Article(id=1210227964638262030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210227961236681448, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1615305600000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-10, revisedDate=1618848000000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766470431717, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1642608000000, pubDateStr=2022-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766470431717, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766470431717, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766470431717, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210227961236681448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766470430907, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766562962621, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616067429364090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210227961236681448, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616067429364091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210227961236681448, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210227964965417755, articleId=1210227964638262030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Ageing Evaluation Technology of Transformer Insulating Paper Based on Methanol Content in Oil, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The correlation between methanol content and polymerization degree of insulating paper was studied through the detection and analysis of ageing characteristic product methanol of insulating paper, and the characteristic parameter of methanol content in oil, which can characterize the ageing state of insulating paper, was put forward. The results show that there is a good linear correlation between the polymerization degree logarithm of insulating paper and the methanol content, and the linear correlations are highly similar under different experimental conditions, which can be expressed as lnDP=aC+b. The characteristic values of methanol content in oil proposed for transformers with different voltage levels can judge the ageing state of insulating paper effectively, and thus the operation status of transformer can be diagnosed and evaluated.

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通过对绝缘纸老化特征产物甲醇的检测分析,探究甲醇含量与绝缘纸聚合度之间的相关性,提出表征绝缘纸老化状况的油中甲醇含量的特征参考值。结果表明:绝缘纸聚合度的对数与甲醇含量之间存在良好的线性相关性,且在不同实验条件下,其线性关系均高度相似,可表示为lnDP=aC+b。针对不同电压等级变压器提出的表征绝缘纸老化状况的油中甲醇含量特征值,可对绝缘纸老化状况进行有效判断,从而诊断和评估变压器的运行状态。

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杨雪滢(1987-),女(汉族),云南保山人,高级工程师,主要从事电力用油方面的研究。

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杨雪滢(1987-),女(汉族),云南保山人,高级工程师,主要从事电力用油方面的研究。

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杨雪滢(1987-),女(汉族),云南保山人,高级工程师,主要从事电力用油方面的研究。

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Kinetics of the production of chain-end groups and methanol from the depolymerization of cellulose during the ageing of paper/oil systems. Part 3: Extension of the study under temperature conditions over 120℃[J]. Cellulose,2015,22(1):829-848., articleTitle=Kinetics of the production of chain-end groups and methanol from the depolymerization of cellulose during the ageing of paper/oil systems. Part 3: Extension of the study under temperature conditions over 120℃, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210913942797422661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227964638262030, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=30, issue=7, pageStart=110, pageEnd=114, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=江丹宇, 高波, 吴广宁, journalName=广东电力, refType=null, unstructuredReference=江丹宇,高波,吴广宁,等.变压器油浸绝缘纸老化产生甲醇的途径[J].广东电力,2017,30(7):110-114., articleTitle=变压器油浸绝缘纸老化产生甲醇的途径, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210913941807566893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227964638262030, awardId=YNKJXM20190707, language=CN, fundingSource=云南电网有限责任公司科技项目(YNKJXM20190707), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210913937273525071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227964638262030, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210913937281913679, 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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227964638262030, language=CN, label=图6, caption=绝缘纸聚合度与甲醇含量的关系拟合, figureFileSmall=DNnDK3jrfRsfWRWGEclT+Q==, figureFileBig=LRP2HFipHazQLpK+jNTh6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210913940968706066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227964638262030, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Criteria of polymerization degree for transformer paper insulation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘纸聚合度>500500~250250~150<150
诊断结果良好可以运行引起注意退出运行
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变压器纸绝缘聚合度判据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘纸聚合度>500500~250250~150<150
诊断结果良好可以运行引起注意退出运行
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电压等级油纸体积质量比中度老化时对应的甲醇含量/(mg/L)深度老化时对应的甲醇含量/(mg/L)
35 kV73∶11.12.3
110 kV55∶11.53.1
220 kV78∶11.02.1
500 kV80∶11.02.1
), ArticleFig(id=1210913941337804832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227964638262030, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同电压等级变压器绝缘纸老化判断指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压等级油纸体积质量比中度老化时对应的甲醇含量/(mg/L)深度老化时对应的甲醇含量/(mg/L)
35 kV73∶11.12.3
110 kV55∶11.53.1
220 kV78∶11.02.1
500 kV80∶11.02.1
), ArticleFig(id=1210913941467828260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227964638262030, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Evaluation on ageing condition of insulating paper of transformer in operation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压等级变压器数量/台甲醇含量/(mg/L)老化状况
35 kV47

