Article(id=1210210525473018576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210210518682431674, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1636128000000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-06, revisedDate=1638547200000, revisedDateStr=2021-12-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766466273896, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1666195200000, pubDateStr=2022-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766466273896, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766466273896, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766466273896, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210210518682431674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766466272277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563185976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210617004252328399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210210518682431674, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210617004252328400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210210518682431674, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210210526420931305, articleId=1210210525473018576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and Properties of Solution-processable Transparent Fluoro-containing Polyimide Films with Low Thermal Expansion, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Three kinds of soluble polyimide (PI) resins were prepared from 4,4′-hexafluoroisopropylidene)bisphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and three kinds of romatic diamine monomer containing rigid-rod amide bonds in the molecular chains by one-step high temperature solution polycondensation reaction, respectively. And then three kinds of transparent PI films were prepared by the N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solution of the above resins. The films were tested by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermomechanical analysis, and UV-visible spectrum, and their yellowness index was tested. The results show that the PI films exhibit good optical transparency, their ultraviolet cutoff wavelength is below 380 nm and the optical transmittance is over 80% at the wavelength of 500 nm. In addition, the PI films exhibit good thermal stability with the glass transition temperatures (Tg) higher than 320℃ and the 5% weight loss temperatures (T5%) over 520℃. The linear thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) of the PI films are all lower than 50×10-6/K, indicating that the introducing of rigid amide bonds can efficiently enhance the high-temperature dimensional stability of the solution-processable fluoro-containing PI films.

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采用4,4′-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA)分别与3种分子结构中含有刚性酰胺键的芳香族二胺单体通过一步高温溶液缩聚法制备了3种可溶性聚酰亚胺(PI)树脂。采用上述树脂的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)溶液制备了3种透明PI薄膜。对PI薄膜进行了衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱、热重分析、动态机械分析、热机械分析、紫外-可见光谱和黄度指数等测试。结果表明:3种PI薄膜具有良好的光学透明性,紫外截止波长(λcut)均低于380 nm,500 nm波长处的透光率(T500)超过80%。此外,该系列薄膜还表现出了良好的耐热稳定性,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)均超过了320℃,5%失重温度(T5%)均超过了520℃。3种PI薄膜的线性热膨胀系数(CTE)均低于50×10-6/K,表明刚性酰胺键的引入可显著提高上述溶液可加工型含氟PI薄膜的高温尺寸稳定性。

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刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),教授,博士,从事微电子与光电子器件用聚酰亚胺功能材料的研究。
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王汉利(1974-),男(汉族),山东淄博人,博士,主要从事高性能含氟高分子材料的研究。

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王汉利(1974-),男(汉族),山东淄博人,博士,主要从事高性能含氟高分子材料的研究。

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curves of PI films, figureFileSmall=dFuBRS8hNgmVzM9UiCqqEg==, figureFileBig=OyHyHuK9fkvH44V194/1ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253791438434764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210525473018576, language=CN, label=图9, caption=PI薄膜的UV-Vis曲线, figureFileSmall=dFuBRS8hNgmVzM9UiCqqEg==, figureFileBig=OyHyHuK9fkvH44V194/1ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253791539098064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210525473018576, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Inherent viscosity and molecular weights of the PI resins, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品[η]inh/(dL/g)分子量/(105 g/mol)PDI
MnMw
PI-10.921.142.261.98
PI-20.670.631.161.84
PI-30.740.661.271.92
), ArticleFig(id=1210253791639761364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210525473018576, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PI树脂的特性黏度与分子量

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样品[η]inh/(dL/g)分子量/(105 g/mol)PDI
MnMw
PI-10.921.142.261.98
PI-20.670.631.161.84
PI-30.740.661.271.92
), ArticleFig(id=1210253791790756313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210525473018576, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Solubility of the PI resins, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品溶剂
NMPDMAcDMSOCHCl3THFCPA
PI-1+++++++-+-+-
PI-2+++++++++-+-
PI-3++++++++++++
PI-ref-a++++++++++++
PI-ref-b+++-+----
), ArticleFig(id=1210253791912391136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210525473018576, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PI树脂的溶解性

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样品溶剂
NMPDMAcDMSOCHCl3THFCPA
PI-1+++++++-+-+-
PI-2+++++++++-+-
PI-3++++++++++++
PI-ref-a++++++++++++
PI-ref-b+++-+----
), ArticleFig(id=1210253792101134819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210525473018576, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Thermal properties for PI films, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品

