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Article(id=1210560431043768679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210560429043085661, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697126400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-13, revisedDate=1703692800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766549697886, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766549697886, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766549697886, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766549697886, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210560429043085661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766549697408, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563951127, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620213532430860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210560429043085661, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620213532430861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210560429043085661, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=94, endPage=102, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210560432230756730, articleId=1210560431043768679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Impact analysis of closing joint on flashover path of EMU roof epoxy resin insulator, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of injection molding of the epoxy insulator on EMU roof, there will be two closing joints on the surface of the umbrella skirt along the vertical direction, the convex edges will distort the electric field near it. In this paper, the influence of the closing joint on the flashover path of the epoxy insulator on EMU roof under wet conditions was studied. Through the spray flashover test, the flashover probability between the closing joint and other parts of the umbrella skirt was compared, the motion characteristics of water droplets on the surface of the epoxy resin umbrella skirt were observed, and the effects of the closing joint on the formation of water band, electric field intensity, and current density distribution were analyzed by simulation. The results show that the flashover channel is easily form at the closing joint, and under the action of electric field, the water band near the closing joint will stretch or even bridge the adjacent skirt. The current density of water band at the closing joint of high voltage end umbrella skirt is more than one time higher than that at other parts of the umbrella skirt. The water band bridging skirt will distort the local electric field, decrease the creepage distance and increase the voltage value borne by the unit creepage distance.

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动车组车顶环氧绝缘子在注射成型过程中，伞裙表面沿竖直方向会出现两条合模缝，凸起的棱边会畸变其附近的电场。本文对动车组车顶环氧绝缘子在湿润工况下合模缝对闪络路径的影响进行研究，通过喷淋闪络试验，比较合模缝处与伞裙其他部位的闪络概率，观察水滴在环氧树脂伞裙表面的运动特性，并通过仿真分析合模缝对水带形成、电场强度和电流密度分布的影响。结果表明：在合模缝处容易形成闪络通道，且在电场的作用下，合模缝附近的水带会拉伸甚至桥接相邻伞裙。高压端伞裙表面合模缝处水带的电流密度比伞裙其他部位的水滴电流密度高1倍以上；桥接伞裙的水带会畸变局部电场，缩小爬电距离和增加单位爬电距离承担的电压值。

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侯敏（1999-），女（汉族），内蒙古呼和浩特人，硕士生，主要从事电气设备绝缘等方面的研究；

马建桥（1982-），男（回族），宁夏吴忠人，教授，博士，主要从事电气设备绝缘、动车组绝缘设备优化等方面的研究。

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侯敏（1999-），女（汉族），内蒙古呼和浩特人，硕士生，主要从事电气设备绝缘等方面的研究；

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侯敏（1999-），女（汉族），内蒙古呼和浩特人，硕士生，主要从事电气设备绝缘等方面的研究；

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马建桥（1982-），男（回族），宁夏吴忠人，教授，博士，主要从事电气设备绝缘、动车组绝缘设备优化等方面的研究。

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马建桥（1982-），男（回族），宁夏吴忠人，教授，博士，主要从事电气设备绝缘、动车组绝缘设备优化等方面的研究。

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Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2022., articleTitle=Water drops dynamic deformation on composite post insulators shed edge under different shed parameters and influence on the electric field between sheds, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1218111629837914441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560431043768679, awardId=52167019, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科学自然基金资助项目(52167019), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1218111620803383300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560431043768679, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218111620807577605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560431043768679, companyId=1218111620803383300, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Automatic & Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, 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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560431043768679, language=CN, label=图17, caption=水滴截线处的电流密度, figureFileSmall=tCdHjQogXjgMNSy9MEIFrw==, figureFileBig=65muiX6BC86QXPqQj6LRIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218111629473009976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560431043768679, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Contact angle of closing joint in different directions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水滴体积/L接触角θY/(°)
垂直于合模缝方向平行于合模缝方向
范围平均值方差cosθY范围平均值方差cosθY
20112.3～113.4112.900.464-0.389108.6～111.7111.031.418-0.359
40105.4～108.2106.451.108-0.283101.1～105.8102.881.870-0.223
60104.0～109.1105.502.094-0.26798.8～100.099.580.492-0.166
), ArticleFig(id=1218111629544313147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560431043768679, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

