Article(id=1210590155619046173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697472000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-17, revisedDate=1699977600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766556784776, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766556784776, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766556784776, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766556784776, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210590152548807015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='165', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766556784044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563998200, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620410958312217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620410958312218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210590155891675935, articleId=1210590155619046173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of physical structure and chemical modification of molecular sieves on adsorption properties of C4F7N and its decomposition products, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The new environmentally friendly insulating medium C4F7N gas mixture will decompose under long-term overheating and partial discharge conditions, and some of the decomposition products will not only affect the stable operation of gas-insulated switchgear, but also cause personal safety hazards. Therefore, the internal of equipment need equip with adsorption materials to adsorb the decomposition products. Molecular sieves, with wide variety and ionic modification space, are regarded as the most promising adsorbent materials for the treatment of C4F7N decomposition products. In this paper, the adsorption isotherms and adsorption sites of 11 kinds of pure silica-type molecular sieves (three kinds with cage structure characteristics and eight kinds with pore structure characteristics) on C4F7N and its decomposition products were investigated by molecular dynamics calculations. Then the adsorption energy, electron transfer, and density of states parameters of ZSM molecular sieves modified by the cation (H+, Na+, Mn2+, and Fe2+) on C4F7N and its decomposition products were obtained based on density functional theory (DFT). The molecular dynamics results reveal that the molecular sieve topology and the window size between gas molecules and molecular sieve are important factors affecting the adsorption process. The density