Article(id=1210590155149275505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1698681600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-31, revisedDate=1704384000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766556784664, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766556784664, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766556784664, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766556784664, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210590152548807015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='165', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766556784044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563998200, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620410958312217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620410958312218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210590155405128053, articleId=1210590155149275505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Comparative study on performance of thermoplastic polyethylene-based cable insulating mateirals with domestic and imported base materials, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polyethylene-based non-crosslinked cable insulation materials have better electrical and mechanical properties, simpler processing, lower energy consumption than XLPE, and can recycle, which are one of the most promising new environmentally friendly cable insulation materials. In this paper, LLDPE/HDPE blending insulating materials with different ratios were prepared using domestically produced base materials, and their electrical, mechanical, rheological, and thermal and oxygen aging resistance properties were tested and compared with the blending materials prepared by imported base materials. The results show that both the domestic and imported blending materials have the best electrical properties and mechanical properties when the mass ratio of LLDPE and HDPE is 7:3. The electrical properties of the domestic blending materials are similar to those of the imported blending materials at the optimal ratio, but the tensile strength is lower. There is a significant difference between domestic and imported blending materials in thermal and oxygen ageing resistance. Through the molecular weight and its distribution test, infrared spectroscopy analysis, it is found that the branching degree of domestic LLDPE is similar to that of imported LLDPE, but its molecular weight distribution range is wider and there is an obvious long-tailed distribution in the direction of low molecules, which may be one of the reasons for the lower tensile strength and antioxidant properties of domestic blending materials.

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聚乙烯基非交联电缆绝缘材料具有优于XLPE的电气性能和力学性能,加工工艺简单、生产能耗低并可回收,是最具应用前景的新型环保电缆绝缘材料之一。本文采用国产基料制备不同配比的LLDPE/HDPE共混绝缘材料,对其电气、力学、流变和抗热氧老化性能进行测试,并与进口基料制备的共混材料进行对比。结果表明:国产与进口共混材料都在LLDPE、HDPE质量比为7∶3时表现出最佳的电气性能和力学性能。最优质量比下国产共混材料的电气性能与进口共混材料表现相近,但拉伸强度较低。在抗热氧老化性能上,国产共混材料与进口共混材料相比有明显差距。通过分子量及其分布测试、红外光谱分析发现,国产LLDPE的支化度和进口LLDPE相近,但其分子量分布范围更宽,且低分子方向存在明显长尾分布,这可能是导致国产共混材料拉伸强度和抗氧化性能较低的原因之一。