Tg a

/℃

T5% b

/℃

Rw700 c

/%

Tdmax d

/℃

CTE e

/(×10-6/K)

PI-1328525.359.0635.541.4
PI-2NF f542.061.4570.548.9
PI-3360522.561.5585.643.8
PI-ref-a g327528.0ND hND h64.4
PI-ref-b377506.2ND hND h27.8
), ArticleFig(id=1210253792218575339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210525473018576, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PI薄膜的热性能

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样品

Tg a

/℃

T5% b

/℃

Rw700 c

/%

Tdmax d

/℃

CTE e

/(×10-6/K)

PI-1328525.359.0635.541.4
PI-2NF f542.061.4570.548.9
PI-3360522.561.5585.643.8
PI-ref-a g327528.0ND hND h64.4
PI-ref-b377506.2ND hND h27.8
), ArticleFig(id=1210253792386347502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210525473018576, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Optical properties of PI films, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品λcut/nmT500/%L*a*b*浊度/%
PI-136085.794.63-3.825.330.32
PI-237582.393.01-0.276.820.34
PI-337981.090.16-5.778.010.36
PI-ref-a33689.096.04-0.211.330.22
), ArticleFig(id=1210253792495399412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210525473018576, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PI薄膜的光学性能

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样品λcut/nmT500/%L*a*b*浊度/%
PI-136085.794.63-3.825.330.32
PI-237582.393.01-0.276.820.34
PI-337981.090.16-5.778.010.36
PI-ref-a33689.096.04-0.211.330.22
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溶液可加工型低热膨胀透明含氟聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究
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王汉利 1 , 吴琳 2 , 职欣心 2 , 高艳爽 2 , 张燕 2 , 刘金刚 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(10): 6-13
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(10): 6-13
溶液可加工型低热膨胀透明含氟聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究
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王汉利1, 吴琳2, 职欣心2, 高艳爽2, 张燕2, 刘金刚2
作者信息
  • 1山东华夏神舟新材料有限公司,山东 淄博 256401
  • 2中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083
  • 王汉利(1974-),男(汉族),山东淄博人,博士,主要从事高性能含氟高分子材料的研究。

通讯作者:

刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),教授,博士,从事微电子与光电子器件用聚酰亚胺功能材料的研究。
Preparation and Properties of Solution-processable Transparent Fluoro-containing Polyimide Films with Low Thermal Expansion
Hanli WANG1, Lin WU2, Xinxin ZHI2, Yanshuang GAO2, Yan ZHANG2, Jingang LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1Shandong Huaxiashenzhou New Material Co., Ltd., Zibo 256401, China
  • 2School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2022-10-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.002
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采用4,4′-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA)分别与3种分子结构中含有刚性酰胺键的芳香族二胺单体通过一步高温溶液缩聚法制备了3种可溶性聚酰亚胺(PI)树脂。采用上述树脂的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)溶液制备了3种透明PI薄膜。对PI薄膜进行了衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱、热重分析、动态机械分析、热机械分析、紫外-可见光谱和黄度指数等测试。结果表明:3种PI薄膜具有良好的光学透明性,紫外截止波长(λcut)均低于380 nm,500 nm波长处的透光率(T500)超过80%。此外,该系列薄膜还表现出了良好的耐热稳定性,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)均超过了320℃,5%失重温度(T5%)均超过了520℃。3种PI薄膜的线性热膨胀系数(CTE)均低于50×10-6/K,表明刚性酰胺键的引入可显著提高上述溶液可加工型含氟PI薄膜的高温尺寸稳定性。

聚酰亚胺  /  含氟基团  /  光学性能  /  热性能  /  线性热膨胀系数

Three kinds of soluble polyimide (PI) resins were prepared from 4,4′-hexafluoroisopropylidene)bisphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and three kinds of romatic diamine monomer containing rigid-rod amide bonds in the molecular chains by one-step high temperature solution polycondensation reaction, respectively. And then three kinds of transparent PI films were prepared by the N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solution of the above resins. The films were tested by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermomechanical analysis, and UV-visible spectrum, and their yellowness index was tested. The results show that the PI films exhibit good optical transparency, their ultraviolet cutoff wavelength is below 380 nm and the optical transmittance is over 80% at the wavelength of 500 nm. In addition, the PI films exhibit good thermal stability with the glass transition temperatures (Tg) higher than 320℃ and the 5% weight loss temperatures (T5%) over 520℃. The linear thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) of the PI films are all lower than 50×10-6/K, indicating that the introducing of rigid amide bonds can efficiently enhance the high-temperature dimensional stability of the solution-processable fluoro-containing PI films.

