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Article(id=1210590071720374468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210577662121209865, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695139200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-20, revisedDate=1699545600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766556764774, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766556764774, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766556764774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766556764774, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210577662121209865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766553806095, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563971278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620298043454173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210577662121209865, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620298043454174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210577662121209865, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=31, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210590072026558662, articleId=1210590071720374468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on crack initiation and failure fracture mechanism of basin insulators based on Al2O3/epoxy resin composite materials in service, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the general rules and characteristics of the failure damage of basin insulators in recent years were firstly summarized. Then, the typical failure area of sample was extracted to analyze the matrix microstructure morphology and the failure fracture surface morphology. Finally, the micro mechanical properties of the heterogeneous interface in composite materials were characterized and analyzed by nanoindentation mechanics technology, and the crack initiation and failure fracture mechanism of Al2O3/epoxy resin composite materials were expounded. The results show that the fracture toughness value of the epoxy resin matrix is about 0.55 MPa·m1/2, and the cracks originate from the epoxy resin matrix under the action of load and continuously expand. When encountering high-strength Al2O3 particles, the cracks deflect due to the retardation and rapidly expand along the interface between the particles and matrix.

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本文首先总结了近年盆式绝缘子失效破坏的一般规律和特征，然后截取典型失效区域试样，分析基体微观组织形貌和失效断口的形貌特征，最后采用纳米压痕力学技术对复合材料异质界面微观力学性能进行表征分析，阐释基于Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料的裂纹萌生及失效断裂机制。结果表明：环氧树脂基体的断裂韧性值约为0.55 MPa·m1/2，在载荷作用下裂纹从环氧树脂基体中萌生，并不断扩展，当遇到高强度的Al2O3颗粒时因受阻而发生偏转，并沿着颗粒与基体的界面快速扩展。

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王文先（1963-），男（汉族），山西太原人，教授，研究方向为先进材料连接及其界面行为。
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李洲（1995-），男（汉族），山西运城人，硕士生，主要从事先进材料制备及加工的研究。

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李洲（1995-），男（汉族），山西运城人，硕士生，主要从事先进材料制备及加工的研究。

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李洲（1995-），男（汉族），山西运城人，硕士生，主要从事先进材料制备及加工的研究。

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相弹性模量/GPa硬度/GPa断裂韧性/(MPa·m1/2)
最小值最大值平均值标准偏差最小值最大值平均值标准偏差最小值最大值平均值标准偏差
Al2O3144.76211.64170.3231.1422.0430.6925.633.843.024.213.570.55
环氧10.0013.56311.691.750.140.320.260.080.410.550.490.06
), ArticleFig(id=1218111691129274448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590071720374468, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳米压痕测试获得的力学参数平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相弹性模量/GPa硬度/GPa断裂韧性/(MPa·m1/2)
最小值最大值平均值标准偏差最小值最大值平均值标准偏差最小值最大值平均值标准偏差
Al2O3144.76211.64170.3231.1422.0430.6925.633.843.024.213.570.55
环氧10.0013.56311.691.750.140.320.260.080.410.550.490.06
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基于Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料的盆式绝缘子在役态裂纹萌生及失效断裂机制研究
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李洲 1 , 钟黎明 3 , 王文先 1 , 高义斌 3 , 杜晓刚 3 , 张甍 3 , 张婷婷 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(8): 31-38
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(8): 31-38
基于Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料的盆式绝缘子在役态裂纹萌生及失效断裂机制研究
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李洲1, 钟黎明3, 王文先1, 高义斌3, 杜晓刚3, 张甍3, 张婷婷2
作者信息
  • 1太原理工大学，材料科学与工程学院，山西 太原 030024
  • 2太原理工大学，机械与运载工程学院，山西 太原 030024
  • 3国网山西省电力公司电力科学研究院，山西 太原 030001

    • 李洲（1995-），男（汉族），山西运城人，硕士生，主要从事先进材料制备及加工的研究。

通讯作者:

王文先（1963-），男（汉族），山西太原人，教授，研究方向为先进材料连接及其界面行为。
Study on crack initiation and failure fracture mechanism of basin insulators based on Al2O3/epoxy resin composite materials in service
Zhou LI1, Liming ZHONG3, Wenxian WANG1, Yibin GAO3, Xiaogang DU3, Meng ZHANG3, Tingting ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Material Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 2College of Mechanical and Vehicle engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 3State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Research Institute, Taiyuan 030001, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.003
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摘要
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本文首先总结了近年盆式绝缘子失效破坏的一般规律和特征，然后截取典型失效区域试样，分析基体微观组织形貌和失效断口的形貌特征，最后采用纳米压痕力学技术对复合材料异质界面微观力学性能进行表征分析，阐释基于Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料的裂纹萌生及失效断裂机制。结果表明：环氧树脂基体的断裂韧性值约为0.55 MPa·m1/2，在载荷作用下裂纹从环氧树脂基体中萌生，并不断扩展，当遇到高强度的Al2O3颗粒时因受阻而发生偏转，并沿着颗粒与基体的界面快速扩展。

Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料  /  裂纹萌生  /  微观组织  /  断裂韧性

In this paper, the general rules and characteristics of the failure damage of basin insulators in recent years were firstly summarized. Then, the typical failure area of sample was extracted to analyze the matrix microstructure morphology and the failure fracture surface morphology. Finally, the micro mechanical properties of the heterogeneous interface in composite materials were characterized and analyzed by nanoindentation mechanics technology, and the crack initiation and failure fracture mechanism of Al2O3/epoxy resin composite materials were expounded. The results show that the fracture toughness value of the epoxy resin matrix is about 0.55 MPa·m1/2, and the cracks originate from the epoxy resin matrix under the action of load and continuously expand. When encountering high-strength Al2O3 particles, the cracks deflect due to the retardation and rapidly expand along the interface between the particles and matrix.