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张宏(1970-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。
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常柏源(1998-),男(汉族),山东潍坊人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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常柏源(1998-),男(汉族),山东潍坊人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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常柏源(1998-),男(汉族),山东潍坊人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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caption=不同温度下国产、进口70L-30H共混材料的黏度随剪切速率变化曲线, figureFileSmall=XSgce94Eq5LNx4xnY88E3A==, figureFileBig=C5EE1pnggn+jJftmT14PLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218262753458962584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Change in colour of specimens of domestic and imported 70L-30H blending materials with ageing time, figureFileSmall=Ypua2X0mq00/Cb+i9GaIIg==, figureFileBig=n+5wia7v7ZUOSdliJXkZYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218262753534460065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=CN, label=图9, caption=国产、进口70L-30H共混材料试样颜色随老化时间的变化, figureFileSmall=Ypua2X0mq00/Cb+i9GaIIg==, figureFileBig=n+5wia7v7ZUOSdliJXkZYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218262753664483497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Variation of carbonyl index for domestic and imported 70L-30H blending materials with ageing time, figureFileSmall=lf4bjriLrdtAJlDvp8x07w==, figureFileBig=2nRYUGRUPAFLkC/s/18hyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218262753786118321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=CN, label=图10, caption=国产、进口70L-30H共混材料羰基指数随老化时间的变化规律, figureFileSmall=lf4bjriLrdtAJlDvp8x07w==, figureFileBig=2nRYUGRUPAFLkC/s/18hyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218262753886781626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Molecular weight and distribution curves of domestic and imported LLDPE and HDPE resins, figureFileSmall=JkqYc2h9vBm00rlV3BzFqQ==, figureFileBig=8ianWBdtumZuqdrCVx50Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218262753970667713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=CN, label=图11, caption=国产和进口LLDPE、HDPE树脂分子量及分布曲线, figureFileSmall=JkqYc2h9vBm00rlV3BzFqQ==, figureFileBig=8ianWBdtumZuqdrCVx50Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218262754067136712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Infrared spectra of domestic and imported LLDPE resin, figureFileSmall=jAZ7vHnFjJjZglPwaSHuOg==, figureFileBig=vyvbHQVHySCObxR771kLGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218262754167800012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=CN, label=图12, caption=国产、进口LLDPE树脂的红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=jAZ7vHnFjJjZglPwaSHuOg==, figureFileBig=vyvbHQVHySCObxR771kLGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218262754398486740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Parameters of domestic and imported base materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基料厂家牌号密度/(g/cm3)
国产LLDPE广州石化DFDA 70420.918
国产HDPE大庆石化5000S0.951
进口LLDPE北欧化工FB23000.923
进口HDPE美国陶氏DGDK33640.945
), ArticleFig(id=1218262754507538651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国产和进口基料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基料厂家牌号密度/(g/cm3)
国产LLDPE广州石化DFDA 70420.918
国产HDPE大庆石化5000S0.951
进口LLDPE北欧化工FB23000.923
进口HDPE美国陶氏DGDK33640.945
), ArticleFig(id=1218262754616590563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Crystallisation and melting parameters of domestic and imported 70L-30H blending materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Tm/℃Hm/(J/g)Xc/%
国产70L-30H128.24129.1544.95
进口70L-30H127.60136.1347.38
), ArticleFig(id=1218262754704670956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国产、进口70L-30H共混材料的结晶、熔融参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Tm/℃Hm/(J/g)Xc/%
国产70L-30H128.24129.1544.95
进口70L-30H127.60136.1347.38
), ArticleFig(id=1218262754771779827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison on electrical properties of domestic and imported 70L-30H blending materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品国产70L-30H进口70L-30H
εr2.182.26
tanδ/(×10-4)1.321.61
体积电阻率/(×1015 Ω·m)2.843.23
电气强度/(kV/mm)104.2106.4
), ArticleFig(id=1218262754851471609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

国产、进口70L-30H共混材料的电气性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品国产70L-30H进口70L-30H
εr2.182.26
tanδ/(×10-4)1.321.61
体积电阻率/(×1015 Ω·m)2.843.23
电气强度/(kV/mm)104.2106.4
), ArticleFig(id=1218262754922774783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Comparison on mechanical properties of domestic and imported 70L-30H blending materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
力学性能国产70L-30H进口70L-30H
弹性模量/MPa351.14449.71
拉伸强度/MPa23.6831.22
屈服强度/MPa14.1416.72
断裂伸长率/%846.38828.68
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755015049477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

国产、进口70L-30H共混材料的力学性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
力学性能国产70L-30H进口70L-30H
弹性模量/MPa351.14449.71
拉伸强度/MPa23.6831.22
屈服强度/MPa14.1416.72
断裂伸长率/%846.38828.68
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755174433034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Melt index of domestic and imported base resins and blending materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基料熔融指数/(g/10min)
国产LLDPE1.89
国产HDPE1.05
进口LLDPE0.2
进口HDPE0.75
国产70L-30H1.69
进口70L-30H0.53
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755266707729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

国产、进口基体树脂和共混材料熔融指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基料熔融指数/(g/10min)
国产LLDPE1.89
国产HDPE1.05
进口LLDPE0.2
进口HDPE0.75
国产70L-30H1.69
进口70L-30H0.53
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755379953946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Oxidation induction period of domestic and imported matrix resins and blending materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料氧化诱导期/min
国产LLDPE9
国产HDPE89
进口LLDPE34
进口HDPE107
国产70L-30H12
进口70L-30H90
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755480617250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

