Article(id=1210590153324753258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700841600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-25, revisedDate=1705939200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766556784230, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766556784230, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766556784230, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766556784230, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210590152548807015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='165', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766556784044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563998200, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620410958312217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620410958312218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=47, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210590154721456494, articleId=1210590153324753258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of antioxidant grafting on space charge and breakdown properties of polypropylene insulation, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper focuses on the effect of melt radical graft modification of hindered phenolic antioxidant (AO3052) on the space charge and breakdown properties of polypropylene (PP) insulation. The DC conductivity, space charge distribution, and DC breakdown characteristics of grafted polypropylene with different antioxidant contents were tested and compared with the unmodified polypropylene. The results show that the antioxidants grafting can increase the sensitivity of conductivity to temperature and improve the conductivity activation energy of the samples. The 0.5% antioxidant grafting is effective in improving the space charge accumulation problem and reducing the degree of electric field distortion of PP. The DC electric strength of PP at 90℃ increases by 31.3%, and the ageing electric strength of PP at 90℃ increases by 36.1%, which is attributed to the ability of 0.5% antioxidant grafting in inhibiting the space charge accumulation. The energy band structure analysis suggests that the antioxidant grafting modification can introduce more local energy levels and potential traps in the forbidden bands of PP, which inhibits the charge transport. Meanwhile, the phenolic hydroxyl groups in the hindered phenolic antioxidants can scavenge the free radicals in PP, and the combined effect of the two enhances the breakdown performance of PP.