Al2O3/epoxy resin composite materials  /  crack initiation  /  microstructure  /  fracture toughness
李洲, 钟黎明, 王文先, 高义斌, 杜晓刚, 张甍, 张婷婷. 基于Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料的盆式绝缘子在役态裂纹萌生及失效断裂机制研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (8) : 31 -38 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.003
Zhou LI, Liming ZHONG, Wenxian WANG, Yibin GAO, Xiaogang DU, Meng ZHANG, Tingting ZHANG. Study on crack initiation and failure fracture mechanism of basin insulators based on Al2O3/epoxy resin composite materials in service[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (8) : 31 -38 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.003
正文
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0 引言
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盆式绝缘子是气体绝缘开关设备（GIS）内部不可或缺的部件，主要起着机械固定、电气绝缘和隔离气体的作用。盆式绝缘子通常是由环氧树脂（EP）和Al2O3在高真空环境下浇注而成。树脂基复合材料的拉伸强度、断裂韧性和断裂能等与Al2O3颗粒的尺寸、形状和质量分数都有关。S H LIM等[1]发现尺寸较小的Al2O3填料比表面积越高，对树脂基复合材料的增韧效果越好。F GHADAMI等[2]发现在环氧树脂中添加混合体积分数较大的Al2O3填料时会导致颗粒聚集和孔隙的形成。颗粒的团聚会破坏基体的紧凑结构，引发微裂纹并降低材料的断裂韧性。马晓倩[3]通过比较纯环氧树脂和填充不同质量分数无机物粒子环氧复合材料的断裂韧性，发现纯环氧树脂的断裂韧性约为1.1 MPa·m1/2，而填充ZrO2纳米粒子质量分数为2%时，复合材料的断裂韧性与纯树脂相比，增大了63%；而当纳米粒子的质量分数增加到3%时，韧性开始下降。何静远等[4]发现Al2O3和环氧树脂的界面存在缺陷，使用偶联剂对异质界面进行改性，会改善其浸润性，进而提高固化样品的电气强度。
Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料中异质界面引发的结构缺陷会引起局部放电或沿面闪络，导致贯穿性绝缘击穿，威胁设备的安全运行。图1为GIS各主要元件的故障发生率，从图1可以看出，盆式绝缘子出现损坏的可能性为26.60%[5]。本文以盆式绝缘子的常见典型裂纹缺陷为例，从工程问题中提取科学问题，从特殊化到一般化，扩展至整个Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料的裂纹缺陷机理研究中。
树脂基复合材料的增强相和界面层处于微纳米数量级范围，采用传统宏观测试技术难以对复合材料微观力学性能进行准确表征[6]。纳米压痕力学技术是一种测试复合材料微纳米尺度原位力学性能的重要手段，相对于传统方法，它具有分辨率高、可视化程度高、稳定性强、测试原理科学以及试样制备简便等优点[7]。因此，本文采用纳米压痕力学技术研究树脂基复合材料异质界面微观力学性能，分别得到Al2O3和环氧树脂的弹性模量、硬度和断裂韧性。另外结合扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量色散光谱仪（EDS）表征其微观结构和元素分布，观察裂纹的几何形貌、偏转路径以及材料断口形貌，分析得到断裂过程的细节并确定断裂源。最后综合该材料在电力设备中的服役工作状态和环境参数等，分析裂纹萌生机制和断裂路径。希望本研究能为电力行业盆式绝缘子的安全服役及复合材料制备工艺优化提供参考。
1 实验材料及测试方法