functional calculations show that the modification of Mn2+ and Fe2+ ions could effectively enhance the adsorption effect of ZSM molecular sieves on the decomposition products of C4F7N, and the adsorption process is chemisorption. During the adsorption, the main action site of C4F7N is C≡N bond, the main action site of C2F6 is C=C double bond and F atom, and the main action site of C3F8, C2F6, and CF4 is F atom.

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新型环保绝缘介质C4F7N混合气体在长期过热和局部放电条件下会发生分解,部分分解产物不仅影响气体绝缘开关柜稳定运行,还对人身安全造成危害。因此设备内部需要配有吸附材料对分解产物进行吸附处理。分子筛种类繁多且具有离子改性空间,被视为最有潜力处理C4F7N分解产物的吸附材料。本文通过分子动力学计算探究了11种纯硅型分子筛(3种具有笼道结构特征,8种具有孔道结构特征)对C4F7N及其分解产物的吸附等温线及吸附位。然后基于密度泛函理论(DFT)得到了阳离子(H+、Na+、Mn2+和Fe2+)改性后ZSM分子筛对C4F7N及其分解产物的吸附能、电子转移以及态密度等参数。分子动力学结果表明,分子筛拓扑结构、气体分子与分子筛窗口尺寸大小等特性是影响吸附过程的重要因素。密度泛函计算结果表明,Mn2+离子和Fe2+离子改性可以有效提升ZSM分子筛对C4F7N分解产物的吸附效果,且吸附过程为化学吸附。吸附时,C4F7N的主要作用位点为C≡N键,C2F6的主要作用位点为C=C双键及F原子,C3F8、C2F6和CF4的主要作用位点为F原子。

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肖焓艳(1992-),女(汉族),湖北天门人,高级工程师,博士,长期从事开关设备研制与应用、运维检修和状态评估以及设备可靠性等研究工作;

刘伟豪(1999-),男(汉族),甘肃武威人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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figureFileSmall=TY0/ArfBQ77aPx8t3mMp0g==, figureFileBig=XDyXXdiezgf0TJNcObQz9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218262754973106432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155619046173, language=CN, label=图11, caption=C4F7N、C3F8、C3F6、C2F6和CF4的HOMO/LUMO轨道, figureFileSmall=TY0/ArfBQ77aPx8t3mMp0g==, figureFileBig=XDyXXdiezgf0TJNcObQz9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218262755140878599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155619046173, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Atomic charge distribution of five fluorocarbon gases, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分子原子电荷/C
CFN
C4F7N0.78, 0.454, 0.78, 0.234-0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26-0.428
C3F80.78, 0.52, 0.78-0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26
C3F60.78, 0.13, 0.26-0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.13, -0.13, -0.13
C2F60.78, 0.78-0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26
CF41.04-0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755203793166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155619046173, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

5种氟碳气体的原子电荷分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分子原子电荷/C
CFN
