行高低温交替老化试验,每次温度循环参数为:150℃/2 h+降温/1 h+-20℃/2 h+升温/1 h,升降温速率均为 3℃/min,循环次数为120次。图1为高低温交替老化试验方案。
拉伸强度和断裂伸长率是反映材料力学性能的重要指标,采用U-CAN公司生产的UT-2080型电子拉伸试验机,按照GB/T 528—2009对不同循环次数的试样进行测试,拉伸速率为200 mm/min,对每组同一循环次数试样进行5次测试,结果取平均值。图2为硅橡胶高低温循环不同次数后的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率变化。从图2可以看出,与老化前相比,经过不同次数的高低温循环老化试验后,硅橡胶试样的力学性能逐渐下降,与未老化硅橡胶试样相比,高低温交替循环120次后硅橡胶试样的拉伸强度下降程度达到16.8%,而断裂伸长率下降程度达到24%,表明其力学性能明显变差,硅橡胶的高弹性正在不断丧失。
采用丹东通达科技有限公司生产的TD-3500型X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析高低温循环不同次数后试样表层和里层的衍射图谱,图3为高低温循环60次的硅橡胶试样表层和里层XRD谱图。由图3可知,硅橡胶表层和里层的XRD谱图在18.282°、20.299°、20.548°、26.514°、26.895°处出现明显衍射峰,与α-Al(OH)3衍射峰特征相符[16]。Jade软件可用于硅橡胶中α-Al(OH)3填料鉴定及结晶度含量占比分析[17],利用Jade软件分析得到高低温循环不同次数的硅橡胶α-Al(OH)3结晶度,如表2所示。
表2可知,随着高低温循环老化次数的增加,表层Al(OH)3结晶度总体呈增大趋势,而里层结晶度逐渐减小,表层相比里层的Al(OH)3结晶度变化逐渐增大。
测试结果表明,随着高低温循环老化次数的增加,硅橡胶基体和氢氧化铝之间的结构破坏逐渐严重,造成氢氧化铝填料更易从硅橡胶基体中析出,从而使非结晶结构的硅橡胶表现出一定的晶体性质,且填料的析出会降低对聚二甲基硅氧烷(Polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)主链和侧链的保护能力,导致硅橡胶的电气性能、力学性能、耐热性及耐寒性下降。从XRD分析Al(OH)3结晶度变化可知硅橡胶晶体结构或形态情况,故可将α-Al(OH)3填料结晶度变化作为硅橡胶材料的老化特征量。
傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)可有效分析样品表层官能团及其相对含量,采用Thermo Fisher Scientific公司生产的NICOLET iS10型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对试样进行测量,波数范围为4 000~400 cm-1,光谱分辨率为4 cm-1,测试方式采取透射模式,采用透过率表示红外吸收的强弱[18]
图4为原始试样、高低温循环60次、90次和120次的硅橡胶试样红外光谱图,不同官能团的红外透过率变化如表3所示,其中透过率下降率越大,代表特征峰强度越大[19]
图4表3可知,相较老化前,高低温循环老化后的硅橡胶在799.8 cm-1处的Si(CH3)3特征峰强度明显增大,在1 023.9 cm-1、1 095.5 cm-1处的Si-O-Si特征峰强度略微增大,在3 200~3 700 cm-1处的亲水性无机填料O-H特征峰强度明显减小,表明分子链中侧链和主链均有一定程度的断裂,其中侧链发生氧化降解反应,无机阻燃剂发生分解反应,从而造成其力学性能和绝缘性能下降。采用FTIR傅里叶红外光谱分析硅橡胶材料老化性能已有大量研究[18-20],故可通过FTIR谱图从微观角度定量分析硅橡胶官能团老化反应断裂程度,将Si(CH3)3、Si-O-Si和Si-OH透过率下降率作为复合绝缘子老化状态评估特征量。
利用硅橡胶3类组分(包括有机硅化合物(PDMS)、氢氧化铝(aluminum hydroxide,ATH)和白炭黑等稳定无机物(简称为IF))分解温度不同且不重叠的特点,使用Mettler Toledo公司生产的TGA/DSC 3+型同步热分析仪对硅橡胶试样进行高温热分解试验,升温速率为30℃/min,依据样品在一定温度范围内的热失重情况,推算出PDMS、ATH和IF3种物质在硅橡胶内的含量[21]