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为了系统地研究盆式绝缘子的缺陷形成机理，首先要了解盆式绝缘子的制备流程。绝缘子是在真空环境下将脱气处理过的环氧树脂和填料混合物浇注到模具中固化成型而得，其生产过程分为模具准备、原材料处理和浇注固化三个过程，具体制备工艺流程如图2所示。原材料为海因型环氧树脂MHR-154，湖北锡太化工有限公司；甲基四氢苯酐固化剂，西安天峰化工实业有限公司；α-氧化铝，平均直径为40 μm，中铝研究院有限公司。浇注固化工艺参数：2 h内持续升温至105℃并保温 15 h，再升温至155℃保温15 h。
利用纳米压痕技术对复合材料不同微区力学性能进行表征，采用仪器为微纳米力学测试仪（Nano Indenter G200型，Agilent公司），其最大压痕深度为500 µm，位移分辨率为0.02 nm，最大载荷为500 mN，压入载荷分辨率为50 nN，可分别对EP和Al2O3进行加载并记录载荷-位移曲线。分别在两相不同位置，各做5次试验，记录弹性模量和硬度。
根据Oliver & Pharr方法，通过使用Berkovich压头从载荷-位移曲线中确定压痕硬度和模量[8]。结合已知的实验数据，被测材料的弹性模量和硬度等微观力学参数，通过纳米压痕法测量材料的断裂韧性（KIC）[9]，计算公式为式（1）。
KIC=x(E/H)1/2Pmaxc-3/2
式（1）中：x为压头的系数，本文采用文献[9]中的压头系数0.036；E为被测材料的弹性模量；H为被测材料的硬度；Pmax为最大载荷；c为试样表面裂纹到压痕中心线的距离，可通过扫描电子显微镜测出。
被测材料的硬度H等于最大载荷Pmax与投影接触面积Ac的比值[10]，如式（2）所示。
H=PmaxAchc
式（2）中：Ac为压头的投影面积参数，取Ac=24.56 hc；hc是接触深度，表达式如式（3）所示[10]。
hc=h-εPmaxs
式（3）中：h为加载阶段的最大深度；s为接触刚度，可通过纳米压痕实验中载荷-位移曲线上卸载段初始点的斜率计算；ε为与Berkovich压头形状相关的常数，取0.75。
对于式（1）中被测材料的弹性模量E可通过式（4）计算[10]。
E=1-ν21Er-1-νpEp
式（4）中：ν为试样材料的泊松比，与绝缘子铝嵌件的泊松比（0.3）接近；Ep和νp分别是压头材料的弹性模量和泊松比，分别取1141 GPa和0.07[11]；Er是试样材料的压入折合模量[10]，计算公式为式（5）。
Er=πs2βAc
式（5）中，β是与压头形状相关的常数，取1.034[6]。
另外，使用配备能量色散光谱仪（EDS）的扫描电子显微镜（SEM，ZEISS Gemini 300型）表征Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料的微观结构，并观察颗粒的分布、大小、形状等。为了生成导电通道，对样品表面进行喷金处理。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料存在的常见缺陷类型
受生产制造、安装、运行过程中众多外界因素的影响，Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料可能会产生如裂纹、气孔、表面异物等结构缺陷。
（1）气孔缺陷。气孔是绝缘子在固化成型过程中产生的，形成如气泡形状、圆柱状或近似圆柱状的缺陷[12]。气孔缺陷多数是在复合材料浇注过程中混入的微量气体，未按工艺要求进行混合、脱气、均匀固化造成的。
（2）异物缺陷。Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料在制造时表面存在一些尘埃或者金属颗粒等异物，可导致表面发生局部电场畸变，产生绝缘劣化和局部放电[13]。图3为材料表层异物缺陷导致的放电现象。杂质颜色明显区别于浇注物料，多数为颗粒状的金属或者非金属物质。
（3）裂纹缺陷。图4为螺纹孔附近的裂纹缺陷。图4(a)中，在螺纹孔处到绝缘子边缘出现一条长度约为20 mm的裂纹。从图4(b)～(c)可以看出，盆式绝缘子A、B、C三相表面出现严重的闪络现象，黑色区域出现烧蚀损伤，裂纹从螺纹孔延伸到金属中心嵌件，盆式绝缘子沿中心被炸断，引起放电击穿，材料开裂明显并且有部分残件脱落。通过观察炸开的残件外表面及内表面烧伤情况，可以了解到炸开前电弧已经发展到外部[14]。图4(d)中，盆式绝缘子表面不均匀地分布着电弧燃烧时产生的黑色粉末以及飞弧灼伤点，电弧燃烧部位靠近密封槽。将盆式绝缘子表面黑色粉末擦拭后，可以看到有树枝状贯穿性裂纹，形状不规则，最长的裂纹可达约150 mm，并且40 mm厚的整个绝缘子侧表面出现两条明显的裂纹，已延伸至螺孔位置。
Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料表面微小裂纹在外界及运行环境的影响下会进一步扩展，引发局部放电或沿面闪络现象，容易造成电力系统设备发生漏气、击穿、爆炸等事故[15]。据统计，在GIS设备漏气故障中，盆式绝缘子裂纹导致的漏气占比就高达80%以上，因此下文针对裂纹缺陷导致断裂失效的成因进行重点研究。