最小值:0.074

最大值:1.532

中度老化:8台

深度老化:无

110 kV45

最小值:0.014

最大值:1.719

中度老化:1台

深度老化:无

220 kV37

最小值:0.025

最大值:1.108

中度老化:1台

深度老化:无

500 kV28

最小值:0.008

最大值:0.134

中度老化:无

深度老化:无

), ArticleFig(id=1210913941576880168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210227964638262030, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

在运变压器绝缘纸老化状况评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压等级变压器数量/台甲醇含量/(mg/L)老化状况
35 kV47

最小值:0.074

最大值:1.532

中度老化:8台

深度老化:无

110 kV45

最小值:0.014

最大值:1.719

中度老化:1台

深度老化:无

220 kV37

最小值:0.025

最大值:1.108

中度老化:1台

深度老化:无

500 kV28

最小值:0.008

最大值:0.134

中度老化:无

深度老化:无

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基于油中甲醇含量的变压器绝缘纸老化状况评估技术研究
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杨雪滢 1 , 李宗红 1 , 周嘉璐 2 , 宋玉锋 1 , 程雪婷 1
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022,55(1): 67-72
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022, 55(1): 67-72
基于油中甲醇含量的变压器绝缘纸老化状况评估技术研究
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杨雪滢1, 李宗红1, 周嘉璐2, 宋玉锋1, 程雪婷1
作者信息
  • 1南方电网云南电力科学研究院,云南 昆明 650217
  • 2南方电网云南普洱供电局,云南 普洱 665000
  • 杨雪滢(1987-),女(汉族),云南保山人,高级工程师,主要从事电力用油方面的研究。

Ageing Evaluation Technology of Transformer Insulating Paper Based on Methanol Content in Oil
Xueying YANG1, Zonghong LI1, Jialu ZHOU2, Yufeng SONG1, Xueting CHENG1
Affiliations
  • 1Yunnan Electric Power Research Institute of China Southern Power Grid, Kunming 650217, China
  • 2Pu'er Power Supply Bureau of China Southern Power Grid, Pu'er 665000, China
出版时间: 2022-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.011
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通过对绝缘纸老化特征产物甲醇的检测分析,探究甲醇含量与绝缘纸聚合度之间的相关性,提出表征绝缘纸老化状况的油中甲醇含量的特征参考值。结果表明:绝缘纸聚合度的对数与甲醇含量之间存在良好的线性相关性,且在不同实验条件下,其线性关系均高度相似,可表示为lnDP=aC+b。针对不同电压等级变压器提出的表征绝缘纸老化状况的油中甲醇含量特征值,可对绝缘纸老化状况进行有效判断,从而诊断和评估变压器的运行状态。

绝缘纸  /  老化  /  甲醇

The correlation between methanol content and polymerization degree of insulating paper was studied through the detection and analysis of ageing characteristic product methanol of insulating paper, and the characteristic parameter of methanol content in oil, which can characterize the ageing state of insulating paper, was put forward. The results show that there is a good linear correlation between the polymerization degree logarithm of insulating paper and the methanol content, and the linear correlations are highly similar under different experimental conditions, which can be expressed as lnDP=aC+b. The characteristic values of methanol content in oil proposed for transformers with different voltage levels can judge the ageing state of insulating paper effectively, and thus the operation status of transformer can be diagnosed and evaluated.