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本文重点研究受阻酚类抗氧化剂(AO3052)熔融自由基接枝改性对聚丙烯(PP)绝缘空间电荷与击穿性能的影响。对不同抗氧剂含量的接枝聚丙烯进行了直流电导、空间电荷分布和直流击穿特性测试,并与未改性聚丙烯进行对比。结果表明:抗氧剂接枝会增大试样体电导率对温度的敏感性,提高试样的电导活化能。0.5%抗氧剂接枝可以有效改善PP的空间电荷积聚问题,降低电场畸变程度,将90℃下PP的直流电气强度提高了31.3%,同时将90℃下PP的老化电气强度提高了36.1%,这归因于0.5%抗氧剂接枝对空间电荷积聚的抑制能力。通过能带结构分析认为,抗氧剂接枝改性可在PP的禁带中引入更多局域能级与电势阱,抑制电荷输运,同时受阻酚类抗氧剂中的酚羟基可以清除PP中的自由基,二者综合作用提升了PP的击穿性能。

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赵旭阳(1989-),男(汉族),浙江东阳人,高级工程师,主要从事电力器材检测的研究工作。

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赵旭阳(1989-),男(汉族),浙江东阳人,高级工程师,主要从事电力器材检测的研究工作。

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赵旭阳(1989-),男(汉族),浙江东阳人,高级工程师,主要从事电力器材检测的研究工作。

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抗氧剂接枝对聚丙烯绝缘空间电荷与击穿性能的影响研究
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赵旭阳 1 , 柯定芳 1 , 孙国宁 2 , 谢声益 1 , 吴芳芳 1 , 李忠磊 2 , 杜伯学 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(9): 47-57
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(9): 47-57
抗氧剂接枝对聚丙烯绝缘空间电荷与击穿性能的影响研究
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赵旭阳1, 柯定芳1, 孙国宁2, 谢声益1, 吴芳芳1, 李忠磊2, 杜伯学2
作者信息
  • 1浙江华电器材检测研究院有限公司 国家电网公司电力器材安全性能检测技术实验室, 浙江 杭州 310007
  • 2天津大学 电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津 300072
  • 赵旭阳(1989-),男(汉族),浙江东阳人,高级工程师,主要从事电力器材检测的研究工作。

Effect of antioxidant grafting on space charge and breakdown properties of polypropylene insulation
Xuyang ZHAO1, Dingfang KE1, Guoning SUN2, Shengyi XIE1, Fangfang WU1, Zhonglei LI2, Boxue DU2
Affiliations
  • 1SGCC-Testing Technology Laboratory of Electrical Equipment Safety Performance, Zhejiang Huadian Equipment Testing and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China
  • 2School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
出版时间: 2024-09-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.005
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本文重点研究受阻酚类抗氧化剂(AO3052)熔融自由基接枝改性对聚丙烯(PP)绝缘空间电荷与击穿性能的影响。对不同抗氧剂含量的接枝聚丙烯进行了直流电导、空间电荷分布和直流击穿特性测试,并与未改性聚丙烯进行对比。结果表明:抗氧剂接枝会增大试样体电导率对温度的敏感性,提高试样的电导活化能。0.5%抗氧剂接枝可以有效改善PP的空间电荷积聚问题,降低电场畸变程度,将90℃下PP的直流电气强度提高了31.3%,同时将90℃下PP的老化电气强度提高了36.1%,这归因于0.5%抗氧剂接枝对空间电荷积聚的抑制能力。通过能带结构分析认为,抗氧剂接枝改性可在PP的禁带中引入更多局域能级与电势阱,抑制电荷输运,同时受阻酚类抗氧剂中的酚羟基可以清除PP中的自由基,二者综合作用提升了PP的击穿性能。

