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Article(id=1210210522939658921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210210518682431674, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1629820800000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-25, revisedDate=1636041600000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766466273292, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1666195200000, pubDateStr=2022-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766466273292, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766466273292, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766466273292, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210210518682431674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766466272277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563185976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210617004252328399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210210518682431674, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210617004252328400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210210518682431674, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=93, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210210523212288684, articleId=1210210522939658921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Comparative Study on Partial Discharge of Typical Defects of Heat-shrinkable and Cold-shrinkable Cable Accessories Under 0.1 Hz Ultra-low Frequency Voltage and Oscillatory Wave Voltage, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The typical defects model of heat-shrinkable and cold-shrinkable cable accessories were established, and partial discharge tests were carried out at 0.1 Hz ultra-low frequency and oscillatory wave voltage. The differences in the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV), the PD quantity, the number of PD and other parameters of the typical defects under the two voltages were measured and compared, and the formation mechanism of these differences was analyzed. The results show that for most of the measured defects, compared with under 0.1 Hz ultra-low frequency voltage, the PDIV under the oscillating wave voltage is lower, the PD quantity is larger, and the number of partial discharge pulses is more. The difference in the voltage distribution mechanism and the voltage recovery rate at the defect location is the main reason for the above-mentioned difference.

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通过建立热缩和冷缩电缆附件典型缺陷模型，在0.1 Hz超低频和振荡波电压下进行局部放电试验，测量并对比两种电压下电缆典型缺陷的局部放电起始电压（PDIV）、局部放电量以及局部放电次数等参量的差异，并对这些差异的形成机制进行分析。结果表明：对于所测量的大多数缺陷，振荡波电压下的PDIV更小，局部放电量更大，局部放电脉冲数更多。缺陷位置电压分布机制和电压恢复速率的不同是导致上述差异的主要原因。

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王伟（1979-），男（汉族），辽宁沈阳人，副教授，主要从事电气设备检测与诊断的研究。

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王伟（1979-），男（汉族），辽宁沈阳人，副教授，主要从事电气设备检测与诊断的研究。

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王伟（1979-），男（汉族），辽宁沈阳人，副教授，主要从事电气设备检测与诊断的研究。

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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of test system, figureFileSmall=ls68yuyozuox8qFn1VnaGA==, figureFileBig=QD7ZYqWrkNUkEtB/S5a/zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253792520565239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=CN, label=图1, caption=测试系统原理图, figureFileSmall=ls68yuyozuox8qFn1VnaGA==, figureFileBig=QD7ZYqWrkNUkEtB/S5a/zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253792646394364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of PDIV of cable defects samples under DAC and VLF, figureFileSmall=DOApiRzf8VU38vCTfFMV0Q==, figureFileBig=kMPw+i4DMhRd0L3aGNb2xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253792734474752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=CN, label=图2, caption=振荡波电压和超低频电压下电缆缺陷试样的PDIV对比, figureFileSmall=DOApiRzf8VU38vCTfFMV0Q==, figureFileBig=kMPw+i4DMhRd0L3aGNb2xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253792814166531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of maximum partial discharge under U0 of cable defects samples under DAC and VLF, figureFileSmall=3p+ekgFA2/BwG55QKMPBUQ==, figureFileBig=fux+YgldxOqUeyOyNTZ7CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253792914829829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=CN, label=图3, caption=振荡波电压和超低频电压下电缆缺陷试样U0下的最大局部放电量对比, figureFileSmall=3p+ekgFA2/BwG55QKMPBUQ==, figureFileBig=fux+YgldxOqUeyOyNTZ7CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253792998715913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of maximum partial discharge under the fixed voltage of cable defects samples, figureFileSmall=QBqD145MpF7xNKVvknKqig==, figureFileBig=do8d6lUq2VNbmcxCZHnqbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253793137127949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=CN, label=图4, caption=电缆缺陷试样在固定电压下的最大局部放电量对比, figureFileSmall=QBqD145MpF7xNKVvknKqig==, figureFileBig=do8d6lUq2VNbmcxCZHnqbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253793262957074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Typical comparison diagram of the voltage and the partial discharge waveform under the fixed voltage of heat shrink radial knife mark defect cable sample, figureFileSmall=OyBInYakLjR+pquWXePCew==, figureFileBig=6daP2DmO/VmtZEZtxi1w6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253793405563417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=CN, label=图5, caption=热缩径向刀痕缺陷电缆试样固定电压下电压与局放波形对比典型图谱, figureFileSmall=OyBInYakLjR+pquWXePCew==, figureFileBig=6daP2DmO/VmtZEZtxi1w6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253793497838107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Resistance capacitance model of partial discharge, figureFileSmall=o72xqAxVVV1ouzMyDvtyWg==, figureFileBig=QoGouPHiN1GBp8C0+vhMYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253793602695711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=CN, label=图6, caption=局部放电阻容模型, figureFileSmall=o72xqAxVVV1ouzMyDvtyWg==, figureFileBig=QoGouPHiN1GBp8C0+vhMYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210253793724330532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Preparation Method of samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缺陷类型缺陷制作方法
轴向刀痕缺陷热缩剥离外半导电层，在外半导电层断口处利用电工刀在电缆主绝缘表面划出一条长为30 mm、深为3 mm、宽为0.2 mm的凹槽
冷缩
径向刀痕缺陷热缩剥离外半导电层，在电缆主绝缘与外半导电层断口处划出一条深为3 mm，宽为0.2 mm的凹槽
冷缩
受潮缺陷热缩剥离外半导电层，在外半导电层断口处用长为40 mm的湿棉花（浸泡5%生理盐水12 h）覆盖
冷缩
), ArticleFig(id=1210253793841771049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