合模缝不同方向接触角

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水滴体积/L接触角θY/(°)
垂直于合模缝方向平行于合模缝方向
范围平均值方差cosθY范围平均值方差cosθY
20112.3～113.4112.900.464-0.389108.6～111.7111.031.418-0.359
40105.4～108.2106.451.108-0.283101.1～105.8102.881.870-0.223
60104.0～109.1105.502.094-0.26798.8～100.099.580.492-0.166
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结构相对介电常数电导率/(S/m)
金属附件1.00×1081.15×107
环氧树脂绝缘材料51.00×10-12
空气1.0061.00×10-50
水81.51.00×10-2
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模型的结构参数

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结构相对介电常数电导率/(S/m)
金属附件1.00×1081.15×107
环氧树脂绝缘材料51.00×10-12
空气1.0061.00×10-50
水81.51.00×10-2
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动车组车顶环氧树脂绝缘子合模缝对闪络路径的影响分析
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侯敏 1 , 马建桥 1 , 马磊 2 , 张淑窈 1
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2024,57(7): 94-102
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2024, 57(7): 94-102
动车组车顶环氧树脂绝缘子合模缝对闪络路径的影响分析
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侯敏1, 马建桥1, 马磊2, 张淑窈1
作者信息
  • 1兰州交通大学 自动化与电气工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 2国网甘肃省电力公司平凉供电公司,甘肃 平凉 744000

    • 侯敏（1999-），女（汉族），内蒙古呼和浩特人，硕士生，主要从事电气设备绝缘等方面的研究；

    马建桥（1982-），男（回族），宁夏吴忠人，教授，博士，主要从事电气设备绝缘、动车组绝缘设备优化等方面的研究。

Impact analysis of closing joint on flashover path of EMU roof epoxy resin insulator
Min HOU1, Jianqiao MA1, Lei MA2, Shuyao ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Automatic & Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 2State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company Pingliang Electric Power Company, Pingliang 744000, China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.012
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摘要
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动车组车顶环氧绝缘子在注射成型过程中，伞裙表面沿竖直方向会出现两条合模缝，凸起的棱边会畸变其附近的电场。本文对动车组车顶环氧绝缘子在湿润工况下合模缝对闪络路径的影响进行研究，通过喷淋闪络试验，比较合模缝处与伞裙其他部位的闪络概率，观察水滴在环氧树脂伞裙表面的运动特性，并通过仿真分析合模缝对水带形成、电场强度和电流密度分布的影响。结果表明：在合模缝处容易形成闪络通道，且在电场的作用下，合模缝附近的水带会拉伸甚至桥接相邻伞裙。高压端伞裙表面合模缝处水带的电流密度比伞裙其他部位的水滴电流密度高1倍以上；桥接伞裙的水带会畸变局部电场，缩小爬电距离和增加单位爬电距离承担的电压值。

合模缝  /  环氧树脂绝缘子  /  闪络通道  /  水带  /  水滴运动

In the process of injection molding of the epoxy insulator on EMU roof, there will be two closing joints on the surface of the umbrella skirt along the vertical direction, the convex edges will distort the electric field near it. In this paper, the influence of the closing joint on the flashover path of the epoxy insulator on EMU roof under wet conditions was studied. Through the spray flashover test, the flashover probability between the closing joint and other parts of the umbrella skirt was compared, the motion characteristics of water droplets on the surface of the epoxy resin umbrella skirt were observed, and the effects of the closing joint on the formation of water band, electric field intensity, and current density distribution were analyzed by simulation. The results show that the flashover channel is easily form at the closing joint, and under the action of electric field, the water band near the closing joint will stretch or even bridge the adjacent skirt. The current density of water band at the closing joint of high voltage end umbrella skirt is more than one time higher than that at other parts of the umbrella skirt. The water band bridging skirt will distort the local electric field, decrease the creepage distance and increase the voltage value borne by the unit creepage distance.