C4F7N0.78, 0.454, 0.78, 0.234-0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26-0.428
C3F80.78, 0.52, 0.78-0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26
C3F60.78, 0.13, 0.26-0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.13, -0.13, -0.13
C2F60.78, 0.78-0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26
CF41.04-0.26, -0.26, -0.26, -0.26
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755287679252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155619046173, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Atomic Lennard-Jones parameters in molecular sieves, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原子σε/(kJ/mol)
Si(ATS, BEA, BOG, CAN, CHA, LAU, LTA, MTW, STT, TON, ZSM)4.271.30
O(BEA, CAN, CHA, STT, TON, ZSM)3.400.40
O(ATS , BOG, LAU, LTA, MTW)3.800.40
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755384148251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155619046173, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

分子筛中的原子Lennard-Jones参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原子σε/(kJ/mol)
Si(ATS, BEA, BOG, CAN, CHA, LAU, LTA, MTW, STT, TON, ZSM)4.271.30
O(BEA, CAN, CHA, STT, TON, ZSM)3.400.40
O(ATS , BOG, LAU, LTA, MTW)3.800.40
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分子筛物理结构和化学改性对C4F7N及其分解产物吸附特性的影响
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肖焓艳 1 , 李洪涛 1 , 丁然 2 , 赵科 1 , 高山 1 , 卞超 3 , 田双双 4 , 刘伟豪 4 , 罗韦丰 4
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(9): 26-36
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(9): 26-36
分子筛物理结构和化学改性对C4F7N及其分解产物吸附特性的影响
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肖焓艳1, 李洪涛1, 丁然2, 赵科1, 高山1, 卞超3, 田双双4, 刘伟豪4, 罗韦丰4
作者信息
  • 1国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 GIS设备运维检修技术实验室,江苏 南京 211103
  • 2国网江苏省电力有限公司,江苏 南京 211103
  • 3国网江苏省电力有限公司检修分公司, 江苏 南京 211103
  • 4湖北工业大学 电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430068
  • 肖焓艳(1992-),女(汉族),湖北天门人,高级工程师,博士,长期从事开关设备研制与应用、运维检修和状态评估以及设备可靠性等研究工作;

    刘伟豪(1999-),男(汉族),甘肃武威人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

Effect of physical structure and chemical modification of molecular sieves on adsorption properties of C4F7N and its decomposition products
Hanyan XIAO1, Hongtao LI1, Ran DING2, Ke ZHAO1, Shan GAO1, Chao BIAN3, Shuangshuang TIAN4, Weihao LIU4, Weifeng LUO4
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Laboratory of GIS Operation and Maintenance Technology, State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Research Institute, Nanjing 211103, China