抗氧剂  /  接枝改性  /  聚丙烯绝缘  /  直流击穿  /  空间电荷

This paper focuses on the effect of melt radical graft modification of hindered phenolic antioxidant (AO3052) on the space charge and breakdown properties of polypropylene (PP) insulation. The DC conductivity, space charge distribution, and DC breakdown characteristics of grafted polypropylene with different antioxidant contents were tested and compared with the unmodified polypropylene. The results show that the antioxidants grafting can increase the sensitivity of conductivity to temperature and improve the conductivity activation energy of the samples. The 0.5% antioxidant grafting is effective in improving the space charge accumulation problem and reducing the degree of electric field distortion of PP. The DC electric strength of PP at 90℃ increases by 31.3%, and the ageing electric strength of PP at 90℃ increases by 36.1%, which is attributed to the ability of 0.5% antioxidant grafting in inhibiting the space charge accumulation. The energy band structure analysis suggests that the antioxidant grafting modification can introduce more local energy levels and potential traps in the forbidden bands of PP, which inhibits the charge transport. Meanwhile, the phenolic hydroxyl groups in the hindered phenolic antioxidants can scavenge the free radicals in PP, and the combined effect of the two enhances the breakdown performance of PP.

antioxidant  /  graft modification  /  polypropylene insulation  /  DC breakdown  /  space charge
赵旭阳, 柯定芳, 孙国宁, 谢声益, 吴芳芳, 李忠磊, 杜伯学. 抗氧剂接枝对聚丙烯绝缘空间电荷与击穿性能的影响研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (9) : 47 -57 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.005
Xuyang ZHAO, Dingfang KE, Guoning SUN, Shengyi XIE, Fangfang WU, Zhonglei LI, Boxue DU. Effect of antioxidant grafting on space charge and breakdown properties of polypropylene insulation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (9) : 47 -57 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.005
随着电力发电和用电规模的扩大,电力电缆的应用范围也日趋广泛,需求量飞速增长[1]。聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)具有优异的绝缘性能、可回收性和低能耗性,有望成为一种重要的高压直流输电绝缘材料[2-3]。然而,在电力系统实际运行中,导体会因负载电流而发热,使绝缘层长期处于高温高电场的环境下,导致聚丙烯绝缘空间电荷积聚问题加剧,并且极易出现分子链断裂、绝缘老化问题,加速电缆的击穿失效[4-5]。因此如何提高聚丙烯绝缘在高温下的电学性能是当前高压直流电缆绝缘料面临的一大技术难题[6-7]