closing joint  /  epoxy resin insulator  /  flashover cannels  /  water band  /  water droplet motion
侯敏, 马建桥, 马磊, 张淑窈. 动车组车顶环氧树脂绝缘子合模缝对闪络路径的影响分析. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (7) : 94 -102 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.012
Min HOU, Jianqiao MA, Lei MA, Shuyao ZHANG. Impact analysis of closing joint on flashover path of EMU roof epoxy resin insulator[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (7) : 94 -102 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.012
正文
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0 引言
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截至2022年12月，中国高速铁路运营里程数已达42 000公里。在降雨环境下，动车组车顶绝缘子闪络电压下降致使闪络事故频发，直接影响高速列车的安全运行[1-4]。目前，动车组车顶绝缘子一般采用环氧树脂或硅橡胶材料。其中环氧树脂绝缘子具有硬度大、绝缘性能良好等特点，因此广泛应用于高速电气化铁路动车组车顶[5]。环氧树脂绝缘子伞裙的制造一般采用注射成型工艺，该工艺有浇注、固化、合模、脱模等工序[6]。在合模阶段，由于模具设计和制造精度不高、模具安装不牢固或模具长时间使用出现磨损等多种原因，两个半模具在贴合时可能会发生微小的位移，导致在伞裙对称方向上出现两条合模缝。
两条合模缝的存在会影响动车组车顶环氧树脂绝缘子的电气性能。同时由于绝缘子制造工艺的不足，会造成合模缝处的填充料密度远高于其他部位，使其表面容易积聚污染物和雨水[7]。因此，运行在高湿环境下的动车组车顶绝缘子会在伞裙上表面合模缝处积聚雨水，进而导致闪络事故发生。此外，在雨水的侵蚀下，伞裙合模缝处表面易出现裂纹等老化现象。
近年来，学者们对绝缘子伞裙合模缝的研究相对较少，多集中在定性描述等方面。文献[8]对复合绝缘子合模缝的材质分布结构、力学性能、耐老化性能进行分析，结果表明合模缝处的填充剂颗粒数量远大于其他部位，导致合模缝处的力学性能、绝缘性能和憎水迁移性能降低。文献[9]对环氧树脂绝缘子进行了水煮试验并对水煮后合模缝与非合模缝处的物化性能进行对比，结果表明合模缝处的泄漏电流明显大于非合模缝处的泄漏电流。另外，大量电气试验表明，在雨闪、雾闪、污闪等情况下，闪络电弧往往出现在动车组车顶环氧树脂绝缘子伞裙合模缝的位置，并且电弧持续时间较长，导致合模缝处老化速度较快[10-12]，因此有必要进一步对合模缝处闪络现象的发生机理和电场分布特性进行研究。
本文以动车组车顶环氧树脂绝缘子为研究对象，通过喷淋闪络试验观测到绝缘子表面闪络路径发生在绝缘子沿竖直方向上的两条合模缝处；针对水滴的运动特性在环氧树脂伞裙表面搭建观测平台，验证伞裙上表面合模缝处较伞裙其他部位更容易形成水带。接着对水滴在合模缝处形成水带、汇聚于伞裙下表面并破碎桥接相邻伞裙的过程进行仿真，解释闪络通道形成前合模缝处水滴运动过程对其周围空间电场畸变的影响。本文的研究结果可为绝缘子长时间带电工作下闪络路径多出现于合模缝处提供解释，并对绝缘子实际制造及安装过程中合模缝的优化提供理论参考。
1 动车组车顶环氧树脂绝缘子闪络试验
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1.1 试品及试验装置
图1为动车组车顶环氧树脂绝缘子的剖面结构。
闪络试验接线原理如图2(a)所示，图中的变压器型号为YDTW-225kVA/150kV，变压比为1∶250，高压侧最大输出电压为150 kV，最大输出电流为1.5 A，电容分压器分压比为1 000∶1。人工气候室（如图2(b)所示）内部尺寸（长×宽×高）为4.5 m×3.7 m×2.6 m，试验电源及人工气候室满足GB/T 4585—2004要求[13]。