insulating paper  /  ageing  /  methanol
杨雪滢, 李宗红, 周嘉璐, 宋玉锋, 程雪婷. 基于油中甲醇含量的变压器绝缘纸老化状况评估技术研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (1) : 67 -72 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.011
Xueying YANG, Zonghong LI, Jialu ZHOU, Yufeng SONG, Xueting CHENG. Ageing Evaluation Technology of Transformer Insulating Paper Based on Methanol Content in Oil[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (1) : 67 -72 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.011
变压器是电网系统的主要设备,实现对其固体绝缘老化状况及绝缘寿命的检测具有重要的现实意义。油浸式变压器的寿命一般是指油纸绝缘系统的寿命,绝缘纸具有不可恢复的老化特性,因此变压器的寿命实际上是指绝缘纸和层压纸板的寿命。
变压器内绝缘纸、纸板等是以木材纸浆为原料制成的,其主要成分是长管状纤维素,纤维素则是许多葡萄糖基以1,4-β糖苷键连接起来的大分子[1-2]。变压器运行中由于温度、水分和氧气的作用,纤维素会逐渐降解,使聚合度(DP)降低,从而会降低纸板的拉伸强度和绝缘性能。聚合度是表征绝缘纸老化程度的重要指标之一,能够直接反映绝缘纸板的机械强度。但是进行绝缘纸聚合度的检测需要采取吊芯等措施,并且要从最能反映绝缘性能真实状况的关键处取样,这在变压器的实际运行过程中是难以实现的。近年来,国内外一些研究机构研究发现绝缘油中甲醇含量是固体绝缘纸老化的特殊分解产物,可通过甲醇含量的测定实现对变压器老化状态的评估。目前,基于甲醇含量的绝缘纸老化评估方法中对于老化的诊断分析技术研究还处于起步阶段,未建立标准体系,缺乏甲醇含量特征值的参考。因此,针对以油中甲醇含量为绝缘纸老化判断指标的研究十分必要。
本研究设计不同条件下的油纸老化实验,通过检测老化产物甲醇的含量及老化过程中绝缘纸聚合度的变化,对二者之间的对应关系进行拟合分析,同时结合不同电压等级变压器的油纸比例(体积质量比),初步提出表征绝缘纸老化的油中甲醇含量的特征参考值,为基于甲醇含量的绝缘纸老化评估技术的研究提供参考。
采用厚度为0.07 mm的普通变压器绝缘纸和新疆克拉玛依25#变压器绝缘油作为油纸绝缘老化实验的样品。实验步骤如下:
(1)将绝缘纸样品裁剪成若干尺寸为20 cm×4cm、质量约为1.0 g的长纸条。为了获得不同初始水分含量的绝缘纸样品,将卷好的绝缘纸条分为2组,分别放入20 mL玻璃瓶中,在50℃鼓风干燥箱内充分干燥。将干燥好的绝缘纸取出,放置于高精度电子天平(MettlerToledo公司MS304S型,精度为0.1 mg)上自然吸潮。
(2)当绝缘纸初始水分含量(质量分数)分别达到1.0%、3.0%和5.0%时,在玻璃瓶中加入15 mL的绝缘油,使油纸体积质量比(单位为mL的油体积与单位为g的纸质量之比)为15∶1[3-4]。氮气条件下将玻璃瓶严格密封,分别在温度为90~140℃的老化箱中进行热老化实验。实验过程中按一定的时间间隔取样,进行甲醇含量与绝缘纸聚合度测量[5],直至绝缘纸聚合度低于200时停止取样检测。
(3)油中甲醇检测采用顶空色谱法,即在恒温恒压条件下,在油样与洗脱气体构成的密闭系统内,使油中甲醇在气、液两项达到分配平衡,再采用毛细管色谱柱分离气相中的甲醇,选用FID检测器实现甲醇含量的测定。甲醇含量分析结果以每升油中所含甲醇的毫克数(mg/L)表示。
气相色谱仪条件:柱温箱起始温度为35℃,起始保持时间为3 min,升温速度为15℃/min,最终温度为180℃,最终保持时间为5 min;进样口温度为250℃;载气为高纯氦气,流速为1.5 mL/min;分流比为10∶1;顶空进样器条件:加热箱温度为60℃,定量环温度为80℃,传输线温度为90℃,样品瓶平衡时间为10 min,样品瓶填充模式为恒定流量;填充压力为101 kPa。