国产、进口基体树脂和共混材料的氧化诱导期

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料氧化诱导期/min
国产LLDPE9
国产HDPE89
进口LLDPE34
进口HDPE107
国产70L-30H12
进口70L-30H90
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755602252071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=Molecular weight of different grades of base materials and its distribution analysis results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基料Mw/(×104 g/mol)Mn/(×104 g/mol)PDI
国产LLDPE20.937.422.82
进口LLDPE12.484.502.77
国产HDPE10.982.444.51
进口HDPE9.591.635.89
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755690332462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同牌号基料分子量及其分布分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基料Mw/(×104 g/mol)Mn/(×104 g/mol)PDI
国产LLDPE20.937.422.82
进口LLDPE12.484.502.77
国产HDPE10.982.444.51
进口HDPE9.591.635.89
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755753247029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=Infrared spectral analysis results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目国产LLDPE进口LLDPE
C=C键0.0580.076
C=O键0.610.72
支化度47.5145.45
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755866493242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590155149275505, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

红外光谱分析结果

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项目国产LLDPE进口LLDPE
C=C键0.0580.076
C=O键0.610.72
支化度47.5145.45
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国产与进口基料热塑性聚乙烯基电缆绝缘料性能对比研究
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常柏源 , 张梦琪 , 姚崇 , 付帅帅 , 张宏 , 高景晖
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(9): 37-46
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(9): 37-46
国产与进口基料热塑性聚乙烯基电缆绝缘料性能对比研究
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常柏源, 张梦琪, 姚崇, 付帅帅, 张宏, 高景晖
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 常柏源(1998-),男(汉族),山东潍坊人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

通讯作者:

张宏(1970-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。
Comparative study on performance of thermoplastic polyethylene-based cable insulating mateirals with domestic and imported base materials
Baiyuan CHANG, Mengqi ZHANG, Chong YAO, Shuaishuai FU, Hong ZHANG, Jinghui GAO
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2024-09-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.004
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聚乙烯基非交联电缆绝缘材料具有优于XLPE的电气性能和力学性能,加工工艺简单、生产能耗低并可回收,是最具应用前景的新型环保电缆绝缘材料之一。本文采用国产基料制备不同配比的LLDPE/HDPE共混绝缘材料,对其电气、力学、流变和抗热氧老化性能进行测试,并与进口基料制备的共混材料进行对比。结果表明:国产与进口共混材料都在LLDPE、HDPE质量比为7∶3时表现出最佳的电气性能和力学性能。最优质量比下国产共混材料的电气性能与进口共混材料表现相近,但拉伸强度较低。在抗热氧老化性能上,国产共混材料与进口共混材料相比有明显差距。通过分子量及其分布测试、红外光谱分析发现,国产LLDPE的支化度和进口LLDPE相近,但其分子量分布范围更宽,且低分子方向存在明显长尾分布,这可能是导致国产共混材料拉伸强度和抗氧化性能较低的原因之一。

热塑性电缆绝缘材料  /  非交联聚乙烯  /  理化性能  /  热氧老化  /  分子量分布

Polyethylene-based non-crosslinked cable insulation materials have better electrical and mechanical properties, simpler processing, lower energy consumption than XLPE, and can recycle, which are one of the most promising new environmentally friendly cable insulation materials. In this paper, LLDPE/HDPE blending insulating materials with different ratios were prepared using domestically produced base materials, and their electrical, mechanical, rheological, and thermal and oxygen aging resistance properties were tested and compared with the blending materials prepared by imported base materials. The results show that both the domestic and imported blending materials have the best electrical properties and mechanical properties when the mass ratio of LLDPE and HDPE is 7:3. The electrical properties of the domestic blending materials are similar to those of the imported blending materials at the optimal ratio, but the tensile strength is lower. There is a significant difference between domestic and imported blending materials in thermal and oxygen ageing resistance. Through the molecular weight and its distribution test, infrared spectroscopy analysis, it is found that the branching degree of domestic LLDPE is similar to that of imported LLDPE, but its molecular weight distribution range is wider and there is an obvious long-tailed distribution in the direction of low molecules, which may be one of the reasons for the lower tensile strength and antioxidant properties of domestic blending materials.