polyimide  /  fluoro-containing groups  /  optical properties  /  thermal properties  /  linear thermal expansion coefficients
王汉利, 吴琳, 职欣心, 高艳爽, 张燕, 刘金刚. 溶液可加工型低热膨胀透明含氟聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (10) : 6 -13 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.002
Hanli WANG, Lin WU, Xinxin ZHI, Yanshuang GAO, Yan ZHANG, Jingang LIU. Preparation and Properties of Solution-processable Transparent Fluoro-containing Polyimide Films with Low Thermal Expansion[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (10) : 6 -13 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.002
标准型全芳香族聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜以其优异的耐热性能、耐环境稳定性以及良好的介电性能和力学性能等在现代工业中得到了广泛的应用[1-3]。PI薄膜优良的综合性能来源于其结构组成中高度共轭的分子链结构以及在二胺单元(电子给体)与二酐单元(电子受体)间强烈的电荷转移(CT)作用[4]。这种分子链内部以及分子链间的CT作用使得PI薄膜表现出超乎寻常的物理性能与化学性能,但同时也使得电荷在PI分子链内部流动过程中产生电荷转移络合物(CTC),对可见光进行吸收,进而使得标准型PI薄膜呈现出金黄色的外观,这在很大程度上限制了标准型PI薄膜在先进光电领域中的应用[5]。近年来,随着以柔性电子为代表的先进光电器件领域的快速发展,对兼具优异光学性能以及优良耐热性能的有机高分子光学薄膜的需求与日俱增。在此背景下,开发无色透明PI薄膜(CPI)成为功能性PI薄膜研究领域的热点课题[6-9]
目前改善PI薄膜光学性能的途径均是围绕如何有效消除、遏制以及降低其分子链中CT作用而展开的。比较有效的途径包括在PI分子结构中引入高电负性基团(含氟基团等)、非共轭结构(醚键、脂环结构等)、不对称结构或者采用共聚等来抑制CTC的形成[10-12]。经过多年的应用研究,目前在工业上具有应用前景的CPI薄膜体系主要包括含氟型、脂环型以及二者的复合型等3类。其中,含氟型CPI薄膜主要是通过将含氟基团,如三氟甲基、六氟异丙基等引入PI结构单元的二酐或二胺链节中,利用含氟基团的高电负性来有效切断电荷的转移通道,从而赋予PI薄膜良好的光学透明性[13-16]。脂环型CPI薄膜主要是采用脂环结构二酐单体与芳香族二胺单体进行聚合,制备具有低共轭特性的PI薄膜,通过减少电子云的共轭作用来达到改善PI薄膜光学性能的目的[17-20]。采用上述改性手段研制开发了多种CPI薄膜,其中有些体系已经开始实现商业化应用。虽然引入含氟基团或者脂环基团可有效赋予PI薄膜无色透明特征,但上述手段都是以降低PI分子链内部相互作用力为代价,因此在赋予PI薄膜优良光学透明性的同时也会在一定程度上牺牲常规PI薄膜固有的优良特性,例如高温尺寸稳定性、力学性能等。尤其是高温尺寸稳定性的劣化使得含氟型或脂环型CPI薄膜在众多高技术领域中的应用受到限制[21]。CPI薄膜目前在柔性显示器件中主要用作柔性有源矩阵有机电致发光(AMOLED)器件基板(CPI清漆涂覆与固化)、以及柔性液晶显示器件(LCD)的基板(CPI清漆涂覆与固化)和柔性AMOLED用触控屏(TSP)的基板(CPI薄膜)材料。3种应用对于CPI薄膜性能要求的共性方面包括溶液可加工、低温固化、高透明、低黄度以及低浊度等。但上述3种应用对CPI薄膜的性能要求也不同。