变压器绝缘纸属于纤维素绝缘材料,纤维素是由许多葡萄糖以1,4-β糖苷键连接起来的大分子。高温使纤维素分子链发生解环或断裂,产生活性很高的烷基自由基,烷基自由基快速与聚合物中吸附的氧气分子反应形成过氧化自由基,过氧化自由基从高分子链中获得一个氢而形成过氧化物,同时形成一个新的自由基。过氧化氢通过裂解或歧化反应生成更多的自由基,通过进一步的链增长、链转移及链终止反应,使高分子链发生断裂。分子链断裂反应的结果是使聚合物分子量下降,绝缘纸的强度和刚度降低。图1图2分别为温度对绝缘纸聚合度和油中甲醇含量的影响曲线。从图12可以看出,在相同的水分含量和老化时间下(水分含量为3%,老化时间为240 h),绝缘纸聚合度随老化温度的升高而下降,油中甲醇含量随老化温度的升高而增加。变压器绝缘纸在热的作用下会发生分子裂解的化学反应,使纤维素分子链发生解环或断裂,即热解降解反应[5]。随着温度升高反应加速,绝缘材料加剧分解。因此温度是影响绝缘纸老化的重要因素。
水分会大幅加速绝缘纸的老化进程,严重威胁油纸绝缘材料的绝缘寿命。1,4-β糖苷键在高温和水的作用下很不稳定,容易断裂发生水解反应,即水分子透过纤维素的长链分子,与相邻的两个葡萄糖环的氧原子反应,形成两个-OH,各附着于1个环,使聚合物分离为两个部分。在高温和水分的共同作用下,绝缘纸会加速老化降解,而绝缘纸的降解又会产生新的水分,生成的水分将进一步参与绝缘纸的降解反应,水分对绝缘纸老化起到的促进作用,是绝缘纸老化最重要的影响因素之一。图3图4分别为水分对绝缘纸聚合度和油中甲醇含量的影响曲线。
图34可以看出,在相同的老化温度及老化时间下(老化温度为100℃,老化时间为24 h),绝缘纸聚合度随水分含量的增加而下降,油中甲醇含量随水分含量的增加而增加。
水分既是纤维素老化降解的反应物又是老化降解的催化剂,也是纤维素老化降解的产物。水分是纤维素老化降解具有自催化性的主要因素。水分对纤维素老化降解的催化作用主要表现在3个方面[6-7]:①水分子与多羟基纤维素分子容易形成强的氢键相互作用,因此自由水分子容易扩散和渗透进入固体绝缘纸纤维素分子之间,产生溶胀效果从而降低纤维素的结晶度,增加纤维素老化发生的反应点;②水分子不仅是纤维素水解降解的反应物,也是作为水解催化剂质子(氢离子)的运输载体和提供者,因此,水分子在固体绝缘纸内的渗透扩散性将加速水解降解;③在纤维素老化降解自由基机理中,水分子与自由基反应可产生活性羟基自由基,是自由基链反应的传递者,可导致位置相对固定的纤维素自由基降解反应转移到绝缘纸的其他位置,从而加速纤维素的老化。
变压器在实际运行过程中受温度、水分、油中气体含量等因素的影响,这些影响因素相互协同,对绝缘纸的老化均起着促进作用。运行设备用绝缘纸的老化趋势在实际运行过程中随着这些因素的变化而有所改变。但由于受制变量过多,很难进行所有变量的模拟实验。即使进行了各变量的实验室模拟研究,也难以实施到运行现场。为解决因干扰因素过多导致绝缘纸老化诊断方法受限、诊断结果不准确等问题,本研究剔除各影响因素,通过绝缘纸老化的直接表现参数—纤维素聚合度和绝缘纸老化的特征产物—甲醇进行绝缘纸老化诊断技术的研究。研究油中甲醇含量与纤维素聚合度的相关性,建立绝缘纸老化的诊断方法。
对不同初始水分含量和不同老化温度下随着老化的进行,绝缘纸聚合度随甲醇含量的变化作图,选取4组代表性关系曲线进行分析,结果如图5所示。
图5可以看出,不同初始水分和老化温度下,绝缘纸聚合度与甲醇含量的变化趋势均表现为前期聚合度下降很快,而甲醇含量增长较缓,当聚合度下降至800左右时,甲醇含量均在1 mg/L以内。随着老化的进行,绝缘纸聚合度的下降趋势开始变得缓慢,而甲醇含量开始快速增加,并保持这种变化趋势直至老化中后期。这是因为前期的纤维素老化是由1,4-β糖苷键在微晶纤维素的无定形区断裂引起的[8],随着老化程度的提高,发生在非晶区的糖苷键的断裂扩大到更有序的区域[9],老化速率也逐步下降。而甲醇则随着老化的发展不断累积,含量不断增长。
新变压器绝缘纸的聚合度大多在1 000左右,当聚合度降到500时,绝缘纸进入老化中期;当聚合度降到250时,绝缘纸抗张强度出现突降,绝缘纸达到深度老化;聚合度约为150时,绝缘纸完全丧失机械强度[5]。DL/T 984—2018《油浸式变压器绝缘老化判断导则》中建议,当变压器中采集的纸或纸板样品的聚合度降低到250时,应对该变压器的纸绝缘老化引起注意,在有条件更换时,可考虑设备退出运行,具体判据见表1