thermoplastic cable insulation materials  /  non-cross-linked polyethylene  /  physical and chemical property  /  thermo-oxidative ageing  /  molecular weight distribution
常柏源, 张梦琪, 姚崇, 付帅帅, 张宏, 高景晖. 国产与进口基料热塑性聚乙烯基电缆绝缘料性能对比研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (9) : 37 -46 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.004
Baiyuan CHANG, Mengqi ZHANG, Chong YAO, Shuaishuai FU, Hong ZHANG, Jinghui GAO. Comparative study on performance of thermoplastic polyethylene-based cable insulating mateirals with domestic and imported base materials[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (9) : 37 -46 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.004
近年来,由于地区电网、长距离海底电缆系统和大城市电网互联的发展需要,高压电缆凭借传输距离远、传输容量大、传输损耗小等优点,其需求与日俱增[1-3]。交联聚乙烯(cross linked polyethylene,XLPE)因具有优异的电气性能、力学性能和耐热性能,被广泛应用于高压电缆主绝缘材料[4-6]。但由于XLPE在交联生产过程中需要高温高压环境,生产时间长、能耗高,且退役后的XLPE材料难以二次利用,大多进行焚烧或掩埋处理,与环保发展理念相背驰。因此,亟待开发绿色、低碳、低能耗、低污染的环境友好型电缆产品[7-8]
热塑性电缆绝缘材料主要包含聚乙烯基材料和聚丙烯基材料两类。近年来,聚乙烯基热塑性电缆绝缘共混材料的研究主要围绕低密度聚乙烯(low density polyethylene,LDPE)和高密度聚乙烯(high density polyethylene,HDPE)展开[9-12]。但是LDPE和HDPE的分子量大小和分子链线性度存在较大差异,熔融温差大,结晶时存在分布结晶现象,物理共混后材料内部界面效应明显,工频运行下介质损耗高。
线性低密度聚乙烯(linear low density polyethylene,LLDPE)具有与LDPE相近的密度与结晶度,常温下具有较好的柔韧性[13];而且其分子链结构规整,支化度低,熔点达到125℃左右,与HDPE相匹配[14]。西安交通大学钟力生团队[15-16]提出LLDPE/HDPE共混体系,研究发现LLDPE和HDPE材料具有较好的相容性,在结晶过程中两种基体树脂可形成较好的共晶结构。当LLDPE与HDPE质量比为 7∶3时,共混材料表现出最佳的电气性能和力学性能,并优于XLPE。另外通过研究共混材料的电树枝、水树生长过程发现,LLDPE/HDPE共混材料具有比XLPE更好的耐电老化性能[17]。ZHANG K等[18]研究发现,与XLPE相比,LLDPE/HDPE共混材料具有更为完善的微晶和均匀的球晶结构,在30~90℃温度范围内电阻及其温度稳定性优于XLPE材料。
由于不同厂家不同牌号的基体树脂的生产设备、制备工艺和生产环境不同,电缆绝缘材料的性能存在一定差异。为更好地改善非交联乙烯基电缆绝缘料的性能,实现国产LLDPE/HDPE共混非交联电缆绝缘材料的开发与生产,本文以国内企业生产的LLDPE、HDPE为研究对象,基于共混材料的电气性能和力学性能,寻求作为LLDPE/HDPE非交联电缆绝缘料的最佳配比并与进口共混材料进行对比,最后通过对基料的平均分子量大小及分布、支化度、内部分子结构及基团的测试,分析国产材料与进口材料之间性能差异的原因。