  • 2State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
  • 3Maintenance Company of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211103, China
  • 4School of Electrical and Electronic Enginering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
出版时间: 2024-09-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.003
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新型环保绝缘介质C4F7N混合气体在长期过热和局部放电条件下会发生分解,部分分解产物不仅影响气体绝缘开关柜稳定运行,还对人身安全造成危害。因此设备内部需要配有吸附材料对分解产物进行吸附处理。分子筛种类繁多且具有离子改性空间,被视为最有潜力处理C4F7N分解产物的吸附材料。本文通过分子动力学计算探究了11种纯硅型分子筛(3种具有笼道结构特征,8种具有孔道结构特征)对C4F7N及其分解产物的吸附等温线及吸附位。然后基于密度泛函理论(DFT)得到了阳离子(H+、Na+、Mn2+和Fe2+)改性后ZSM分子筛对C4F7N及其分解产物的吸附能、电子转移以及态密度等参数。分子动力学结果表明,分子筛拓扑结构、气体分子与分子筛窗口尺寸大小等特性是影响吸附过程的重要因素。密度泛函计算结果表明,Mn2+离子和Fe2+离子改性可以有效提升ZSM分子筛对C4F7N分解产物的吸附效果,且吸附过程为化学吸附。吸附时,C4F7N的主要作用位点为C≡N键,C2F6的主要作用位点为C=C双键及F原子,C3F8、C2F6和CF4的主要作用位点为F原子。

C4F7N  /  分解产物  /  分子筛  /  吸附作用

The new environmentally friendly insulating medium C4F7N gas mixture will decompose under long-term overheating and partial discharge conditions, and some of the decomposition products will not only affect the stable operation of gas-insulated switchgear, but also cause personal safety hazards. Therefore, the internal of equipment need equip with adsorption materials to adsorb the decomposition products. Molecular sieves, with wide variety and ionic modification space, are regarded as the most promising adsorbent materials for the treatment of C4F7N decomposition products. In this paper, the adsorption isotherms and adsorption sites of 11 kinds of pure silica-type molecular sieves (three kinds with cage structure characteristics and eight kinds with pore structure characteristics) on C4F7N and its decomposition products were investigated by molecular dynamics calculations. Then the adsorption energy, electron transfer, and density of states parameters of ZSM molecular sieves modified by the cation (H+, Na+, Mn2+, and Fe2+) on C4F7N and its decomposition products were obtained based on density functional theory (DFT). The molecular dynamics results reveal that the molecular sieve topology and the window size between gas molecules and molecular sieve are important factors affecting the adsorption process. The density functional calculations show that the modification of Mn2+ and Fe2+ ions could effectively enhance the adsorption effect of ZSM molecular sieves on the decomposition products of C4F7N, and the adsorption process is chemisorption. During the adsorption, the main action site of C4F7N is C≡N bond, the main action site of C2F6 is C=C double bond and F atom, and the main action site of C3F8, C2F6, and CF4 is F atom.