图5为原始试样的热重曲线。由图5可知,样品第1阶段的失重率为ATH热分解,最终剩余物质为难以分解的无机物[22]
高低温循环不同次数的硅橡胶试样ATH热分解失重率和TGA最终剩余比例变化情况如图6所示。由图6可知,随着高低温循环次数的增加,热分解第1阶段试样失重率不断减小,TGA最终剩余比例不断增大。造成这一现象的原因为硅橡胶在循环老化过程中ATH发生降解,造成试样ATH含量减少,从而使有机组分减少,无机组分增加。故可通过热失重分析结果中第1阶段ATH热分解失重率和TGA最终剩余比例作为特征量对绝缘子的运行老化状态进行定量分析。
采用Hitachi公司生产的TM3030型扫描电子显微镜在1 000倍放大倍率下观察硅橡胶试样循环老化前后的微观形貌特征。硅橡胶原样、循环90次试样的微观形貌如图7所示。由图7可以看出,高低温循环后试样表面出现孔洞和颗粒,利用这些孔洞和颗粒的平均直径来表示硅橡胶试样的表面粗糙度,计算试样表面毫米和微米尺寸区域大于平均直径的孔洞和颗粒数。不同循环次数的硅橡胶试样孔洞数量如表4所示。由表4可知,随着循环次数的增加,试样表面孔洞增多,粗糙程度增大,原因为高低温交替过程会使硅橡胶材料裂解产生CH4等气体[23]。故可通过表面孔洞、粗糙程度特征量定量表征复合绝缘子的老化程度。
介质损耗因数(tanδ)是绝缘材料在交流电压作用下衡量介质损耗的参数,固体绝缘的介质损耗由极化和电导两种物理过程产生[24]。采用得福电气有限公司生产的DF6000型异频抗介质损耗测试仪对硅橡胶试样进行频域室温介电谱测试,测试频率为50 Hz,接线采用反接法,电压为7 kV,结果如表5所示。由表5可知,随着高低温循环老化次数的增加,硅橡胶试样的tanδ值逐渐增大,表明高低温交替作用增强了硅橡胶材料的电导和极化两个物理过程。
绝缘电阻是判断绝缘材料绝缘性能最基本的一项指标。采用西安安泰测试设备有限公司生产的TH2829C型自动元件分析仪进行测试,测试频率为120 Hz,绝缘电阻测试结果列于表5。由表5可知,随着高低温循环老化次数的增加,硅橡胶试样的绝缘电阻值呈先增大后减小的趋势,表明高低温交替作用对硅橡胶载流子迁移通道和迁移速率产生了影响。
通过平衡溶胀法测试试样的交联密度,具体操作方法参见文献[25],交联密度计算公式如式(1)所示,结果列于表5
交联密度=Wg-Wd/WdK+1
式(1)中:Wg为试样初始质量;Wd为最终质量;K为溶剂的密度比。
表5可知,随着高低温循环次数的增加,硅橡胶试样的交联密度呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,表明高低温交替作用使硅橡胶分子中聚二甲基硅氧烷键发生断裂,交联网络被破坏。
表6列举了章节2所涉及的12项老化评估特征量,通过Fisher Score特征选择算法,去除无关紧要或庸余的特征,从而构建实用的特征空间,提出一种便捷、准确的老化评估方法。
首先将数据集中n个样本划分为C个类ω1ω2…,ωC,其中每一类分别包含ni个样本,定义数据集中第k个特征的类间方差为SB(k)SB(k)值可由式(2)计算得到。
SB(k)=i=1Cnin(mi(k)-m(k))2
式(2)中:mi(k)为第i类样本、第k个特征的平均值;m(k)为总样本在第k个特征值的平均值。
定义数据集中第k个特征的类内方差为Sw(k),则Sw(k)值可由式(3)计算所得。
Sw(k)=1ni=1Cxωi(x(k)-mi(k))2
式(3)中:x(k)为样本x在第k个特征的值;mi(k)为第i类样本、第k个特征值的平均值。
最后计算数据集中第k个特征值的Fisher Score值JFisher(k),计算公式如式(4)所示。
JFisher(k)=SB(k)Sw(k)
选取未处理、高低温循环60次、90次和120次试样,进行4类试样的多种性能测试试验,对试样试验数据即特征值进行Fisher线性判别,将其划分为两类:原始试样特征值作为第ω1类样本,ω1类中ni为1;循环不同次数的老化试样特征值作为第ω2类样本,ω2ni为3。求得k个特征值的Fisher Score(FC)值如图8所示,从图中可以看出老化特征序号为1、4、9和12的FC值最大,相关性最高,说明拉伸强度、介质损耗因数tanδ、TGA最终剩余比例和Si-OH透过率下降率4项特征量与大温差环境复合绝缘子老化程度存在显著的相关性,故这4项特征量可用于复合绝缘子老化程度便捷、准确的老化评估。