表1可见,判断绝缘纸老化状况的两个关键聚合度值分别为500和250。图5中绝缘纸聚合度下降至800左右时,曲线出现了明显的拐点,因此本研究在进行绝缘纸聚合度与甲醇含量的关系拟合时,略去800以上的聚合度值,从而提高拟合曲线的相关性和准确性。
对不同初始水分含量和老化温度下的8组实验数据进行拟合,拟合曲线见图6。从图6可以看出,各实验条件下绝缘纸聚合度的对数与甲醇含量之间存在着良好的线性相关性,其线性关系均可表示为lnDP=aC+b
分析图6可知,各实验条件下绝缘纸聚合度与甲醇含量的拟合方程lnDP=aC+b中,a值集中在 -0.122~-0.138,b值集中在6.8~7.0,可认为不同实验条件下,绝缘纸聚合度的对数与甲醇含量之间均存在良好的线性相关性,且其线性关系高度相似。为得到可运用于现场运行设备的基于甲醇含量的绝缘纸老化判断指标,本研究对上述a值及b值取平均值,得到以下关系式:lnDP=-0.128C+6.93。此关系式适用于聚合度在200~800内的绝缘纸老化状况的评估。
不同电压等级的变压器中油纸比例有较大差别,甲醇检测结果用单位体积油中甲醇毫克量表示,这会导致相同老化状况的不同设备油中甲醇含量检测结果出现不同,从而将影响变压器绝缘纸老化状况的判断,因此需对不同油纸比例的变压器进行甲醇含量判断值的修正。本研究共收集了162台不同厂家生产的不同电压等级的变压器进行分析,其中35 kV变压器40台,110 kV变压器40台,220 kV变压器40台,500 kV变压器42台。经统计,35 kV变压器的油纸体积质量比大约为73∶1;110 kV变压器的油纸体积质量比大约为55∶1;220 kV变压器的油纸体积质量比大约为78∶1;500 kV变压器的油纸体积质量比大约为80∶1。
根据关系式lnDP=-0.128C+6.93,当绝缘纸聚合度下降至500时,即绝缘纸中度老化时,计算可得甲醇含量为5.58 mg/L;当绝缘纸聚合度下降至250时,即绝缘纸深度老化时,计算可得甲醇含量为11.00 mg/L。此时计算所得的甲醇含量均针对老化实验所配制的油纸体积质量比为15∶1的油纸样品,需依照上述不同电压等级的变压器油纸比例对甲醇含量进行修正,修正结果见表2
对云南电网内共157台在运变压器进行了油中甲醇含量检测工作,并根据上述判断指标对157台变压器绝缘纸老化状况进行评估,评估结果见表3。从表3的评估结果可知,157台在运变压器中共有10台达到中度老化,其中35 kV变压器8台,110 kV变压器1台,220 kV变压器1台。对此10台变压器,将在之后的检修过程中取得变压器绝缘纸,通过聚合度值的测定,对这些设备老化状况的判断结果进行验证。
通过变压器绝缘纸老化实验,对老化过程中绝缘纸聚合度与老化产物甲醇含量的变化关系进行分析,主要得到以下结论:
(1)绝缘纸聚合度的对数与甲醇含量之间存在良好的线性相关性,且不同实验条件下,其线性关系均高度相似,可表示为lnDP=aC+b
(2)由于不同电压等级的变压器油纸比例有较大差别,会使相同老化状况的不同设备油中甲醇含量检测结果出现差异,影响到变压器绝缘纸老化状况的判断,因此需对不同油纸比例的变压器进行甲醇含量判断值的修正。
(3)针对不同电压等级变压器初步提出了表征绝缘纸老化状况的油中甲醇含量特征值,为基于甲醇含量的绝缘纸老化评估技术的研究提供了参考。
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2022年第55卷第1期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.01.011
  • 接收时间:2021-03-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-10
  • 修回日期:2021-04-20
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云南电网有限责任公司科技项目(YNKJXM20190707)
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    1南方电网云南电力科学研究院,云南 昆明 650217
    2南方电网云南普洱供电局,云南 普洱 665000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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