研究发现,将聚合物与成核剂、电压稳定剂和光子捕获剂等有机小分子共混,可以引入多级局部态能级,更好地捕获高能电荷,抑制自由基链式反应,有效改善聚合物的电学性能[8-10]。然而,有机小分子在聚合物中存在迁移和沉淀过程,会改变材料的表面颜色和微观形貌等性质,降低材料的电学性能[11]。因此,为了抑制有机小分子在聚合物中的迁移行为,采用化学接枝方法对聚合物进行改性是一个切实可行的思路。化学接枝方法是在分子层面上的改性手段,将带有目标官能团的支链接枝到聚合物主链上,从而有效解决有机小分子迁移问题[12-14]。ZHOU Y等[15]将马来酸酐(maleic anhydride,MAH)添加到PP中,通过接枝反应制备了PP-g-MAH材料。结果表明接枝MAH增加了PP-g-MAH的陷阱密度和深度,增强了对空间电荷的抑制能力,使PP的直流介电性能得到显著改善。同时,接枝长分子链还能有效抑制分子链的滑移,从而提高PP的力学性能。ZHANG C C等[16]将受阻胺类抗氧化剂接枝到聚乙烯上,有效提高了试样的陷阱密度、空间电荷抑制能力和直流电气强度。LIANG Y等[17]研究了4-丙烯氧基-2-羟基二苯甲酮(AHB)接枝率对PP的影响,结果表明0.73%的接枝率对PP电性能的改善效果最好。然而,目前的研究中大多数用于接枝的有机小分子缺乏抗氧化功能,无法抑制氧化反应引起的聚合物绝缘老化和劣化,对电性能的改善也有限[18-19]。因此,进一步研究在聚丙烯上接枝受阻酚类抗氧化剂,对于解决物理共混弊端、抑制氧化过程、改善绝缘材料的电气性能具有重要的研究价值[20]
根据研究现状分析可知,有机小分子化学接枝是调控PP电气性能的有效手段。本文基于此研究熔融自由基接枝受阻酚类抗氧化剂(AO3052)对PP绝缘空间电荷与击穿性能的影响,探究不同抗氧剂接枝含量对PP直流电导、空间电荷和击穿性能的影响规律,通过量子化学计算分析抗氧剂接枝改性对PP绝缘空间电荷积聚与击穿性能的影响机理,并提出抑制PP绝缘空间电荷与提升击穿性能的方法。
本文选用中国石化生产的T30s异构聚丙烯(iPP)作为基材,选择含有碳碳双键的反应型抗氧剂2-(2-羟基-3-叔丁基-5-甲基苄基)-4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯基丙烯酸酯(以下简称为AO3052),引发剂为过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)。熔融自由基接枝过程如图1所示。以聚丙烯为基体,DCP为引发剂(0.3 g),采用熔融共混法将质量分数分别为0.3%、0.5%、1%的AO3052接枝到聚丙烯上,得到PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1 3种接枝样品;将聚丙烯和质量分数为0.5%的抗氧剂共混,得到PP/0.5共混试样。此外,制备未加填料的聚丙烯试样(PP)作为对比。进一步将试样在真空干燥箱中脱气24 h,以除去残留的空气和挥发性成分。为了去除未反应的抗氧化剂,需要对试样进行纯化处理。将抗氧剂接枝试样放到真空干燥烘箱中干燥24 h,以除去残留在试样表面的水分和未反应单体。之后称取少量干燥后的试样,将其放到二甲苯中加热溶解回流,直至使其完全溶解。倒入未加热的丙酮溶液中,静置沉淀后抽滤,再次放到真空干燥箱中干燥,完成样品制备。
对上述制备的PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1试样分别进行加速老化试验,试验方法依据直流输电挤包绝缘电缆的国家标准和技术规范[21]。试验在标准中规定的烘箱中进行,老化温度为135℃,老化时间为7天。试验时将试样置于铝板上,将黄铜电极置于试样中心。黄铜电极具有高表面能,可以使抗氧剂分子加速迁移。7天后取出并密封保存,尽快完成试验避免误差。观察到PP、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1外观无明显变化,PP/0.5呈黄色,且表面有少许黄色固体析出。
采用三电极系统测量试样的体电导率,试样厚度为(300±10)μm。将试样置于测量电极与高压电极中间,调节恒温箱将试样预热至试验温度,启动直流电源,保持30 min直流电压不变,获得电导电流数据,重复测试3次取平均值作为结果。
利用脉冲电声系统(PEA)测量空间电荷的动态分布,试样厚度为(300±10)μm。对试样施加40 kV/mm的极化电场,保持30 min,空间电荷采样间隔设为10 s,得到空间电荷随时间的动态分布,以试样极化30 min的空间电荷分布计算电场畸变率。关闭HVDC电源,持续测量10 min,得到去极化过程中空间电荷随时间的动态分布。
采用球板电极系统测量试样的直流电气强度,试样厚度为(100±5)μm。将试样置于球形电极之间,逐渐施加电压直至击穿。每组试样测试12个点,电气强度由Weibull分布求得。
量子化学计算是分析分子结构性质的有效方法。本文选择Gaussian16作为计算平台,在GaussView中建立PP、AO3052和PP-g-AO3052的分子模型,然后对模型进行优化。考虑到计算精度和效率,在优化过程中采用DFT-D3(BJ)进行色散校正的方法,以提高弱相互作用的精度。3种分子的基本模型如图2所示,PP分子由20个丙烯聚合而成,AO3052主体为两个苯环结构,PP-g-AO3052接枝的抗氧剂分子数为1,分子链构型均为无定形态。优化完成后,可以对分子轨道、能带分布进行分析。