C4F7N  /  decomposition products  /  molecular sieves  /  adsorption
肖焓艳, 李洪涛, 丁然, 赵科, 高山, 卞超, 田双双, 刘伟豪, 罗韦丰. 分子筛物理结构和化学改性对C4F7N及其分解产物吸附特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (9) : 26 -36 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.003
Hanyan XIAO, Hongtao LI, Ran DING, Ke ZHAO, Shan GAO, Chao BIAN, Shuangshuang TIAN, Weihao LIU, Weifeng LUO. Effect of physical structure and chemical modification of molecular sieves on adsorption properties of C4F7N and its decomposition products[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (9) : 26 -36 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.003
C4F7N是一种新型环保绝缘介质,因其具有优异的绝缘性能和环保性能而备受关注。在相同压力下,其介电强度约为传统绝缘介质SF6的两倍[1]。通用电气公司已将C4F7N混合气体应用于420 kV GIL、245 kV TA、145 kV GIS中[2-3]。国家电网公司、南方电网公司多个采用C4F7N混合气体的10~110 kV环保绝缘电气设备已经挂网运行,正拟大面积推广使用[4-5]。然而在气体绝缘设备运行过程中,绝缘介质会在电弧放电和局部放电故障中发生分解。F MEYER等[6]基于145 kV GIS样机对6%C4F7N/4.9%O2/89.1%CO2混合气体进行开断试验,结果发现试验后C4F7N含量降低了0.48%;各类分解产物中CO含量最高(1.91%),CF4、C2F6、C3F8的总含量为0.22%,COF2、CF3CN含量分别为0.012%、0.017%,其他组分的含量均在0.004%以下。值得注意的是,C4F7N混合气体的部分分解产物会影响混合气体的绝缘性能且具有毒性,给电气设备的正常运行和人们的身体健康带来不利影响[7-9]。因此绝缘设备中常常会配有吸附剂,对分解产物进行吸附,以此保证以C4F7N混合气体为绝缘介质的开关设备长期稳定运行。
国内外学者针对C4F7N分解产物的吸附处理进行了大量研究。肖淞等[10]研究了目前SF6设备中广泛应用的γ-Al2O3对C4F7N-N2混合气体及其分解产物的吸附特性,结果表明γ-Al2O3对混合气体分解产生的CF3CN、C3F6、C2F5CN、CF4、C2F6具有较好的吸附效果,但也导致主绝缘气体C4F7N含量大幅下降,因此γ-Al2O3不适宜用作C4F7N-N2混合气体绝缘设备的吸附剂或干燥剂。侯华等[11]也基于试验和理论研究了A型分子筛对C4F7N分解产物的吸附效果,结果表明孔径较大的5A分子筛能够很好地吸附C4F7N分解产物中的氰类气体,但对于体积较大的碳氟类气体吸附效果不明显。赵明月等[12]测试了 γ-Al2O3和分子筛(3A、4A和5A)对C4F7N-CO2及其混合气体分解产物的吸附特性,发现4类吸附剂对全氟化碳类产物(CF4、C2F6、C3F8等)、CO2和CO的吸附效果较弱,对C2N2均能有效吸附,但3A和4A分子筛对CF3CN的吸附效果较差,C2F5CN则仅能由 γ-Al2O3吸附。由于γ-Al2O3对C4F7N表现出强吸附作用,不适合作为C4F7N混合气体设备吸附剂使用,而5A分子筛相较于3A、4A分子筛表现出更优异的吸附性能,因此具备应用潜力。目前分子筛种类繁多,并且分子筛内部的Si原子可以被Al原子替换,使其骨架整体带负电荷,从而需要骨架外阳离子来补偿,因此分子筛还具有很大的改性空间[13]
为进一步挖掘不同分子筛及其阳离子改性对绝缘气体碳氟分解产物的吸附潜能,本文选用不同结构且孔径范围与C4F7N分解产物相近的11种纯硅型分子筛,通过分子动力学计算探究分子筛物理结构对C4F7N及其分解产物的吸附规律,然后选择ZSM分子筛建立团簇模型,基于密度泛函方法研究ZSM分子筛经多种阳离子(H+、Na+、Mn2+和Fe2+)改性后对C4F7N及其分解产物的吸附作用,获取吸附能、电子转移等参数,揭示分解产物气体与分子筛的相互作用机理,研究结果可为C4F7N环保绝缘气体开关柜中吸附材料的选择提供参考。
搭建碳氟气体分子模型,使用Materials Studio软件中Dmol3模块寻找5种气体(C4F7N、C3F8、C3F6、C2F6、和CF4)分子能量最低的构型。11种分子筛骨架结构(ATS、BEA、BOG、CAN、CHA、LAU、LTA、MTW、STT、TON、ZSM)均由国际分子筛数据库中导入。模拟过程中认为分子筛和气体分子是刚性结构,且采用周期性边界条件,截断半径遵循小于模拟盒子最短边一半的原则[14]。采用Forcite模块对分子筛进行构型优化。在Grand Canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC)模拟中,抽样方法采用Metropolis方法,其中分子交换、分子构象异构化、分子转动、分子平动被接受的概率分别为39%、20%、20%、20%。采用PCFF力场[15](PCFF力场可以更好地描述纯硅型分子筛与吸附质之间较弱的范德华作用力);气体分子的Lennard-Jones参数使用的是PCFF力场的初始参数;5种氟碳气体的原子电荷分布如表1所示;分子筛的Lennard-Jones参数如表2所示,其中ε为势能阱的深度,σ为相互作用的势能正好为零时的距离;采用Charge Equilibration(QEq)分配电荷量[17];采用Ewald加和方法计算静电作用;采用Atom based方法计算范德华作用。