本文选用的国产和进口基料的生产企业、牌号如表1所示。
按照配比,将LLDPE和HDPE粒料混合后采用双螺杆挤出机熔融共混,挤出机内各区温度依次设定为140、150、160、170、180、150℃,螺杆转速设定为200~250 r/min。挤出后经过水冷,连接切粒机造粒。然后利用平板硫化机在170℃、10 MPa下压制成片,冷却后放入70℃烘箱中烘焙24 h消除历史应力,待用。
将不同配比LLDPE/HDPE共混材料标记为 aL-bH,其中a和b分别代表LLDPE和HDPE在共混材料中的质量占比。
使用瑞士METTLER公司的DSC822E型差示扫描量热仪(DSC)表征共混材料的熔融和结晶参数,升温速率为10℃/min。
使用吉士利6517B/E型高阻计测试共混材料的直流体积电阻率,并使用HI-R test软件读取数据;使用2801型西林电桥测试共混材料工频下的相对介电常数和介质损耗因数,测试电压为1 kV;采用国产HJC-100kV型击穿试验仪测试共混材料的工频电气强度,电极选用直径为25 mm的球-球电极,样品厚度为0.2 mm。
拉伸试验按照GB/T 1040.3—2006进行,使用美斯特工业系统的5kNCMT-4503型万能电子拉力机测试应力-应变曲线,试样为标准哑铃型(厚度为1 mm,宽度为4 mm),拉伸速率为50 mm/min;使用瑞士METTLER TOLEDO公司SDTA861e型动态热机械测试仪(DMA)测试共混材料的黏弹性随温度的变化规律,试样尺寸为50 mm×10 mm×4 mm;使用MFI-2322型熔体流动速率仪测量聚乙烯及其共混物的熔融指数,试验温度为190℃,负重为2.16 kg。
采用美国安捷伦1260 Infinity Ⅱ型高温凝胶渗透色谱仪对国产和进口基体树脂的分子量及其分布进行测量。
使用美国Thermofisher Scientific公司Nicolet iN10+iZ10型傅里叶显微红外光谱仪对LLDPE分子结构进行测量,试样厚度为200 μm。
氧化诱导期(oxidation induction period, OIT)是指试样在高温(200℃)氧气条件下开始发生自动催化氧化反应的时间。测试采用瑞士Mettler公司的DSC822E型差示扫描量热仪[19],取(5±0.5)mg样品装入坩埚中,在氮气气氛下,以10℃/min的升温速率从30℃升温到200℃,恒温5 min后,切换到氧气气氛,保持200℃恒温,以此时为氧化诱导期起点。观察热效应,在热流曲线出现氧化放热拐点5 min后停止试验,从曲线上得到试样开始氧化的时间,计算氧化诱导期。
图1为国产LLDPE/HDPE共混材料拉伸强度和断裂伸长率随HDPE含量的变化规律。从图1可以看出,随着HDPE含量的增加,共混材料的断裂伸长率呈线性增长,从807.18%增加到979.12%,而拉伸强度无明显变化规律。当LLDPE、HDPE质量比为7∶3时,共混材料的拉伸强度为23.68 MPa,优于其他相邻配比,仅低于纯HDPE树脂。
图2为LLDPE/HDPE共混材料体积电阻率和电气强度随HDPE含量的变化趋势。从图2可以看出,当LLDPE、HDPE质量比为7∶3(70L-30H)时,共混材料的体积电阻率和电气强度表现最佳。
因此,综合材料力学性能和电学性能来看,国产基体树脂制备的LLDPE/HDPE共混材料在LLDPE、HDPE质量比为7∶3时性能最佳。
已有研究表明[15-16],进口LLDPE/HDPE共混材料从电气性能和力学性能来看最佳质量比也是 7∶3。LI L Z等[20]认为在LLDPE、HDPE质量比为 7∶3时形成了厚晶片和特殊网络形态的聚集态结构,从而增强了材料的机械韧性和电气强度。
虽然选用的是不同牌号的LLDPE、HDPE基体树脂,但其基本组成结构相似,制备的共混材料改性机理相同,在同一质量比下均表现出最优性能。
图3图4分别为国产、进口70L-30H共混材料的放热和吸热DSC曲线。