例如,柔性AMOLED器件要求最终固化的CPI薄膜的线性热膨胀系数(CTE)≤20×10-6/K、玻璃化转变温度(Tg)≥400℃;而柔性LCD由于与柔性AMOLED制造流程的差异,对CPI薄膜耐热性能的要求相对较低。柔性TSP用CPI薄膜虽然对CTE与Tg的要求都相对较低,但对CPI薄膜光学延迟(Rth)的要求却明显高于其他两种应用。目前文献报道的含氟型CPI薄膜,如基于含氟二酐6FDA与含氟二胺2,2′-双(三氟甲基)联苯胺(TFDB)的薄膜体系,其在50~300℃下的CTE约为64×10-6/K[22]。如此高的CTE限制了常规含氟型CPI薄膜在先进光电领域中的应用。因此,如何有效降低上述两类CPI薄膜的CTE值成为目前CPI薄膜研究领域的重要方向之一。
近年来,在CPI薄膜分子结构中引入刚性酰胺键(-CONH-)来降低其CTE的研究得到了广泛的关注[23-25]。酰胺键本身的刚性棒状结构加上其潜在的可形成分子间氢键的能力使其可赋予CPI薄膜较低的CTE。M HASEGAWA等[26]报道了基于含酰胺键二胺单体,4,4′-二胺基苯酰替苯胺(DABA)与氢化均苯四甲酸二酐(HPMDA)的CPI薄膜,其在100~200℃下的CTE为46.7×10-6/K,显著低于HPMDA与4,4′-二胺基二苯醚(ODA)制备的体系(100~200℃下的CTE为55.0×10-6/K)。T MATSUMOTO等[27]采用脂环二酐单体,环戊酮-α′-螺环-2″-降冰片烷-5,5″,6,6″-四酸二酐(CpODA)与DABA二胺制备了CPI薄膜,其在100~200℃下的CTE仅为15×10-6/K,具有优异的高温尺寸稳定性。但目前应用的DABA单体刚性较强,与含氟二酐聚合时通常只能采用两步高温溶液缩聚法,而无法采用可溶性PI溶液进行加工。
本研究将卤素或烷基取代基引入DABA分子结构中,利用上述取代基来降低DABA分子结构的刚性,从而在与含氟二酐6FDA聚合时制得可溶性PI树脂,进而采用溶液加工的方式在相对较低的温度下固化成膜。同时,刚性酰胺键的存在有望降低含氟型CPI薄膜的CTE,从而获得兼具良好光学透明性及耐热稳定性的CPI薄膜材料。本研究工作将系统研究卤素、烷基、酰胺键以及含氟基团等对CPI薄膜耐热性能与光学性能的影响规律。
4,4′-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA),纯度≥99.5%,自制,使用前在180℃下真空干燥24 h。2-氯-4,4′-二胺基苯酰替苯胺(ClDABA)、2-甲基-4,4′-二胺基苯酰替苯胺(MeDABA)以及2,3′-二甲基-4,4′-二胺基苯酰替苯胺(MMDABA),按照文献[28]合成,使用乙醇重结晶。4,4′-二胺基苯酰替苯胺(DABA),纯度≥99.5%,常州市阳光药业有限公司。N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP),纯度≥99.5%,杭州格林达化学试剂公司。N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、三氯甲烷(CHCl3)、四氢呋喃(THF)以及环戊酮(CPA),国药集团化学试剂上海有限公司。
PI树脂的特性黏度采用北京海富达公司的UU777-1836型乌氏黏度计测试,用PI/DMAc溶液(浓度为0.5 g/dL)于25℃进行测试;PI溶液的绝对黏度采用美国Brookfield公司的DV-II+Pro型黏度计测试;衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)采用日本岛津IRAffinity-1S型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测试,扫描范围为4 000~400 cm-1;紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)采用日本日立公司的U-3900型紫外-可见分光光度计进行测试;核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)采用日本电子株式会社(JEOL)AV 