对整个分子筛晶胞采取密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT)进行研究,计算量极大,因此本文采用分子筛活性位的原子团簇代替分子筛[16-17]。根据GCMC模拟得到的关于C4F7N及其分解产物在纯硅型分子筛中的吸附规律,选择ZSM分子筛建立原子簇模型,进而利用DFT计算方法研究C4F7N及其分解产物在ZSM分子筛团簇模型中的吸附机理。选择ZSM分子筛内的十元环作为分子筛团簇模型,该模型可提供最大的可用空间,可以较为容易的使客体分子接近活性位点。所有计算利用Materials Studio软件中的Dmol3模块完成。计算过程中的具体参数设置如下:计算方法为广义梯度近似(GGA),所选交换相关能函数为BLYP,基组采用可极化的双数基组(DNP),中心电子的处理用有效核心势(DSPP),系统自旋非限制,自洽迭代计算(SCF)参数的设置确保总能量收敛至1×10-5 Ha。
为了分析C4F7N及其分解产物对分子筛团簇结构的吸附特性,本文将气体分子在团簇中吸附过程的能量变化作为分子筛团簇结构对该气体的吸附能,吸附过程中的吸附能Ead式(1)所示[18]
Ead=EX-ZSM/gas-EX-ZSM-Egas
式(1)中:EX-ZSM/gas表示气体吸附于改性体系的总能量;EX-ZSM表示改性后分子筛团簇的总能量;Egas表示气体分子的总能量。
通过Mulliken方法计算吸附体系的电荷转移量ΔQ,计算式如式(2)所示。
ΔQ=Q1-Q2
式(2)中:Q1表示吸附后气体分子的电荷量;Q2表示吸附前气体分子的电荷量。若ΔQ>0,表明在吸附过程中气体分子失去电子;若ΔQ<0,表明在吸附过程中气体分子得到电子。
图1为11种纯硅型分子筛对C4F7N及其4种分解产物的吸附等温线。从图1可以看出,C4F7N在气压较低时就已经开始被吸附,其中CHA、LTA和BEA分子筛都表现出对C4F7N较强的吸附能力。CHA分子筛是具有三维拓扑结构的笼道型分子筛,其窗口由双六元环与八元环(3.8 Å×3.8 Å)组成,椭圆形笼腔大小为6.7 Å×10 Å。当C4F7N挤进CHA分子筛笼内后,便较难扩散出去。LTA分子筛为笼道型分子筛,其具有11.7Å的超笼,因此可以容纳较多的C4F7N分子[19]。BEA分子筛为孔道型分子筛,拥有较大的比表面积,因此可为C4F7N提供更多的吸附位点[20]。然而MTW、TON、LAU和CAN分子筛对C4F7N的吸附效果并不理想,这可能与它们的孔道结构相关[21]。它们一维的孔道结构使C4F7N更易扩散,不利于吸附。LAU分子筛在压力较低时对C4F7N的吸附量很低,但是随着压力升高,吸附量却几乎呈线性增加。这个现象可以通过空间位阻效应解释,LAU分子筛是一种窄口径分子筛,C4F7N分子体积较大,两者空间位阻效应显著,使得C4F7N开始时难以进入LAU分子筛孔道,而随着压力升高,逐渐进入LAU分子筛孔道的C4F7N又不易扩散[22]。ZSM分子筛孔径约为5.8 Å,与C4F7N的分子动力学直径相近,但ZSM分子筛内没有类似于CHA、LTA和BEA分子筛的笼腔,因此其对C4F7N一直维持较低的吸附量。C3F8和C3F6的分子动力学直径与C4F7N相近,因此它们的吸附规律也相似,LTA、BEA和CHA分子筛都对C3F8和C3F6表现出较强的吸附能力,而MTW、TON、LAU和CAN分子筛对C3F8和C3F6的吸附效果并不理想。
C2F6与CF4的分子动力学直径小于上述3种分子,因此吸附规律也略有不同。LTA分子筛对C2F6与CF4具有出色的吸附能力,可能是因为这两种气体的分子动力学直径与LTA分子筛窗口尺寸(4.1 Å×4.1 Å)相近,分子筛壁面与吸附质之间相互作用力更强,并且由于LTA分子筛本身笼腔空间大,因而可以吸附更多的气体分子。CHA分子筛对两种气体分子均产生较强的吸附作用,这是因为CHA分子筛是具有三维拓扑结构的笼道型分子筛,且窗口较小,当两种气体分子挤进分子筛笼内后,便较难扩散出去。ATS分子筛不具备高比表面积,且其通道为一维结构,然而ATS拥有椭圆通道(尺寸为6.5 Å×7.5 Å),其通道算术平均孔径为7 Å,约为C2F6与CF4分子动力学直径的2倍,两种气体分子均沿其孔道并列两排分布,因而吸附量较高[23]。MTW、TON、LAU分子筛对C2F6与CF4的吸附效果并不理想,这可能与它们的孔道结构相关。它们一维的孔道结构使C2F6与CF4更易扩散,不利于吸附。
CHA、LTA和BEA分子筛虽然对碳氟分解产物有较强的吸附效果,但是由于3种分子筛对主绝缘气体C4F7N产生较强的吸附效果,因此这3种分子筛吸附剂材料无法用于C4F7N类新型环保气体绝缘设备内部消除分解产物气体,这可能导致主要绝缘气体C4F7N的消耗,进而影响绝缘安全,但3种分子筛可用于C4F7N的废气处理。而ZSM分子筛对C4F7N表现出较低的吸附量,且对其他4种碳氟分解产物均表现出良好的吸附性能。因此ZSM分子筛在环保绝缘开关柜中具有较好的应用潜力。