A2A3A4A5复合绝缘子伞裙按1.1方式进行试样裁剪和清洁预处理,测试其4项显著相关老化特征量,结果如表7所示。由表7可知,随着老化年限的增加,硅橡胶的拉伸强度和Si-OH透过率下降率不断下降,介质损耗因数不断增大,这与高低温循环不同次数的试样性能变化呈现相同规律;而TGA最终剩余比例呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而随着高低温循环次数增加,硅橡胶试样TGA最终剩余比例只增不减,与大温差环境模拟实验性能变化规律不同,造成这一现象的原因可能是绝缘子生产厂家的配方中基胶与填料的比例因年限不同而有所改变。
BP神经网络是信号前传、误差反传的一种多层前馈神经网络,网络权值和阈值随着预测误差不断调整,从而使BP神经网络预测结果持续逼近期望结果,在电力设备绝缘寿命预测中得到广泛应用[26-27],BP神经网络的拓扑结构如图9所示。遗传算法(GA)具有良好的全局搜索能力、较难陷入局部最优解等优点[28],通过GA优化BP神经网络可提高模型收敛成功的确定性。
计算神经网络模型前,将30组老化特征量数据打乱,排除原始数据聚集导致的学习片面。选择A1A5 5种复合绝缘子30组老化特征量数据,其中对同一型号的复合绝缘子构建5组老化特征量,将25组特征量作为训练集;对每种年限的复合绝缘子特征量数据各取1组老化特征量,共计5组定义为测试集。
对BP神经网络系统进行寿命预测参数训练,系统均方误差随隐含层数的变化如图10所示。通过不断调整中间神经元个数,使系统达到收敛,结果发现隐含层有4个神经元时均方误差最小,故建立图9所示BP神经网络模型。
对数据进行归一化处理,选取初始权值为(-1,1)范围内的随机值。
输入层到隐含层的激活函数选择Sigmoid函数,隐含层到输出层选择Purelin作为激活函数。确定学习率为0.01,模型训练次数设置为1 000,训练目标设置为0.000 1。
(1)染色体编码
本文采取实数编码方式,其编码流程简单而且不容易陷入局部最优值,将种群个体以实数串编译,神经网络结构的编码形式如图11所示,权值和阈值的总数即为染色体编码的长度,采用式(5)计算。
D=a×b+b+b×c+c
式(5)中:输入层节点数a为4;隐含层节点数b为4;输出层节点数c为1。得出编码长度D为25。
(2)适应度函数
预测输出和期望输出之间的误差绝对值作为个体适应度用F表示,由公式(6)计算。
F=k×(i=1jabs(Ti-Yi))
式(6)中:j为神经网络输出节点个数;Ti为实际数据;Yi为预测输出数据;k为系数。
(3)改进选择算子
在种群寻优的流程中,引入改进的随机反向学习策略(ROBL),将上下界个体解之和与当前个体解做差,差值记为反向解,比较反向解和当前个体解两者的适应度函数值,采用最优保存策略择优迭代,这样可改善种群群体平均适应度,且种群多样性得到维护。ROBL采用式(7)的变异公式。
mutation(x)=xmin+xmax-rx
式(7)中:x为个体原本的位置,x的上下界由xmaxxmin表示;r为[0,1]之间的随机数。
(4)交叉算子
交叉是对选择的2个种群个体按照一定概率进行交叉得到新个体。本文采取实数编码方式,所以交叉方式为实数交叉法,第ab个染色体XaXb在第i位的交叉方法见式(8),式中m为[0,1]区间内的随机数。
Xbi=Xbi(1-m)+aaimXai=Xai(1-m)+abim
(5)变异算子
变异是对随机选择的1个种群个体按照一定概率变异得到新个体。对第a个个体的第b个基因进行变异的方法由公式(9)给出。
Xab=Xab+(Xmin-Xab) · f(c) , r0.5Xab+(Xab-Xmax) · f(c) , r>0.5
式(9)中:XmaxXmin分别表示基因Xab的上界、下界;fc=g2(1-c/Cmax)c迭代次数,Cmax是最大进化次数,g2是[0,1]范围内的1个随机数。
(6)改进的交叉概率和变异概率
交叉概率Pc和变异概率Pm的默认值取值范围为[0.3,0.8]和[0.001,0.1]。PcPm的选取会直接影响GA收敛速度和全局寻优能力。因此,在改进遗传算法时,对PcPm进行动态调整,分别如式(10)式(11)所示。
pc=0.5×11+eμx+0.3
pm=0.09911+e-μx+0.001
式(10)~(11)中:x是迭代系数,x=20nnmax-1-20nmax-1-10nmax代表最大迭代次数,n代表当前迭代次数;μ代表缩放系数。
随着迭代次数的增加,变异概率Pm从最小值0.001增大至0.1,交叉概率Pc从最大值0.8减小至0.3。迭代前期较大的PcPm使全局搜索扩大,迭代后期的PcPm较小可提高收敛速度。