400型光谱仪测试,溶剂为氘代二甲基亚砜(DMSO-d6);X射线衍射(XRD)谱图由德国布鲁克公司的D8 Advance型X射线衍射仪测得,测试范围为3°~80°;热分解温度采用美国铂金埃默尔公司的STA-8000型热重分析仪(TGA)测试,测试温度范围为30~750℃,升温速率为20℃/min,氮气气氛;玻璃化转变温度(Tg)采用德国耐驰公司的DSC 214型差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试,测试温度范围为30~400℃,升温速率为10℃/min,氮气气氛;热机械分析(TMA)采用德国耐驰公司的TMA 402F3型热机械分析仪(TMA) 测试,测试温度范围为30~450℃,升温速率为 5℃/min,氦气气氛。
PI薄膜的黄度指数和浊度使用美国X-rite公司Ci7800型分光光度计测量(薄膜厚度为20 μm),并根据CIE Lab方程计算颜色参数:参数L*代表亮度,当其接近100时表示趋于白色,接近0时表示趋于黑色;参数a*若为正值则表示趋于红色,若为负值表示趋于绿色;参数b*若为正值表示趋于黄色,若为负值表示趋于蓝色。
PI树脂的溶解性测试:将PI树脂按照固含量为10%的比例加入测试溶剂中进行溶解性测试。溶剂选用DMAc、NMP、DMSO、CHCl3、THF以及CPA等。观察PI树脂在室温下在上述溶剂中浸泡24 h后的溶解情况。判定标准为:“++”(室温下可溶,溶液清澈透明,无不溶物,溶液可在室温、密闭情况下稳定储存1个月以上);“+‒”(室温下部分可溶)以及“‒”(室温下不溶)。
按照前述分子设计的思想,采用分子结构中含有刚性酰胺键的芳香族二胺与含氟二酐6FDA进行聚合制备了一系列PI树脂与薄膜。其中,PI-1采用6FDA与ClDABA聚合制备,目的是考察-Cl取代基的引入对PI性能的影响,而PI-2与PI-3则是采用6FDA分别与含单甲基取代基的MeDABA以及含双甲基取代基的MMDABA聚合制备,目的是考察甲基取代基的引入对PI性能的影响。同时,为了对比,还采用6FDA分别与含氟二胺TFMB以及不含侧链取代基的DABA聚合制备了PI-ref-a以及PI-ref-b聚合物,目的是考察不同取代基的引入对PI性能的影响。
含氟型PI树脂的合成路线如图1所示,以PI-1(6FDA-ClDABA)为例简述PI树脂的制备过程。在一个配有机械搅拌、电加热套、温度计、Dean-Stark分水器(配冷凝管)以及氮气出入口的1 000 mL四口烧瓶中加入ClDABA(26.171 g, 0.1 mol)以及NMP(300.0 g)。在氮气保护下,于室温下搅拌0.5 h得到二胺溶液(如遇二胺溶解较慢的情况可加热到40~50℃辅助溶解,然后降到室温)。搅拌下加入6FDA(44.424 g,0.1 mol)以及NMP(57.0 g),调整反应体系固含量为16.5%。室温下搅拌1 h后得到浅棕色粘稠溶液。加入甲苯(200 g)以及异喹啉(0.5 g),加热升温。当温度达到135~140℃时,反应体系开始有甲苯/水共沸物蒸馏出。通过分水器将生成的水分去除,促使反应向正向进行。保持氮气流量(20 mL/min),维持恒温脱水5 h至不再有水分蒸馏出。继续升温至180℃,期间将反应体系中多余的甲苯蒸出。维持180℃恒温反应3 h。降至室温,得到浅棕色粘稠溶液。将反应溶液缓慢滴入质量分数为95%的乙醇中,得到浅黄色丝状沉淀。乙醇浸泡24 h后,过滤晾干,然后置于真空烘箱中,于80℃下减压干燥24 h。得到浅黄色PI-1树脂65.0 g,收率为97%。核磁氢谱(400 MHz,DMSO-d6):10.36(s,1H),8.25~8.16(m,4H),8.03~8.01(d,2H),7.82~7.66(m,6H)以及7.54~7.52(m,1H)。
PI-2(6FDA-MeDABA)、PI-3(6FDA-MMDABA)以及PI-ref-a(6FDA-TFMB)和PI-ref-b(6FDA-DABA)树脂按照上述类似的工艺制备。区别在于,制备PI-ref-b(6FDA-DABA)树脂时,聚合反应的固含量控制为10.0%。