傅里叶变换红外光谱法(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)可以分析并鉴别材料中的化学官能团种类。本文使用红外光谱仪对PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5、PP-g-1试样的结构进行了表征,结果如图3所示。已知AO3052在1 725 cm-1左右存在C=O特征峰,从图3可以观察到抗氧剂接枝试样在1 725 cm-1左右出现了吸收峰,证明AO3052成功接枝到PP上。
氧化诱导期(oxidative induction time, OIT)可以评价材料的耐热降解能力,表征材料的热稳定性。本文使用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对试样进行测试,每个试样质量约为5 mg,图4为根据DSC法得出的5种试样在210℃下的氧化诱导时间。从图4可以看出,聚丙烯的OIT仅为4.7 min;共混0.5%的抗氧剂后,PP/0.5的OIT达到5.9 min;而接枝抗氧剂后,PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1的OIT分别达到5.9、11.4、5.4 min。结果表明,添加抗氧剂均可提升聚丙烯的热稳定性,提升作用由弱到强依次为PP-g-1、PP-g-0.3、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.5,其中PP-g-0.5的改性效果最好,将PP的OIT提升了2.4倍。
体电导率是绝缘材料的重要参数之一。本文测试了PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1试样在不同温度以及不同电场强度下的直流电导特性。图5为5种试样在不同温度下的电流密度与电场强度的关系。从图5可以看出,当测试温度为30℃和50℃时,5种试样的电流密度从大到小依次为PP、PP-g-0.3、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.5、PP-g-1,可见随着抗氧剂接枝含量的增加,试样在相同场强下的电流密度逐渐减小;但在测试温度为70℃和90℃时,5种试样的电流密度从小到大依次为PP、PP-g-0.3、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.5、PP-g-1。说明抗氧剂的添加可降低PP在50℃以下时的电流密度,但在70℃以上时作用相反。
图5可以发现存在一个阈值场强,在对数坐标下阈值场强左右的电流密度与外施场强的斜率明显不同,这与空间电荷限制电流(space charge limited current,SCLC)理论有关[22]。在较低的电场强度下,电流密度与电场强度的关系符合欧姆定律,而在较高的电场强度下,绝缘中的陷阱被填满,绝缘介质中电流密度与外施电场在自然对数坐标下呈线性关系,且线性关系与电场有关。
图5可以看出,施加的直流电场为5 kV/mm时,电场强度与电流密度之间符合欧姆定律。因此本文选取施加电场为5 kV/mm时5种试样在不同温度下的电流密度,计算对应的体电导率及其对数,再从阿伦尼乌斯方程得出体电导率与温度之间的关系,如式(1)所示[23]
lnσ=lnA-EiRT
式(1)中:σ为体电导率,S/m;A为常数;Ei是PP样品的电导活化能,eV;T为试验温度,K;R为气体摩尔常数,其值为8.314 472 J/(mol·K)。
将lnσ对-1/T作图并拟合,结果如图6(a)所示,从图中可以看出lnσ与-1/T呈线性关系。由于低载流子迁移率和跳变传导的影响,室温下的传导电流无法在测试时间内达到稳定状态。因此,曲线拟合过程中排除了室温电导。5种试样中PP-g-1的拟合直线显示出最高的斜率,表明其体电导率温度系数增加最显著。进一步根据拟合直线的斜率计算出试样的电导活化能,结果如图6(b)所示。从图中可以看出,试样的电导活化能随着抗氧剂接枝含量的增加而增大,这归因于抗氧剂引入的极性基团在高温下电离分解产生新的载流子。其中PP-g-1显示出最大的电导活化能,这是由于酚羟基引入了局部能级作为电荷陷阱,电荷释放和传输需要更高的能量。因此,添加抗氧剂提高了试样的电导活化能,对试样中的电荷输运行为产生了抑制作用。
PP绝缘中的空间电荷积聚问题会造成局部高场强,对PP的绝缘性能造成威胁。本文测试了PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1试样的空间电荷特性,图7(a)(e)分别为5种试样在30℃、40 kV/mm下极化1 800 s过程中的空间电荷分布。由图7(a)可知,随着极化时间的增加,PP的阳极附近积累了大量的同极性电荷。由图7(b)可知,随着极化时间的增加,PP/0.5的阴极附近积累了少量同极性电荷。由图7(c)(d)可知,随着极化时间的增加,PP-g-0.3与PP-g-0.5都未出现明显的电荷积聚,说明其具有良好的空间电荷抑制能力。由图7(e)可知,PP-g-1在阴极附近积聚了大量同极性电荷,这是由于试样内存在的杂质电离产生了新的电荷,与电极注入的电荷在材料内部结合,且注入的电荷较多所致。因此,相比于PP,PP-g-0.3与PP-g-0.5可明显抑制同极性电荷的积聚,这是由于接枝抗氧剂分子后,极性基团中存在的深陷阱能长期捕获载流子,电极注入的电荷会被捕获而入陷。一定量的电荷入陷后,其感应电场与外施电场相反,二者叠加使得总电场强度降低,导致后续电荷注入时获得的动能减少,因此抑制了空间电荷的注入;并且在绝缘介质内部,不可避免地存在杂质解离以及自身解离现象,形成的离子可以作为载流子参与电荷输运过程,深陷阱可以起到一定的吸附作用,使得材料内部自由电荷数量减少,抑制空间电荷的积聚。