2.2 Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料裂纹缺陷原因分析
2.2.1 材料服役环境
综合上述盆式绝缘子的典型失效特征，即裂纹均位于螺纹孔附近。分析其原因有：①在安装设备时，密封槽内要放入橡胶密封圈，并且要通过GIS气室外壁的注胶孔向盆式绝缘子与气室外壁的结合面填注密封胶，防止水分侵入。当注胶不充分时，在雨雪季节，水份会渗入螺孔内部，密封槽缝隙处很容易积水，而且内部渗水无法轻易排出，当外界环境温度骤变时，两种材料膨胀系数的差异会引起应力集中和应力腐蚀，进而导致螺纹孔产生裂纹。②在GIS运行时，盆式绝缘子要经受GIS筒体与中心导体的挤压作用，还要承受设备腔体内SF6气体的压力（约为0.4 MPa）。材料长期处于交变应力下易产生疲劳损伤，就容易在密封槽处产生贯穿裂纹。③正常使用中的GIS设备，产生了电磁力以及静电力，绝缘子在此影响下会发生振动导致失效[16]。
2.2.2 微观组织
盆式绝缘子是由环氧树脂和Al2O3经机械混合、真空浇注制备的复合材料，树脂基体和Al2O3颗粒间的界面为弱结合力界面[6]，且Al2O3颗粒形态、尺寸及其分布对环氧树脂基体的应力分布都有显著影响。选取所述盆式绝缘子试样进行喷金后观察其微观形貌，结果如图5所示。由图5可知，Al2O3微粒分散不均、尺寸不一，颗粒的直径最大超过50 μm，较小的约为1 μm。因此，该微观组织结构必然会导致局部应力集中[17]。图5(b)～(c)分别为大尺寸Al2O3颗粒与树脂基体界面、Al2O3颗粒间界面的SEM图像，均存在因结合较差而产生的微裂纹。
图6为Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料的SEM图和EDS图。对图6(a)中白色方框区域进行局部放大得到图6(b)，并对其进行EDS面扫描。结合图6(c)～(h)可知，图6(b)中白色块状区域中主要为碳氧高分子和Al2O3颗粒填充物，且存在少量Cr、Co和Ni金属元素。
经分析，在绝缘子发生闪络的区域含有杂质的金属异物，为材料制造过程中混入的导电性杂质[18]，杂质的加入会改变原有空间的电场分布，进而导致局部的电场畸变及电场集中[19]。
2.2.3 力学性能
产生界面应力的另一原因是EP基体和Al2O3颗粒增强相有很大的弹性模量差异。图7为对复合材料不同位置进行纳米测试的选点示意图及每点的载荷-位移曲线图。图7(b)中，P2～P5是在Al2O3颗粒上进行纳米压痕力学测试的点，图7(c)中P7～P10是在环氧树脂基体上选择的点，部分点数试验未成功，故舍弃。
对纳米压痕实验结果的总结如表1所示，包括复合材料中两相的弹性模量、硬度和断裂韧性。断裂韧性可以反映出材料克服裂纹扩展的能力，纯环氧树脂是典型的脆性材料，最大断裂韧性、弹性模量和硬度均值分别约为0.55 MPa·m1/2、11.69 GPa和0.26 GPa，嵌入环氧树脂基体中的Al2O3颗粒的弹性模量和硬度均值分别为170.32 GPa和25.63 GPa，远高于树脂基体。颗粒与基体的界面若发生脱粘会产生微小的孔洞，在长时间振动和载荷的作用下，脱粘区域出现应力集中。若化学键破坏，则损伤点开裂，进而产生微裂纹并很容易并向外延伸。由于材料中Al2O3的含量较高，导致颗粒之间的间距减小，且固化后形成交联体型结构，复合材料表现为脆性[20]。当材料交联度较高时，界面应力的松弛就需要相当长的时间，通过在材料薄弱的部分产生局部裂纹来松弛部分的界面应力[21]。
Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料在服役环境下温升可达60～80℃，这是因为Al2O3颗粒的线膨胀系数远低于基体材料，如Al2O3的线膨胀系数K1为6.5×10-6～8.8×10-6℃-1，而EP线膨胀系数K2为79.8×10-6℃-1，由于热膨胀和弹性形变的失配，颗粒物/基体界面会受到残余内应力σ的作用，其计算公式为式（6）。
σ=c1∫T1T2E(K2-K1)dT
式（6）中：c1为常数，与基体相弹性模量、颗粒含量和弹性模量有关，取值为12.65；E为环氧树脂体系的弹性模量；T为测试温度，从室温25°到最高服役温度80°；T1和T2代表温度的计算区间。
由于K2-K1>0，在冷却过程中，基体的收缩比填充颗粒收缩更为剧烈，基体在垂直于周向应力的平面上将处于拉伸状态，这将损伤界面和影响复合材料的性能，造成隐形的轻微损伤点。树脂基体内部是长分子链化学结合，而颗粒与树脂基体界面仅仅是机械物理结合状态，因此在外载载荷作用下，裂纹会沿着薄弱区域扩展。
2.3 断口形貌
在Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料失效断裂处取试样，利用SEM观察样品裂纹，如图8所示。从图8可以看出，裂纹发生扩展，扩展形式以主裂纹方式进行且具有平直方向，裂纹扩展面不平整，参差不齐，属于典型的脆性材料裂纹扩展方式。