浅黄色PI-2树脂产量为58.9 g;收率为96%。核磁氢谱(400 MHz,DMSO-d6):10.12 (s,1H),8.25~8.14(m,4H),8.03~7.99(d,2H),7.79~7.74(d,2H),7.66~7.64(d,2H),7.56~7.54(d,1H),7.38~7.31(m,2H)以及2.32(s,3H)。
浅黄色PI-3树脂产量为61.0 g;收率为97%。核磁氢谱(400 MHz,DMSO-d6):10.13(s,1H),8.24~8.20(m,2H),8.03~7.93(m,4H),7.85~7.78(m,2H),7.60~7.53(m,2H),7.38~7.31(m,2H)以及2.32~2.29(d,6H)。
以PI-1(6FDA-ClDABA)为例说明PI薄膜的制备过程。称取3.0 g PI-1树脂,加入50 mL三口瓶中,加入12.0 g DMAc,室温下搅拌24 h,使树脂充分溶解,得到均匀且粘稠的PI-1溶液,固含量为15%。将制得的PI-1溶液经过G2砂芯漏斗过滤,去除不溶物。滤液静置脱泡后采用刮刀均匀涂敷在洁净的玻璃板上。将玻璃板置于洁净的程序控温氮气保护烘箱中,按照80℃/1 h+120℃/1 h+150℃/ 1 h+180℃/1 h+250℃/1 h的程序进行干燥处理。自然降温后,将玻璃板浸泡于去离子水中。独立支撑的PI-1薄膜从玻璃板上剥离后,置于鼓风干燥箱中,在100℃下干燥3 h,得到浅黄色PI-1薄膜。
PI-2(6FDA-MeDABA)、PI-3(6FDA-MMDABA)以及PI-ref-a(6FDA-TFMB)和PI-ref-b(6FDA-DABA)薄膜按照类似的工艺制备。
PI树脂的特性黏度([η]inh)与分子量测试结果如表1所示。从表1可以看出,通过高温聚合可制得高分子量PI树脂,其特性黏度均高于0.6 dL/g,而数均分子量(Mn)为(0.63~1.14)×105 g/mol。这表明,无论是氯或者甲基取代基的引入都未对DABA二胺单体的反应活性产生负面影响。同时,实验表明,对于PI-ref-b体系而言,当反应体系的固含量超过8%时,最终聚合得到的PI树脂在反应体系中会析出,表明其溶解度相对较低。
测试了5种PI树脂在常见有机溶剂中的溶解性,结果如表2所示。从表2可以看出,除了PI-ref-b树脂外,所有PI树脂在极性非质子性溶剂,如NMP、DMAc和DMSO中均表现出了良好的溶解性。这主要是由于氯或甲基取代基的存在有效地降低了PI分子链的规整性,抑制了PI分子链的结晶倾向,从而有利于PI树脂的溶解。这一点可从PI树脂的XRD测试结果中看出,如图2所示,3种PI树脂都表现出了典型的非晶聚合物特征,XRD曲线均未出现尖锐的结晶吸收峰。而对于PI-ref-b树脂而言,其在室温下仅溶解于NMP中,这表明刚性酰胺键的存在使得该PI分子链内部存在较强的相互作用。将上述PI树脂分别溶解于NMP中,配制成固含量为10%的溶液,并密封后储存于干燥的室温环境中。结果显示,PI-ref-b溶液随着储存时间的延长,其黏度逐渐升高,储存1个月左右即无法流动。而其他溶液均可在同样的环境下储存6个月以上,依然保持初始状态。
虽然3种PI树脂均可溶解于极性非质子性溶剂中,但3种树脂的溶解度是存在差异的。这一点可以通过测试3种PI树脂的DMAc溶液的固含量与溶液绝对黏度之间的关系进行验证。图3给出了PI/DMAc溶液的黏度随着固含量变化的曲线。从图3可以看出,随着固含量的增加,PI溶液的黏度也逐渐增大,达到某个特定固含量值后,PI溶液的黏度出现激增。从图3还可以看出,在同等固含量下,PI溶液的黏度由大到小依次为PI-1、PI-3、PI-2,这与PI树脂的分子量变化规律是一致的。该项测试有利于获得配制适宜工艺黏度PI溶液所对应的固含量,从而更好地应用于后续薄膜的制备。
获得PI树脂黏度与固含量的关系后,配制了黏度约为10 000 mPa·s的PI溶液,并采用阶梯升温法,于80~250℃固化制得浅色透明PI薄膜。图4为PI薄膜的ATR-FTIR谱图,作为对比也同时给出了含酰胺键二胺单体MeDABA与MMDABA的谱图。从图4可以看出,二胺单体中,-NH2位于3 341 cm-1以及3 249 cm-1波数处的特征吸收峰在PI结构中完全消失,表明单体完全转化为了PI。取而代之的是在PI谱图中可明显观察到酰亚胺环位于1 780 cm-1以及1 720 cm-1波数处的羰基不对称以及对称伸缩振动吸收峰,以及酰亚胺环C-N键位于1 360 cm-1波数处的特征吸收峰。此外,苯环C=C键位于1 605 cm-1波数处的吸收峰以及C-F键位于1 090 cm-1波数处的特征吸收峰也可以准确地加以指认。