1.2 试验方法及现象
试验前，用无水乙醇擦拭绝缘子表面，确保其表面清洁，在试验室内自然阴干6 h后开展试验。图3为绝缘子的放置示意图，两条合模缝位于绝缘子两侧。将绝缘子在气候室中静置10 min，向其表面喷洒电导率为2 000 μS/cm的自来水，直到表面润湿。然后以3 kV/s的速率升压，直到绝缘子表面发生闪络。试验期间拍摄闪络视频的相机距绝缘子中心位置2 m，后续绝缘子表面液滴状态图片均来自于视频分帧。
图4为持续升压闪络试验过程中的水滴形貌及电弧发展情况。随着电压的持续升高，沿绝缘子合模缝位置出现明亮的电弧，闪络电压为62～68 kV。观测到绝缘子闪络后伞裙表面，沿合模缝的地方出现干区，靠近合模缝的地方干区面积明显比其他部位大。从图4(a)可以看出，由于初始电压较低，合模缝表面尚未出现局部电弧。但绝缘子合模缝处会有一些小水滴聚集成大水滴，在水滴聚集的地方随着电压的升高出现了零星小火花，如图4(b)所示。从图4(c)可以看出，随着外加电压的升高，绝缘子伞裙合模缝附近相继出现局部电弧，电弧面积不断扩大。当电压持续升高，泄漏电流产热使温度升高到足够维持电弧燃烧时，绝缘子合模缝处出现部分明亮的火焰，如图4(d)和图4(e)所示。当电压进一步升高时，沿着伞裙合模缝和高电压电极之间形成一条连续的放电通道，此时绝缘子发出明亮的光芒并释放大量的热，发生闪络，如图4(f)所示。
2 水滴在合模缝处演变为水带的观测试验
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2.1 试验方法
从绝缘子喷淋闪络试验中发现闪络通道出现在绝缘子合模缝的位置，对比伞裙其他部位，绝缘子合模缝处出现一条连续水带，如图5(a)所示，而伞裙表面没有形成连续水带，其水滴形貌多为大小不均等的水珠，如图5(b)所示。
为了证明合模缝处形成连续水带并非偶然，取第1片伞裙上表面合模缝位置与其他部位进行滴水对比试验。控制时间和流速恒定，对比合模缝位置与伞裙其他部位表面水滴形态的变化过程。试验场景布置如图6所示。
首先将绝缘子上下表面用纯净水和无水乙醇各擦拭一遍去除污秽，静置10 min待绝缘子表面自然干燥。在气候室水平放置高度为2 m的铁架挂置点滴瓶，使针头垂直于合膜缝正上方，针头距地面垂直高度为60 cm。针头直径为1.2 mm，针头长度为28 mm，出水速度为33滴/min，控制每滴出水量为24 μL，记录拍摄时间为2 min。相机定点拍摄水滴在第1片伞裙的表面状态视频。用分帧软件进行后期处理，分别提取合模缝和伞裙其他部位的水滴状态图。
2.2 试验现象
图7为第1片伞裙表面水滴在不同时间下的形态对比图，图中纵向距离为水滴长度，横向距离为水滴宽度。从图7可以看出，合模缝处形成了连续水带，伞裙表面其他部位仅形成分离水滴；第2秒滴落的水滴形态相差不大，合模缝处滴落的水滴形状不规则，与伞裙表面的接触面积更大。随着水滴的不断下落，不同位置伞裙表面的水滴状态有明显的不同。滴落到合模缝表面的水滴溅射和分离现象较少。在重力的作用下，聚集的水滴沿着合模缝的竖直方向不断拉伸，形成细长的水带。与此相比，滴落到伞裙其他部位的水滴溅射和分离现象明显，接触面积随时间的增加不断扩大。
图8为不同位置水滴参数随时间的变化规律。从图8可以看出，滴落到合模缝处的水滴长度随着时间的增加而增加，宽度变化不大。这是因为滴落到合模缝处的水滴受到重力的作用，会沿着合模缝竖直方向持续拉伸，而宽度受到表面张力的影响变化较小；滴落到伞裙其他部位的水滴由于会向四周溅射，最大水滴的长度和宽度随时间的延长趋势变化不明显。在第6 s时，水滴的宽度呈现减小的趋势。这是因为水滴滴落后不立即与之前的水滴发生合并，而是先从一个大水滴分离成多个小水滴。随着分离水滴数量的增加，它们之间的间距逐渐减小，靠近伞裙边缘的小水滴开始合并，因此，在第12 s时，水滴长度和宽度又逐渐增加。
2.3 试验结果分析
伞裙合模缝处较伞裙其他部位表面粗糙，呈现不同的物理结构。由于表面结构的变化，水滴表面的润湿状态、铺展形态将产生差异[14-15]。
水滴与固体表面接触时，水滴接触角是固-液接触线与气-液接触线之间形成的夹角。水滴接触角反映的是液-气、固-气、气-液界面表面张力相互作用平衡时的最小能量状态[16-17]。各表面张力与接触角之间的关系如式（1）所示。