(7)确定模型输入变量
遗传算法参数的选择决定其性能的优劣。种群规模默认取值范围为20~100,规模太小会使算法解陷入局部最优,本文种群规模数选取50。GA和改进GA优化算法的最优个体适应度值曲线如图12所示。由图12可知,改进GA迭代163次后适应度趋于稳定,而GA迭代500次后适应度仍未稳定,说明改进GA具有较快的收敛速度,因此改进GA迭代次数设置为500。
本文预测算法优劣的标准通过平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方误差(MSE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和决定系数(R2)进行衡量,设n代表测试集中样本数量,yi代表预测点的真实值,预测值设置为y^i,平均值设置为y¯i,公式如式(12)~(15)所示。
MAE=i=1nyi-y^in
MSE=1ni=1n(yi-y^i)
RMSE=1ni=1n(yi-y^i)2
R2=1-i=1n(y^i-yi)2i=1n(yi-y¯i)
其中MSE、MAE、MBE值可反映模型的预测效果,值越小说明预测效果越好,即拟合结果越接近于实际值[29]。决定系数R2[0,1]可反映函数的拟合优度,算法的拟合能力越强,其值则越接近1。
参数设置完成后,将25组训练集、5组测试集分别交给改进GA-BP神经网络和BP神经网络完成网络的训练过程,模型预测效果评价指标如表8所示。
表8可知,与BP神经网络模型相比,在平均绝对误差MAE、均方误差MSE、平均偏方误差MBE指标值上,改进GA-BP神经网络模型在测试集和训练集上均具有更小值,决定系数R2值均更接近1。测试样本实际值与预测值比较曲线如图13所示,其中采用BP神经网络模型对老化11年的1组试样进行误差检验,得到其偏差为27.88%,而采用改进GA-BP神经网络模型的偏差仅为2.33%,5组复合绝缘子的运行寿命预测值与实际年限之间的误差均在5%以内,预测误差曲线走势更贴近真实结果。说明改进GA-BP模型的预测精度更高,且具有更强的非线性学习能力。因此本文提出的基于改进GA-BP神经网络模型的预测方法可对复合绝缘子运行寿命预测提供指导。
(1)通过对未处理、高低温循环60次、90次和120次试样的多种性能进行测试,对试样特征值进行Fisher线性判别,将其划分为两类,通过计算12个特征量的Fisher Score值,得出拉伸强度、介质损耗因数tanδ、TGA最终剩余比例和Si-OH透过率下降率4项特征量的FC值最大,相关性最高。
(2)随着复合绝缘子在大温差环境运行年限的增加,硅橡胶的拉伸强度、tanδ和Si-OH透过率下降率不断增大,而TGA最终剩余比例呈现先增大后减小的趋势。
(3)基于相关性特征量对在役复合绝缘子进行性能测试和结果分析,提出了一种改进遗传算法优化BP神经网络的预测算法。该算法改进了最优保存策略选择算子、迭代过程动态调整了变异概率和交叉概率,使改进GA-BP网络改善了网络的收敛性能,提高了预测精度,可为大温差环境复合绝缘子运行寿命确定提供指导。
  • 中国南方电网重点科技项目(CGYKJXM20220103)
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2024年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.007
  • 接收时间:2023-08-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-10
  • 修回日期:2023-12-22
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中国南方电网重点科技项目(CGYKJXM20220103)
作者信息
    1南昌工程学院 电气工程学院,江西 南昌 330099
    2江西省高压大功率电力电子与电网智能量测 工程研究中心,江西 南昌 330099
    3南方电网超高压输电公司大理局,云南 大理 671014

通讯作者:

许志浩(1988-),男(汉族),湖北武汉人,讲师,博士,研究方向为电力设备智能检测与人工智能的应用。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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