从图34可以看出,两种共混材料的熔融曲线和结晶曲线形状相似且只有单一熔融峰和结晶峰,熔融峰温度Tm和结晶峰温度Tc接近,表明两种共混材料中LLDPE和HDPE相容性好,内部相态结构基本相同[21]
根据DSC熔融曲线计算了两种共混材料的熔融焓和结晶度,结果如表2所示,结晶度Xc计算公式如式(1)所示。
Xc=ΔHmΔH100×100%
式(1)中:∆Hm为共混材料的熔融焓;∆H100为聚乙烯100%结晶时的熔融焓,本文选用287.3 J/g[22]
表2可以看出,国产共混材料和进口共混材料的结晶度分别为44.95%、47.38%,国产共混材料的结晶度略低于进口共混材料。
国产和进口70L-30H共混材料的电气性能参数如表3所示,所有测试均在室温条件下进行。从表3可以看出,两种共混材料的相对介电常数(εr)和介质损耗因数(tanδ)相近。聚乙烯为非极性电介质,仅存在电子位移极化,因此介电常数较小。国产和进口共混材料的体积电阻率相差不大,都在1015 Ω·m数量级,介质损耗因数仅在10-4数量级,均低于常规XLPE的体积电阻率和介质损耗因数[15]
图5为国产和进口70L-30H共混材料的电气强度Weibull分布图。从图5可以看出,进口和国产共混材料的电气强度基本相同,分别为106.4 kV/mm和104.2 kV/mm,形状参数β分别为11.84和9.79,表明进口共混材料的电气强度分散性较小。
对进口和国产70L-30H共混材料的拉伸性能进行测试,图6为对应的应力-应变曲线。从图6可以看出,两条曲线的变化趋势基本相同,均有明显的屈服点,表明拉伸过程中两种样品都出现应变软化现象。
拉伸测试所得的力学性能参数如表4所示,从表中可以看出,国产共混材料的屈服强度和断裂伸长率与进口共混材料相差不大,但弹性模量和拉伸强度低于进口共混材料。一般情况下,聚合物的结晶度增大,材料的弹性模量、拉伸强度和屈服强度会增加,但断裂伸长率会下降。从表2中两种材料的结晶度可以看出,国产共混材料的结晶度略低于进口材料,可以认为这是导致两种材料力学性能差异的原因之一[23]。但国产共混材料的拉伸强度明显低于进口共混材料,这也许和材料分子量及其分布等因素有关。
储能模量是描述材料在受力时抵抗弹性变形能力的重要物理量。国产与进口70L-30H共混材料的储能模量随温度的变化如图7所示。从图7可以看出,随着温度的升高,两种材料的储能模量都呈下降趋势,在温度为20~70℃范围内,两种材料的储能模量下降速度较慢且基本相同。在温度更高时,进口共混材料的储能模量下降速度明显加快,在温度102℃附近,储能模量已低于国产共混材料。一般认为低温段储能模量的降低是由于热膨胀效应导致分子结构松散而产生的,而高温段和材料结晶结构的破坏有关[24]。对于LLDPE/HDPE共混材料,从图4的DSC熔融曲线可以看出,在温度高于70℃后,材料部分微晶和薄晶片开始融化,因此储能模量下降速度加快。
对于挤包绝缘电缆来说,绝缘材料的流变性能和加工性能密切相关。表5给出了国产和进口70L-30H共混材料的熔融指数,分别为1.69 g/10min和0.53 g/10min,国产70L-30H共混材料的熔融指数明显高于进口共混材料。
图8为国产、进口70L-30H共混材料在不同温度下的黏度随剪切速率的变化曲线。从图8可以看出,两种共混材料都表现出假塑性流体行为,黏度随着剪切速率的增大而减小。低剪切速率时,进口共混材料的黏度高于国产共混材料,并且进口共混材料的黏度对剪切速率的变化更为敏感。随着温度升高,两种共混材料的黏度都减小。在相同剪切速率下,相较于进口共混材料,国产共混材料的黏度随温度升高而下降的比例更大。
聚合物黏度和温度、剪切速率的关系是分子结构、分子量及其分布等参数共同作用的结果。两种共混材料流变性能的差异说明国产和进口共混材料在分子结构和分子量上具有差别。
常规XLPE电缆绝缘材料标准规定在135℃条件下进行加速热老化实验,但聚乙烯基非交联共混材料的熔融温度在127℃附近,低于135℃,因此本文选择在125℃进行加速热老化试验。图9为国产、进口70L-30H共混材料试样外观颜色随老化天数的变化情况。从图9可以看出,两种材料的颜色随老化时间的增加而加深,尤其是国产70L-30H共混材料在120天时局部出现深黄色,说明发生了严重的老化。