由空间电荷分布可以计算试样中的平均电荷密度q(t),计算公式如式(2)所示。
q(t)=1L0L|q(x, t)|dx
式(2)中:L为PP试样的厚度,m;q(x, t)表示时间为t时,试样在x位置处的空间电荷密度。
图7(f)为30℃、40 kV/mm下5种试样的平均电荷密度随极化时间的分布特性。从图中可以看出,在极化时间为600 s时,空间电荷注入已经达到饱和。在极化时间为1 800 s时,PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1试样的平均电荷密度分别为15.2、14.9、13.2、11.4和17.9 C/m3,其中PP-g-0.5对空间电荷注入具有显著的抑制效果。
空间电荷积聚会产生电场畸变,从而对绝缘强度造成威胁,因此需要关注试样中电场畸变率(δ)的变化情况,计算公式如式(3)所示。
δ=|Emax-E0|E0×100%
式(3)中:Emax是空间电荷影响下的最大电场强度,kV/mm;E0是外施极化场强,kV/mm。
本文选取了30℃、40 kV/mm下极化时间为1 800 s时5种试样的平均电荷密度和电场畸变率进行对比,结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,试样中的平均电荷密度越大,电场畸变越明显。PP-g-0.5试样的平均电荷密度最小,仅为11.4 C/m3,电场畸变率最低,仅为4.3%,此时试样内部最大电场强度为41.72 kV/mm。而PP-g-1试样的平均电荷密度高达17.9 C/m3,甚至比PP试样更大,意味着PP-g-1试样中积聚了更多的空间电荷,而更多的空间电荷积聚造成了更大的电场畸变,PP-g-1试样内部最大电场强度达到了45.08 kV/mm,可以预见试样的电气强度将受到负面影响。
图9为5种试样在30℃、40 kV/mm下去极化过程的空间电荷分布。从图9可以看出,试样内的空间电荷在短路操作开始时不会瞬间释放,而是随时间推移快速消散。由图9(a)(b)可知,在去极化时间达到600 s时,PP试样内部仍然残留较多空间电荷,PP/0.5中也有少量空间电荷残留。由图9(c)(e)可知,短路初期PP-g-0.3和PP-g-0.5试样的空间电荷快速消散,时间达到600 s时,几乎没有残留空间电荷,而短路初期PP-g-1试样残留的空间电荷最多,去极化600 s时,PP-g-1试样内仍有大量空间电荷没有消散。由图9(f)可知,试样平均电荷密度从大到小依次为PP-g-1、PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5,去极化10 s时,PP-g-0.3与PP-g-0.5的平均电荷密度分别比PP少29.4%与43.1%,说明短路初期PP-g-0.3与PP-g-0.5中的空间电荷消散速度很快。去极化600 s时,PP-g-0.3与PP-g-0.5的平均电荷密度分别比PP少30.8%与40.8%,说明在经过极化与去极化过程后,PP-g-0.3与PP-g-0.5残留的电荷明显减少。
电气强度是评价PP绝缘电学性能的关键指标。图10为PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1试样在不同温度下直流电气强度的Weibull分布图,选取击穿概率为63.2%时的电场强度为试样的特征电气强度。由图10(a)可知,测试温度为30℃时PP、 PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1的特征电气强度分别为380.7、383.5、385.3、391.1、374.3 kV/mm,这表明30℃下适当浓度共混和接枝抗氧剂均可提升PP的电气强度,而当抗氧剂接枝浓度过高时,会对PP的电气强度产生负面作用。由图10(b)可知,测试温度为50℃时PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1的特征电气强度分别为373.5、377.7、382.2、388.8、364.3 kV/mm,相比于室温电气强度分别下降了1.9%、1.5%、0.8%、0.6%和2.7%。由图10(c)可知,温度升高为70℃时,5种试样的的特征电气强度进一步下降。由图10(d)可知,温度升高到90℃时,PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1试样的特征电气强度下降为230.1、260.6、293.0、302.1、226.4 kV/mm。