PI树脂在极性非质子性溶剂中具有良好的溶解性,因此采用DMSO-d6作为核磁试剂测试了PI树脂的1H-NMR谱图,如图5所示。从图5可以看出,3种PI树脂结构中,-CONH-键的H质子的吸收均位于谱图的最低场位置,而-CH3上的H质子的吸收均位于谱图的最高场位置;苯环上的H质子的吸收也可以准确地加以指认,这表明成功制备了预期结构的PI树脂。
分别采用3种可溶性PI树脂配制成一定固含量的PI溶液,并采用阶梯升温法,于80~250℃制备了3种PI薄膜,系统研究了3种PI薄膜结构与其热性能和光学性能的关系。
分别采用TGA、DSC以及TMA手段测试了PI薄膜的热性能,结果如图68所示,相关数据列于表3
图6可以看出,3种PI薄膜均具有优良的耐热稳定性,其5%失重温度(T5%)均超过了520℃,而氮气中700℃时的残留率(Rw700)接近或超过了60%。这表明,含氟基团以及刚性酰胺键的存在赋予了PI薄膜良好的高温稳定性,尤其是酰胺键可在PI分子链内部及分子链间形成氢键等化学键,从而加强了PI分子链的相互作用。另外。从图6的失重微分(DTG)曲线可以看出,PI薄膜分解速率最大时对应的温度(Tdmax)超过了570℃,而且表现出了二次分解的特性。首次热分解是由于PI分子链中-CH3或-Cl取代基的分解,而第二次热分解则是PI主链的分解。
图7可以看出,PI-1与PI-3薄膜分别在328℃以及360℃出现了较为明显的玻璃化转变行为,而PI-2薄膜在50~400℃的温度区间内未出现明显的玻璃化转变。本研究中PI薄膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)与常见含氟基PI薄膜,如基于6FDA与2,2′-双(三氟甲基)联苯胺(TFDB)的含氟基PI薄膜(PI-ref-a,Tg=327℃[22])处于同一水平。这主要是由于PI分子链中存在刚性酰胺键。此外,对于PI-3薄膜而言,胺基邻位的-CH3取代基阻碍了其分子链的自由运动,因此表现出了最高的Tg。总而言之,本研究中3种PI薄膜良好的耐热稳定性对于其在光电显示领域中的应用是十分有益的。
图8为3种PI薄膜的TMA曲线,其位于50~250℃范围内的线性热膨胀系数(CTE)如表3所示。从图8表3可以看出,刚性酰胺键的引入赋予了PI薄膜较低的CTE值。3种PI薄膜的CTE值均低于50.0×10-6/K,并且明显低于常规的含氟基PI-ref-a(6FDA-TFDB)薄膜(CTE=64.4×10-6/K)[22]。这表明本研究通过引入刚性酰胺键来降低CPI薄膜的CTE的研究思路是可行的。但是,与未取代的PI-ref-b薄膜(CTE=27.8×10-6/K)相比,3种PI薄膜的CTE显著升高。这表明取代基的引入在一定程度上破坏了含酰胺键PI分子链的规整性。但考虑到PI-ref-b树脂在有机溶剂中相对较低的溶解度以及对应的PI溶液相对较差的储存稳定性,本研究开发的3种含取代基的PI薄膜具有更好的应用价值。3种PI薄膜中,PI-1薄膜表现出了最低的CTE值(41.4×10-6/K)。同时,从图8可以看出,当温度超过320℃即PI薄膜的Tg后,PI-1与PI-3薄膜的尺寸变化表现出了先收缩、后继续膨胀的趋势。这可能是由于成膜温度(250℃)低于薄膜的Tg,薄膜在升温过程中,在温度达到Tg点附近时,薄膜内部分子链段充分运动,在PI分子链内部的残余溶剂得以充分脱除,从而引起薄膜的收缩现象。当薄膜中的溶剂完全脱除后,随着温度的升高进一步表现出膨胀现象。PI-2薄膜在50~400℃的温度区间内未出现明显的收缩现象,表明温度尚未达到其Tg,这与之前DSC的测试结果是一致的。