羰基指数常用来表征材料老化产物含量,可利用红外光谱获取材料的羰基指数,其值为1 850~1 690 cm-1吸收峰面积与1 480~1 450 cm-1吸收峰面积的比值[25]图10为不同老化天数下国产、进口70L-30H共混材料羰基指数的变化趋势。从图10可以看出,前90天两种材料的羰基指数基本一致,都随老化时间的增加而增大。但当老化天数达到120天时,国产共混材料的羰基指数骤增到4.08,远高于进口共混材料的0.52,说明国产共混材料发生了严重的热氧老化反应。
表6给出了国产和进口70L-30H共混材料的氧化诱导期,从表中可以看出,国产70L-30H共混材料的氧化诱导期为12 min,进口70L-30H共混材料的氧化诱导期为90 min,远高于国产共混材料。结合材料老化外观颜色变化和羰基指数测量结果可知,国产70L-30H共混材料的抗热氧老化能力较进口共混材料存在明显差距。
从上述性能对比分析可知,国产与进口共混材料在电气性能上差别不大,但国产70L-30H共混材料的拉伸强度较低,同时在抗热氧老化能力上明显低于进口共混材料。
基料的分子量和微观结构与LLDPE/HDPE共混材料的性能密切相关。首先,对基体树脂的分子量及其分布进行测试。图11为国产和进口LLDPE、HDPE的分子量分布曲线,表7列出了对应参数。由表7可知,国产和进口HDPE材料的重均分子量(Mw)分别为10.98×104 g/mol和9.59×104 g/mol,分子量大小相近;进口LLDPE的重均分子量为12.48×104 g/mol,而国产LLDPE的重均分子量为20.93×104 g/mol,明显高于进口LLDPE。
分子量分布的分散性通常用多分散系数(PDI)表示,其值为材料重均分子量与数均分子量之比。从表7可以看出,进口HDPE的PDI值大于国产HDPE,从图11(b)也可以看出,进口HDPE分布曲线形状和国产类似,但半峰宽较大,说明进口HDPE分子量分散性较大。国产和进口LLDPE的PDI值相近,分别为2.82和2.77。但从图11(a)可以看出,两者分布曲线形状有较大区别,虽然国产LLDPE的半峰宽略窄,但在低分子侧有显著的长尾现象,分子量大小区间范围明显宽于进口LLDPE。
其次,利用红外光谱法对两种LLDPE树脂支化度和不饱和度进行测试。图12为两种LLDPE树脂的红外光谱图,从图中可以看出两种LLDPE树脂红外吸收光谱所包含的分子结构信息基本相同。以1 378 cm-1处甲基的振动吸收峰强度(A1378cm-1)和2 019 cm-1处亚甲基的振动吸收峰面积(S2019cm-1)计算支化度,计算公式[26]式(2)所示。
N2=A1378cm-1/S2019cm-1-1.5×10-25.56×10-3
式(2)中,N2表示1 000个碳上所含有的支链数。
两种LLDPE树脂的支化度结果如表8所示,从表中可以看出两种LLDPE树脂的支化度相近。
另外,受聚合工艺及乙烯原料的限制,聚乙烯在合成过程中不可避免地会在大分子中引入不饱和双键,其中以C=O和C=C为主,可能会影响材料的抗氧化性能。从图12可以看出,两种材料中均出现了C=O和C=C键的特征峰,分别位于1 730 cm-1 [27]和1 637 cm-1 [28]处。以2 019 cm-1处亚甲基的吸收峰作为内标峰,以C=O和C=C键的特征峰面积与亚甲基吸收峰面积的比值表征C=O和C=C两种官能团含量,计算结果如表8所示。从表8中数据看出,进口LLDPE树脂中C=O和C=C双键含量略高于国产LLDPE。
一般来说,在相同结晶条件下,分子量越小,结晶速度越快,高聚物的结晶度越高[29-31]。国产HDPE分子量与进口HDPE相近,但国产LLDPE平均分子量高于进口LLDPE,可以认为这是导致同样配比下国产共混材料结晶度略低的重要原因。
除结晶度之外,低支化度和窄的分子量分布也可以使得高聚物具有较高的拉伸强度。从表4可以看出,相较于进口70L-30H共混材料,国产70L-30H共混材料的拉伸强度较低。这可能是由于国产LLDPE分子量分布范围更宽,分子链的长短差异更为显著,且结晶程度更低造成的[32-33]