电气强度测试结果表明,5种试样的特征电气强度从小到大依次为PP-g-1、PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5,且随着温度升高,不同试样之间的电气强度差异逐渐加大。这说明PP与0.5%抗氧剂共混、与0.3%和0.5%抗氧剂接枝对PP绝缘电气强度均有明显的提升作用,且温度越高,提升作用越明显;当添加0.5%的抗氧剂时,接枝改性对于PP电气强度的提升作用优于共混改性;而采用1%的抗氧剂接枝改性时,PP的击穿特性下降,且温度越高,下降越明显。综上,0.5%抗氧剂接枝改性对PP的电气强度提升效果最为显著,在测试温度为90℃时,使PP的电气强度提升了31.3%。
本文测试了老化7天后5种试样在不同温度下的直流电气强度,结果如图11所示。从图11可以看出,在测试温度30℃下PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1的特征电气强度分别为369.4、366.8、376.6、384.6、364.5 kV/mm,数值较为接近;在测试温度50℃下PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1的特征电气强度分别为361.9、363.2、370.2、376.2、352.0 kV/mm;在测试温度70℃下PP、PP/0.5、 PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1的特征电气强度分别为337.1、342.8、361.0、370.6、331.9 kV/mm;在测试温度90℃下PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1的特征电气强度分别为216.7、243.3、283.2、295.0、213.0 kV/mm。可以看出,随着温度的升高,试样的电气强度数值差距逐渐加大。
图12为5种试样在老化前后的直流击穿强度变化。
图12(a)可知,在测试温度为30℃下PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1的直流电气强度相比未老化时降低了2.97%、4.35%、2.25%、1.66%和2.62%,下降幅度从大到小依次为PP/0.5、PP、PP-g-1、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5;由图12(b)可知,在测试温度为90℃下PP、PP/0.5、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5和PP-g-1的特征电气强度相比未老化时降低了5.82%、6.60%、3.34%、2.35%和5.91%,下降幅度从大到小依次为PP/0.5、PP-g-1、PP、PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5。
从上述结果可以看出,老化过程中不同试样的电气强度呈现不同的下降幅度。其中PP试样的电气强度下降显著,这是因为在没有添加抗氧剂的情况下,PP在老化过程中直接与氧气反应,生成大量自由基发生链式反应,形成了低密度区和微孔等缺陷,极易导致绝缘击穿;PP/0.5试样的电气强度下降最为明显,可能是因为在老化过程中,共混的抗氧剂小分子向表面迁出,不仅导致试样内部抗氧剂浓度降低,还会在试样表面形成新的界面,界面处积聚电荷加剧电场畸变,增大了绝缘内局部场强,使得试样的电气强度下降[24];PP-g-0.3、PP-g-0.5试样的电气强度受影响较小,这是由于接枝抗氧剂后抑制了PP的自氧化反应,且接枝改性有效抑制了抗氧剂小分子的迁移问题。PP-g-1试样的电气强度下降幅度与PP接近,这是由于一方面抗氧剂接枝改性抑制了物理共混产生的迁移问题,但同时大量抗氧剂分子的引入与侧链的形成破坏了PP球晶结构的完善性,加剧了试样的老化。综上,PP-g-0.5对老化后直流电气强度的提升效果最为显著,在90℃下将PP的直流电气强度提升了36.1%,仍保持了较好的绝缘性能。
本文使用量子化学计算软件Gaussian构建PP、AO3052和PP-g-AO3052的分子结构,优化后可计算获得3种分子的最低未占分子轨道(lowest unoccupied molecular orbital,LUMO)和最高占据分子轨道(highest occupied molecular orbital,HOMO)。分子的LUMO能级对电子的束缚能力较强,LUMO能级越低,意味着电子亲和能越高,分子更容易捕获电子;分子的HOMO能级对电子的束缚能力较弱,HOMO能级越高,意味着分子电离能越低,分子更易电离,分子的空穴捕获能力越强[25]
3种分子的能带分布如图13所示。从图13可以看出,对于分子的LUMO能级,AO3052最小,PP-g-AO736次之,PP最大;对于分子的HOMO能级,AO3052最大,PP-g-AO300次之,PP最小,计算可得PP、AO3052和PP-g-AO3052的禁带宽度分别为10.420、4.309和5.627 eV。以上结果表明,相比于PP,PP-g-AO3052禁带更窄,具有更多局域态能级分布,有更强的捕获载流子能力。捕获载流子后,可以将载流子束缚在局域态中,有效削减载流子在电场作用下获得的动能,从而抑制绝缘内部碰撞电离和能量释放过程,保护PP分子链。