图9为Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料断裂产生的裂纹观察结果。从图9(a)和(c)可以看出，裂纹主要从环氧树脂基体中不断扩展；当遇到高强度的Al2O3颗粒时受阻而发生转向，随后沿着颗粒与基体的界面继续扩展；部分遇到较小的粒子颗粒也会断裂，裂纹穿过粒子继续扩展。图9(b)为(a)的局部放大图，在裂纹边缘裸露出Al2O3颗粒。对断裂处进行EDS扫描，得到图9(d)～(e)，可以看出Al、C、O元素的含量分布。
图10为材料表面裂纹扩展受Al2O3颗粒抑制的SEM图。从图10(a)可以看到试样的其他部位有一处表面裂纹，该裂纹扩展路径上遇到Al2O3颗粒，填充物会抑制裂纹运动，图10(b)为其局部放大图。
图11为Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料的断口形貌。由于Al2O3颗粒的硬度高于环氧树脂基体，因此在承载一定范围的载荷时树脂基体先开裂，Al2O3颗粒暂时没有断裂，仍然能承受部分载荷。当载荷进一步增大，树脂基体和颗粒界面脱粘，这时断裂的位置不全发生在环氧树脂基体主裂纹平面上，而出现在一些颗粒与基体脱粘后的树脂基体中。从图11中的白色圈可以看出在断口处上有多个颗粒脱出后留下的孔洞和凹坑，因此复合材料的断裂行为以颗粒脱出为主导。图12为断裂路径的图解说明示意图，从图12可以看出，当裂纹碰到刚性的无机颗粒时，裂纹的发展会被暂时固定住，后逐渐从颗粒下方穿过或者绕过裂纹传播平面的整个颗粒边界，这个过程会消耗一定的能量。因此无机颗粒之间的结合力越强，裂纹传播需要消耗的能量就越大，复合材料抗拉强度就会越高。
3 结论
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本文截取盆式绝缘子典型失效区域试样，分析其基体微观组织形貌、微纳米尺度的力学行为和失效断口的形貌特征，进一步阐释了基于Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料的裂纹萌生及失效断裂机制，得到以下结论。
（1）盆式绝缘子的典型失效特征是裂纹均位于螺纹孔附近，形状不规则，最长的裂纹可达到约150 mm。裂纹产生的原因为螺纹孔附近的密封槽缝隙内部容易积水，当外界环境温度骤变，两种基础材料的膨胀系数差异大（约70×10-6℃-1），于是引起应力集中和应力腐蚀，进而导致材料产生裂纹。
（2）基体中的Al2O3在树脂基体中分散不均、尺寸不一，颗粒直径最大超过50 μm，较小的约1 μm，两相界面处存在结合较差的微裂纹。
（3）EP基体和Al2O3颗粒增强相弹性模量相差大。嵌入环氧树脂基体中的Al2O3颗粒的弹性模量和硬度均值分别为170.32 GPa和25.63 GPa，远高于树脂基体（11.69 GPa和0.26 GPa）。且环氧树脂的断裂韧性值仅约0.55 MPa·m1/2，在载荷的作用下服役，裂纹易从环氧树脂基体中萌生。
（4）Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料的断裂行为以颗粒脱出为主导，属于典型的脆性材料裂纹扩展方式。裂纹在扩展过程中，当遇到高强度的Al2O3颗粒时受阻而发生转向，会沿着颗粒与基体的界面继续扩展。
基金
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  • 国网山西省电力公司科技项目(52053023000Q)
文献
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2024年第57卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.003
  • 接收时间：2023-09-20
  • 首发时间：2025-12-24
  • 出版时间：2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期：2023-09-20
  • 修回日期：2023-11-10
基金
国网山西省电力公司科技项目(52053023000Q)
作者信息
    1太原理工大学，材料科学与工程学院，山西 太原 030024
    2太原理工大学，机械与运载工程学院，山西 太原 030024
    3国网山西省电力公司电力科学研究院，山西 太原 030001

通讯作者:

王文先（1963-），男（汉族），山西太原人，教授，研究方向为先进材料连接及其界面行为。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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