气体分子在分子筛内的分布是有规律的,且与分子筛及其吸附的气体分子种类有关。根据GCMC模拟得到的一系列构型统计计算可以获得吸附质分子在分子筛孔道内的粒子云分布图,通过这些信息可以进一步了解吸附质在分子筛孔道内各位置的分布情况。图2为C4F7N与CF4在11种分子筛骨架中的粒子云分布图。从图2可以清晰地看出,对于CHA、LTA、STT分子筛,分子主要吸附于它们的笼腔内。对于具有一维孔道的CAN、LAU、MTW、TON、ATS分子筛,吸附质分子主要沿着它们的主孔道轴线分布。对于ZSM分子筛,由于CF4动力学直径较小,主要分布于其孔道内,而C4F7N由于分子动力学直径较大,几乎全部分布于孔道交叉部位。对于BEA、BOG分子筛,因其较大的孔径能够为吸附质分子提供足够的容纳空间,因而分子主要分布于它们的孔道内部。
按照试验方法中所述,截取ZSM分子筛中的十元环作为团簇模型,团簇的边界用氢原子封闭。ZSM分子筛具有12个不同的Al原子替换位,研究发现T12位是Al原子的最佳取代位置[24],因此将团簇模型中T12位的Si原子替换为Al原子,并将改性阳离子(H+、Na+、Mn2+和Fe2+)吸附于Al原子附近。4种改性分子筛团簇模型如图3所示。图中H与Al原子旁的O原子成键,形成的H-O键,键长为0.977 Å;Na与Al原子旁的O原子成键,键长为2.184 Å;Fe与Al原子旁的两个O分别成键,键长分别为2.102 Å和2.045 Å;Mn也与Al原子旁的两个O原子分别成键,键长分别为2.004 Å和1.761 Å。图4为4种改性分子筛团簇模型的总态密度。如图4所示,在掺杂金属阳离子Na+、Mn2+和Fe2+之后,团簇结构的总态密度整体向能量更低处移动,说明掺杂后的团簇结构变得更加稳定。掺杂后态密度的形状几乎没有改变,印证了在阳离子掺杂后并不会改变分子筛团簇结构。
C4F7N及其分解产物与H-ZSM分子筛团簇结构的吸附结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,在吸附过程中主要是F原子与H作用,C4F7N、C3F8、C3F6、C2F6和CF4的吸附距离分别是1.918、2.759、2.107、2.690、2.707 Å。C4F7N的吸附能最大,为-0.667 eV,CF4的吸附能最小,为-0.253 eV。在吸附后,整个吸附体系结构基本没有改变,且在吸附过程中几乎未发生电子转移,这也表明H-ZSM分子筛对于C4F7N及其分解产物的吸附效果较差,吸附过程均属于物理吸附。
C4F7N及其分解产物与Na-ZSM分子筛团簇结构的吸附结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,相比于H-ZSM的吸附结果,C4F7N、C3F8、C3F6、C2F6和CF4在Na-ZSM中的吸附距离均变小,分别为1.896、2.340、2.019、2.398、2.340 Å。5种气体分子中离Na离子最近的C-F键分别增加了0.008、0.041、0.010、0.007、0.009 Å。吸附能相比于H-ZSM有较好的提升,分别为-1.083、-1.080、-1.515、-0.878、-0.806 eV,但与H-ZSM一样几乎未发生电子转移。综合来看,C4F7N及其分解产物在Na-ZSM中的吸附过程均属于物理吸附,主要作用力仍然是范德华力。
C4F7N、C3F8、C3F6、C2F6和CF4与Mn-ZSM分子筛团簇结构的吸附结果及在Mn-ZSM分子筛上的局部态密度分别如图7图8所示。从图7可以看出,改性离子Mn主要与C4F7N的N、C原子相互作用,而在其他气体分子中Mn主要是与F原子或C原子相互作用。C4F7N中靠近Mn的C≡N键长未有明显变化,电子转移为0.709 e。吸附时C4F7N总是以C≡N键的方向靠近Mn。对C4F7N吸附过程中C原子和N原子的态密度进行分析,如图8(a)所示,Mn的3d轨道与C的2p轨道、N的2p轨道在-5~0 eV之间存在明显重叠,表明这些轨道之间存在强烈的杂化。Mn与C原子和N原子成键,吸附作用属于化学吸附。
在C3F8的吸附过程中,Mn离最近的F原子距离为1.925 Å,并且该C-F键长增加了0.192 Å,电子转移为0.667 e。根据图8(b)中的局部态密度发现,Mn的3d轨道与F的2p、C的2p轨道在-5~0 eV之间产生重叠,印证了Mn与C3F8的C和F分别成键,吸附作用属于化学吸附。
在C3F6的吸附过程中,F原子和C原子离Mn的距离分别为1.976 Å和1.921 Å,吸附能为-2.578 eV,电子转移为0.525 e。根据图8(c)中的局部态密度可以发现,Mn与C和F在-10~-5 eV之间存在明显的杂化,证明C3F6的F原子和C原子分别与Mn成键,该吸附过程属于化学吸附。
在C2F6的吸附过程中,吸附能为-2.391 eV,吸附距离为1.839 Å,电子转移为0.561 e。根据图8(d)中的局部态密度发现,F原子的2p与Mn原子的3d轨道存在明显杂化,但C原子与Mn未发生明显杂化。因此在此吸附过程中主要是F原子与Mn成键。
CF4在Mn-ZSM团簇结构上的吸附距离为2.343 Å,吸附能为1.442 eV,几乎不发生电子转移。同时结合图8(e)的局部态密度发现,CF4中的C与F未发现与Mn各轨道之间发生明显杂化。这可能是因为CF4分子体积较小,因而在团簇内活动范围较大。并且由于CF4高度对称,整体上可视为不带电的刚性分子,导致掺杂后对其吸附作用不明显。
C4F7N、C3F8、C3F6、C2F6和CF4与Fe-ZSM分子筛团簇结构的吸附结果及在Fe-ZSM分子筛上的局部态密度分别如图9图10所示。
图9可以看出,C4F7N中C原子与N原子与Fe的距离分别为1.918 Å和1.924 Å,吸附能为2.017 eV。靠近Fe的C-H键长增长了0.104 Å,电子转移为0.457 e。根据图10(a)中的局部态密度发现,Fe的3d轨道与N的2p、C的2p轨道在-7.5~-5 eV的范围内产生明显的重叠,产生了杂化作用,印证了Fe和C4F7N里的N、C分别成键。