cosθY=γsg-γslγgl
式（1）中：θY为光滑表面本征接触角；γsg、γgl和γsl分别为液滴在固-气、气-液和固-液界面的表面张力。
在不同微结构表面可以用最大铺展直径来衡量水滴在表面的铺展特性，具体是通过最大铺展直径（Dmax）和初始直径（D0）的比值即铺展系数b来表征，如式（2）所示。
b=Dmax/D0
M PASANDIDEH-FARD等[18]根据液滴碰撞固体表面前后的能量守恒定律以及液滴接触角，总结出液滴最大铺展系数bmax的评估公式为式（3），其中无量纲参数韦伯数We和雷诺数Re可由式（4）和式（5）计算。
bmax=We+1231-cosθY+4WeRe
We=ρD0V02/γ
Re=ρD0V0/μ
式（4）～（5）中：V0为液滴撞击速度；ρ为液滴密度；μ为水滴黏性系数；γ为表面张力系数。
接触角通过image J软件中的插件进行测量，包括图像获取、预处理、边缘检测、接触角测量、标定和结果分析[19]。首先，在绝缘子表面合模缝处滴落不同体积的水滴，并对水滴进行拍摄，其二维轮廓边缘近似于椭球形；接着，进行图像灰度处理和对比度增强，以优化后续边缘检测的效果。图9为image J软件中生成的水滴轮廓图。为了说明水滴沿合模缝方向容易形成水带并解释其形成原因，分别从合模缝平行方向与垂直方向进行接触角测定，并对合模缝处不同体积的水滴接触角进行多次计算求取平均值及方差以提高精确度，测量数据如表1所示。
从表1可以看出，水滴平行于合模缝方向上的接触角明显小于垂直于合模缝方向的接触角，垂直合模缝方向的cosθY值小于平行方向的cosθY值，随着水滴体积的增加，两个方向水滴接触角的差值增大。因此，合模缝垂直方向较平行方向更疏水。由于合模缝垂直方向上边界的限制，垂直于合模缝方向的最大铺展系数小于平行于合模缝方向的最大铺展系数，因此，水滴在此方向铺展过程中会受到边界的阻碍不能继续向外铺展。随着水滴不断的补充，并且不断合并，体积相应变大。伞裙表面存在倾角，在重力的作用下，水滴更容易沿合模缝平行方向先移动进而形成水带。
3 合模缝处水带对电场分布的影响
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水滴在绝缘子合模缝处的运动会影响其周围电场分布，促进闪络通道的形成。为了进一步描述试验中水滴运动过程的细节，本节通过仿真重点研究合模缝水滴运动时周围电场分布和电流密度的变化规律。
3.1 合模缝处水带对电场分布的影响
为了研究合模缝处水带对周围电场的影响，对模型进行有限元仿真，仿真物理场使用准静电场的稳态求解。空气包为直径2 500 mm的球体，车顶绝缘子高压设备处施加的工作电压为38 890 V，低压端接地。在网格剖分时，导入仿真模型，设定不同网格参数，通过对比分析，确定网格剖分方案，并采用统一的方法进行后续计算。本文重点研究绝缘子合模缝处的电场畸变规律，因此，需要特殊设置合模缝宽度为0.2 mm，网格大小进行特殊化定制，最大单元尺寸为0.1 mm，最小单元尺寸为0.001 mm[20-21]。仿真模型的结构参数如表2所示。
由图5(a)可知，水滴在合模缝处聚集成一条连续水带。由图5(b)可知，伞裙表面分布的水滴大小不一，具有分散性。为了避免建模及后续计算的难度，排除水滴边缘形貌对电场强度的影响，将水滴形貌统一设置为椭球形。合模缝处水带的长度设置为80 mm，非合模缝水滴长轴设置为5 mm，短轴设置为4 mm。
为探究伞裙合模缝处水带容易发生场强畸变和导致闪络现象的原因，本文在同一高度选取了如图10所示水滴的三维截线Q1Q2、水带的三维截线Q3Q4来对比水滴和水带的电流密度和电场强度大小，计算结果如图11和图12所示。
从图11可以看出，合模缝处水带内部的电流密度比伞裙其他部位水滴的电流密度高1倍以上，并且电流密度从伞裙根部到伞裙边缘呈现减小的趋势。
把水带看成导电介质，设定水带长度为X，伞裙直径为L，则沿面闪络电压U与水带长度的关系如式（6）所示。
U=XE1+(L-X)E2
式（6）中：E1为水带内部电场强度；E2为水带周围伞裙表面电场强度。
从图12可以看出，水带内部电场强度E1接近0，水带周围伞裙电场强度E2远大于E1，因此可忽略E1，则式（6）可表示为式（7）。
U=(L-X)E2