高聚物的流变性能也受到分子量及其分布和支化度的影响。一般来说,短支链越少,平均分子量越大,长支链越多越长,高聚物的零剪切黏度更大[34]。本文使用的国产和进口LLDPE的支化度相近,红外光谱测试无法精确表征支链的长短,因此很难通过支化度对材料的流变特性进行准确分析,但国产LLDPE分子量分布范围更宽,特别是小分子方向存在明显拖尾,这是导致国产共混材料低剪切速率时黏度更小的原因之一。此外从图11(a)可以看出,国产LLDPE的分布曲线半峰宽小于进口LLDPE,这可能是导致国产70L-30H共混材料黏度随剪切速率变化较为缓慢的原因之一。
表6也给出了国产和进口基料的氧化诱导期。从表6可以看出,国产和进口HDPE的抗氧化能力都远高于相对应的LLDPE。同时,国产LLDPE和HDPE的氧化诱导期都远低于进口LLDPE和HDPE。特别是国产LLDPE的氧化诱导期仅有 9 min,而国产70L-30H共混材料的氧化诱导期也仅有12 min,远低于国产HDPE,可见国产共混材料的氧化诱导期主要受LLDPE基体树脂的影响。
对于聚乙烯树脂而言,基料支化度、分子量大小及其分布、不饱和官能团和所含杂质及其含量是影响氧化诱导期的重要因素。理论上来讲,高聚物支化度和不饱和度越低、相对分子质量越高、分子量分布越窄,树脂的氧化诱导期越长。
国产和进口LLDPE在支化度上没有较大差距,而国产LLDPE的不饱和键含量略低于进口LLDPE,但从试验结果来看,进口共混材料的氧化诱导期远大于国产共混材料,抗氧化能力远高于国产共混材料。分析原因,国产LLDPE分子量分布范围更宽,含有较多低分子量分子,增大了聚乙烯基体中分子间间距,氧气易于在材料中扩散,降低了材料的抗热氧化能力。同时,国产共混材料的密度和结晶度均略低于进口共混材料,这说明在国产样品内无定型区体积占比稍高于进口样品。相较于结晶区,材料内无定型区内分子更容易被氧化。
另外,由表5可知,国产基料的熔融指数远高于进口同类产品。这表明相较于进口材料,国产材料在熔融状态下的黏度更低,氧气更易于扩散,因此200℃下测试的氧化诱导期更短。
本文选取了国内外生产的LLDPE、HDPE基体树脂,采用熔融共混法制备了非交联聚乙烯基共混电缆绝缘材料,研究了国产共混材料和进口共混材料的性能差异,得到以下结论:
(1)与进口共混材料相同,国产共混材料在LLDPE、HDPE质量比为7∶3时表现出最佳的电气性能与力学性能。
(2)进口与国产70L-30H共混材料的电气性能相近,介质损耗因数在10-4数量级,体积电阻率在1015 Ω·m数量级,工频电气强度在100 kV/mm以上。
(3)国产和进口70L-30H共混材料的断裂伸长率和屈服强度相近,但国产70L-30H共混材料的拉伸强度为23.68 MPa,低于进口70L-30H共混材料的拉伸强度31.22 MPa。
(4)国产基料和共混材料的抗氧化性能远低于进口同类产品,可能与国产和进口LLDPE分子量分布特征有关。国产LLDPE分布曲线半峰宽更窄,但PDI值更高,而且在低分子侧有显著的长尾现象,分子量分布范围明显宽于进口LLDPE,分子链的长短不均一性更为明显。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.004
  • 接收时间:2023-10-31
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-31
  • 修回日期:2024-01-05
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    西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

张宏(1970-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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