在C3F8的吸附过程中,C3F8和Fe的吸附距离为2.197 Å,吸附能为-1.840 eV,电子转移为-0.421 e。由于Fe-ZSM分子筛团簇的吸附作用,导致离Fe最近的C-F键长增长了0.212 Å。根据图10(b)中的局部态密度发现,Fe的3d轨道与F的2p轨道在-5~-2.5 eV范围内重叠明显,而与C原子轨道重叠较少,因此在吸附过程中,Fe主要是与C3F8中的F原子成键。
在C3F6的吸附过程中,C3F6的C=C双键中C原子与F原子是主要的吸附作用位点。吸附后的C=C双键相对于吸附之前增长了0.102 Å,C-F键长增长了0.094 Å,电子转移为0.521 e。根据图10(c)的局部态密度发现,Fe的3d轨道与F的2p、C的2p轨道存在明显重叠,证明了Fe会与C3F6中的F原子、C原子分别成键。
在C2F6的吸附过程中,C2F6的吸附能为-1.902 eV,发现电子转移为-0.491 e。与Fe距离最近的C-F键的键长在吸附后增加了0.179 Å。根据图10(d)的局部态密度发现,Fe与F的2p轨道产生了较强的杂化,而与C原子的各轨道并未产生明显的杂化。C2F6在被吸附时的主要作用位点依然是F原子。
在CF4的吸附过程中,CF4的吸附能为-1.668 eV,吸附距离为1.987 Å,电子转移为0.446 e。根据图10(e)中Fe、F、C原子的局部态密度发现,Fe的3d轨道与F的2p轨道有明显的重叠,产生了较强的杂化,但Fe与C的轨道重叠面积很少,未产生明显的杂化。因此在对CF4的吸附过程中Fe主要是与F成键。综合来看,经过Fe掺杂后的ZSM分子筛均会与C4F7N及其4种分解产物产生化学吸附。
在Mn和Fe改性的吸附过程中,C4F7N总是以C≡N键的方向靠近Mn,C3F6总是以C=C双键的方向靠近改性离子。基于前线分子轨道理论对C4F7N和C3F6的电子结构进行研究,有助于对这一现象进行解释。通过前线分子轨道理论的分析,可以找到分布在费米能级附近的最高占据轨道(HOMO)和最低未占据轨道(LUMO),它们是分子和电子结构分析中最重要的电子轨道[25-27]图11为气体分子的HOMO/LUMO轨道波函数的电子云,图中蓝色和绿色分别表示波函数的正相和负相。
图11可以看出,无论是HOMO轨道还是LUMO轨道,C4F7N和C3F6的电子云主要分布在C≡N键和C=C双键周围。这意味着电子在C≡N键和C=C双键周围运动的概率比其他区域更高,因此电子的得失过程更有可能发生,表明在C4F7N的C≡N键和C3F6的C=C双键附近与固体表面的相互作用更容易。而C3F8、C2F6和CF4由于具有高度对称性,其所有C-F键是等价的,而氟原子具有较高的电负性和较低的配位数,因此氟原子是潜在的相互作用位点。
(1)具有笼型结构特征的CHA、LTA分子筛由于具有较大的笼腔,对C4F7N及其分解产物均表现出良好的吸附能力;具有孔型结构特征的BEA分子筛由于拥有较大的孔道,对C4F7N及其分解产物也保持较高的吸附量。MTW、TON、LAU和CAN分子筛由于其一维的孔道结构容易使气体分子扩散,导致其吸附效果较差。ZSM分子筛对C4F7N表现出较低的吸附量,且对其他4种碳氟分解产物均表现出良好的吸附性能,因此ZSM分子筛在环保绝缘开关柜中具有较好的应用潜力。综合来看,分子筛拓扑结构、气体分子与分子筛窗口尺寸大小等特性是影响吸附过程的重要因素。
(2)相对于H-ZSM,在ZSM中引入金属离子会明显提升ZSM分子筛对C4F7N及其分解产物的吸附作用。掺杂Na离子后虽提升了ZSM吸附能力,但其吸附过程仍然是物理吸附,主要作用力是范德华力。掺杂Mn离子和Fe离子后,吸附过程为化学吸附,主要产生的力是分子间作用力。其中C4F7N的主要作用位点为C≡N键,C3F6的主要作用位点为C=C双键及F原子。而C3F8、C2F6和CF4由于具有高度对称性,在C-F键中氟原子具有较高的电负性和较低的配位数,因此氟原子是潜在的相互作用位点。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52107145)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金创新群体项目(2021CFA025)
  • 国网江苏省电力有限公司科技项目(J2020038)
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2024年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.003
  • 接收时间:2023-10-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-17
  • 修回日期:2023-11-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52107145)
湖北省自然科学基金创新群体项目(2021CFA025)
国网江苏省电力有限公司科技项目(J2020038)
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    1国网江苏省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 GIS设备运维检修技术实验室,江苏 南京 211103
    2国网江苏省电力有限公司,江苏 南京 211103
    3国网江苏省电力有限公司检修分公司, 江苏 南京 211103
    4湖北工业大学 电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430068
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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