从式（7）可知，合模缝处形成连续水带时，X值接近L值，沿面闪络电压趋近于0，大幅提高了闪络发生的概率。并且在合模缝、水带和空气交界点处场强急剧增大，且畸变严重，此位置易先发生火花放电，接着在泄漏电流焦耳热的作用下，水带蒸发后出现干燥带，使得干燥带附近位置的放电进一步加剧[22]。若电压持续增大，沿着合模缝的方向上将发生闪络现象。
3.2 合模缝边缘水滴运动过程对电场分布的影响
由于合模缝处易吸水和易形成水带的特性，在合模缝处的水滴极易聚集。水滴聚集到一定体积时将滑落到伞裙边檐并沿合模缝方向继续运动至伞裙下表面，下表面水滴在重力作用下，发生滴落及破碎，桥接相邻伞裙[23-25]。图13为闪络过程中合模缝处水滴形变实拍图，图14为合模缝处伞裙边缘水滴滴落过程示意图。
基于上述水滴滴落过程进行建模，获得仿真结果如图15所示。从图15可以看出，水滴的形态影响其电场分布，悬垂水滴破碎前会产生极化效应，其极化电荷分布在水滴头部，电场最大值（Emax）也出现在水滴头部。随着水滴不断补充，伞裙下表面水滴发生形变，端部沿合模缝垂直方向不断延伸，水滴发生破碎，Emax的位置由水滴端部转移到分离水滴与剩余水滴之间。
当水滴继续增大时，水滴端部形成水带桥接相邻伞裙。从图15(b)可知，当水滴发展成水带桥接相邻伞裙时，水滴的Emax在水滴与伞裙的交界面处，因此，上下伞裙端部与水滴周围空气易发生电晕放电，爬电距离缩小，将降低闪络电压值。
为了进一步比较不同运动状态下水滴内部的电流密度情况，在同一高度选取如图16所示的三维截线M1M2、M3M4、M5M6，得到不同水滴运动状态下截线的电流密度如图17所示。
从图17可以看出，绝缘子合模缝处的电流密度与水滴汇集及运动发展状态有关，当水滴形成水带桥接相邻伞裙时，水滴内部的电流密度大幅增加，在电场极化作用下产生大量热能，进一步畸变周围的空气电场，最终导致闪络发生。
从水滴运动过程对周围电场分布的影响可知，水滴在合模缝处表面形成水带，并且当水滴积聚的体积达到一定程度时会汇集于伞裙下表面形成悬垂水滴。这些悬垂水滴可能会破碎、桥接相邻的伞裙，从而导致电场分布不均，大幅减小伞裙的爬电距离，增加了绝缘子发生闪络事故的概率。
4 结论
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（1）在电压逐渐增大的情况下，电弧首先在绝缘子伞裙合模缝处产生，并形成明显的电弧通道。伞裙合模缝处是绝缘子发生电气性能下降甚至闪络击穿的薄弱部位。
（2）合模缝对水滴的铺展形态产生显著影响，水滴在合模缝表面更容易聚集形成水带。随着水滴的积聚，水滴沿合模缝滑落到伞裙下表面甚至桥接相邻伞裙。
（3）在高压端合模缝处水带的电流密度比伞裙其他部位的水滴电流密度高1倍以上；桥接相邻伞裙的水带不仅引起电场畸变，还缩小伞裙爬电距离以及增加单位爬电距离所承担的电压值，增大了绝缘子发生闪络事故的概率。
基金
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  • 国家科学自然基金资助项目(52167019)
文献
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2024年第57卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.012
  • 接收时间：2023-10-13
  • 首发时间：2025-12-24
  • 出版时间：2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期：2023-10-13
  • 修回日期：2023-12-28
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国家科学自然基金资助项目(52167019)
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    1兰州交通大学 自动化与电气工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
    2国网甘肃省电力公司平凉供电公司,甘肃 平凉 744000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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