本研究的主要目的是通过在含氟基PI薄膜结构中引入刚性酰胺键以及甲基或者氯代取代基来同时赋予CPI薄膜良好的溶液加工性以及高温尺寸稳定性。但前提是不能以牺牲CPI薄膜的光学性能为代价。图9给出了PI薄膜的紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱测试结果,光学性能数据列于表4。从图9表4可以看出,与PI-ref-a(6FDA-TFMB)薄膜相比,极性酰胺键的引入在一定程度上降低了PI薄膜的光学性能。例如,PI-1~PI-3薄膜的紫外截止波长(λcut)为360~379 nm,较PI-ref-a薄膜(λcut=336 nm)高出了24~43 nm。PI-1~PI-3薄膜在500 nm波长处的透光率(T500)为81.0%~85.7%,较PI-ref薄膜(T500=89.0%)也有所降低。虽然本研究开发的含氟基PI薄膜的光学性能较PI-ref-a含氟基PI薄膜有所降低,但其光学性能参数仍可满足光电器件的应用需求。
刚性酰胺键的引入对于PI薄膜光学性能的微小劣化也可以从薄膜的CIE Lab光学参数测试结果看出。表4分别给出了PI薄膜的CIE Lab测试谱图与数据。从表4可以看出,PI-1~PI-3薄膜的明度参数(L*)为90.16~94.63,较PI-ref-a薄膜(L*=96.04)有所降低,而薄膜黄度指数(b*)则显著升高。薄膜的浊度(haze)值也略有升高。薄膜光学性能的劣化主要是由于刚性酰胺键(-CONH-)对可见光的吸收所致。但同时,甲基或氯取代基的存在在一定程度上增大了PI分子链的自由体积,降低了PI分子链的堆砌密度,使得可见光易于透过,这也在一定程度上弥补了薄膜光学性能的劣化。
表4还可以看出,3种PI薄膜中,PI-1(6FDA-ClDABA)薄膜表现出了相对最优的光学性能,包括最低的λcut值(360 nm)、最高的T500值(85.7%)以及良好的CIE Lab光学参数(L*=94.63;b*=5.33;浊度=0.32%)。这主要是由于-Cl取代基具有相对较高的电负性,可以有效阻碍PI-1分子链内部及分子链间的CT转移作用,从而减少了对可见光的吸收。对于PI-2与PI-3薄膜而言,随着甲基取代数目的增加,薄膜的光学性能变差,这主要是由于甲基取代基对可见光的吸收所致。
(1)设计并合成了3种主链含刚性酰胺键、侧链含有甲基或者氯取代基的有机可溶性PI树脂,并成功地制备了相应的PI薄膜。热性能测试结果显示,刚性酰胺键的引入赋予了PI薄膜良好的耐热性能和高温尺寸稳定性。PI薄膜的Tg超过了320℃,而CTE则低至50×10-6/K以下。这为未来通过无机/有机共混工艺来进一步降低PI薄膜的CTE奠定了良好的基础。
(2)光学性能测试结果显示,刚性酰胺键的引入在一定程度上使得PI薄膜的光学性能有所劣化,但在某些光电器件领域中仍然具有潜在的应用前景。PI-1(6FDA-ClDABA)薄膜表现出了相对最优的光学性能,包括最低的λcut值(360 nm)、最高的T500值(85.7%)以及良好的CIE Lab光学参数(L*=94.63;b*=5.33;浊度=0.32%)。
  • 山东省重点研发计划项目(2019JZZY020235)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.002
  • 接收时间:2021-11-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-06
  • 修回日期:2021-12-04
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山东省重点研发计划项目(2019JZZY020235)
作者信息
    1山东华夏神舟新材料有限公司,山东 淄博 256401
    2中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083

通讯作者:

刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),教授,博士,从事微电子与光电子器件用聚酰亚胺功能材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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