图14为PP-g-AO3052的分波态密度(partial density of states,PDOS)。图14(a)提取了PP-g-AO3052中苯环的PDOS,可以看出在PP的空穴与电子陷阱处,苯环的PDOS曲线与PP-g-AO3052的总态密度(total density of states,TDOS)曲线非常接近,说明引入的局域态陷阱主要与抗氧剂中的苯环结构有关。图14(b)提取了PP-g-AO3052中不同角动量的PDOS,可以看出引入PP的空穴与电子陷阱主要包含p轨道成分,而s、d轨道几乎不可见,进一步证明引入的局域态陷阱主要与苯环结构有关。
图15为抗氧剂接枝清除自由基示意图。如图15所示,在电场、热、机械应力、辐射等因素的作用下,PP大分子链中的弱键容易断裂并形成自由基,降低分子结构规整性与分子量。在电场作用下,一方面热电子会撞击PP分子链,另一方面电荷积聚导致电场畸变最终引发局部放电,二者均可能导致PP分子链弱键断裂脱氢,形成大分子烷基自由基,大分子烷基自由基可能会进一步分解为小分子,最终以杂质形式存在。另外,在电缆绝缘的制造过程中,绝缘内部难以避免会残留氧气,PP分子链在氧气的作用下也会产生自由基。而且产生的自由基会与氧进一步反应,生成过氧化自由基,过氧化自由基将再次夺取PP主链上的氢形成氢过氧化物,促进PP绝缘的链式反应。PP绝缘在链式反应中,会形成局部低密度区或微孔,随着绝缘的持续劣化,绝缘内部发生局部放电,形成电树枝,在电场作用下持续延伸直至绝缘失效。
抗氧剂中含有受阻酚基团,其中的酚羟基可以与过氧化自由基进行质子转移,将过氧化自由基转化为氢过氧化物和酚氧自由基;之后,酚氧自由基形成双键,产物可以再次与过氧化自由基发生反应,生成最终失活产物。因此,酚羟基可以清除绝缘内部的自由基,最终转化为失活产物,抑制链式反应过程,从而抑制绝缘中低密度区和微孔的形成,从根本上抑制放电通道的产生与发展,提升PP绝缘的电气强度。
对于抗氧剂共混改性的PP绝缘材料,抗氧剂分子的迁移行为是导致材料老化后电气强度大幅下降的关键原因。抗氧剂从试样内部向表面迁移,导致抗氧剂浓度下降,不能充分参与自由基清除过程,抑制链式反应的能力大幅下降。而对于抗氧剂接枝改性的PP绝缘材料,首先,抗氧剂被固定在PP分子链上,不存在迁移问题,能够充分参与试样内部抗氧化反应,对自由基的清除能力较强。其次,由于抗氧剂接枝侧链的空间位阻效应,PP在结晶过程中会形成小球晶结构。小球晶结构会阻碍氧气的扩散,使得抗氧剂消耗速率较慢。另外,抗氧剂小分子在试样中分布更为均匀,各区域抗氧化效率接近,几乎不存在薄弱部位。
本文以聚丙烯基绝缘的空间电荷抑制和击穿性能提升为研究目标,基于抗氧剂接枝改性手段,研究了抗氧剂接枝含量对PP绝缘电气性能的影响规律,优选出最佳抗氧剂接枝含量,揭示了抗氧剂接枝改性对PP空间电荷与击穿性能的影响机理,得到如下主要结论:
(1)获得了抗氧剂接枝改性对PP电导特性与空间电荷积聚特性的影响规律。抗氧剂接枝改性对PP体电导率的影响与温度有关,50℃以下时体电导率降低,70℃以上时体电导率升高,且抗氧剂含量越高,影响越显著,同时提高了试样的电导-温度系数,增大了电导活化能。0.3%和0.5%抗氧剂接枝改性对PP中同极性空间电荷积聚具有显著的抑制作用,其中PP-g-0.5改性效果最好,电场畸变程度最低。抗氧剂接枝改性可大幅提高PP的深陷阱密度,抑制后续空间电荷的注入,降低试样中的电场畸变。
(2)获得了抗氧剂接枝改性对PP老化击穿特性的影响。0.5%抗氧剂接枝对PP的直流电气强度和经过7天老化后的电气强度具有最佳的改性效果,在90℃下将PP的直流电气强度提升了31.3%,将老化后的直流电气强度提升了36.1%。PP-g-0.5可以引入更多的深陷阱,抑制后续空间电荷的注入,同时减少高能电子在能量释放时对PP分子链的破坏。
(3)通过能带轨道计算认为,抗氧剂接枝改性可在PP中引入更多局域能级与电势阱。抗氧剂接枝改性增强了材料捕获载流子的能力,削弱了绝缘内部碰撞电离和能量释放过程对分子链的破坏,进而提升了绝缘性能。同时,引入抗氧剂可清除PP中的自由基,阻断PP老化的链式反应过程,抑制低密度区的形成,进而抑制电树枝的产生与发展,改善了绝缘性能。
  • 国网浙江省电力有限公司科技项目(2022FD04)
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2024年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.005
  • 接收时间:2023-11-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-25
  • 修回日期:2024-01-23
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国网浙江省电力有限公司科技项目(2022FD04)
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    1浙江华电器材检测研究院有限公司 国家电网公司电力器材安全性能检测技术实验室, 浙江 杭州 310007
    2天津大学 电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津 300072
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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