缺陷试样制备方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缺陷类型缺陷制作方法
轴向刀痕缺陷热缩剥离外半导电层，在外半导电层断口处利用电工刀在电缆主绝缘表面划出一条长为30 mm、深为3 mm、宽为0.2 mm的凹槽
冷缩
径向刀痕缺陷热缩剥离外半导电层，在电缆主绝缘与外半导电层断口处划出一条深为3 mm，宽为0.2 mm的凹槽
冷缩
受潮缺陷热缩剥离外半导电层，在外半导电层断口处用长为40 mm的湿棉花（浸泡5%生理盐水12 h）覆盖
冷缩
), ArticleFig(id=1210253793946628650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=PDIV, KPDIV, and δPDIV of cable defects samples under DAC and VLF, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缺陷类型PDIVV/kVPDIVD/kVKPDIVδPDIV/%
轴向刀痕缺陷热缩9.96.41.5555
冷缩7.116.00.44-56
径向刀痕缺陷热缩9.36.01.5555
冷缩14.17.21.9696
受潮缺陷热缩21.56.03.58258
冷缩22.118.01.2323
), ArticleFig(id=1210253794085040685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

振荡波电压和超低频电压下电缆缺陷试样的PDIV、KPDIV与δPDIV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缺陷类型PDIVV/kVPDIVD/kVKPDIVδPDIV/%
轴向刀痕缺陷热缩9.96.41.5555
冷缩7.116.00.44-56
径向刀痕缺陷热缩9.36.01.5555
冷缩14.17.21.9696
受潮缺陷热缩21.56.03.58258
冷缩22.118.01.2323
), ArticleFig(id=1210253794219258418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=The fixed voltage of typical defects cable samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

缺陷

类型

轴向刀痕缺陷径向刀痕缺陷受潮缺陷
热缩冷缩热缩冷缩热缩冷缩
电压/kV18.421.218.418.424.624.6
), ArticleFig(id=1210253795435606583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同电缆典型缺陷试样的固定电压

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

缺陷

类型

轴向刀痕缺陷径向刀痕缺陷受潮缺陷
热缩冷缩热缩冷缩热缩冷缩
电压/kV18.421.218.418.424.624.6
), ArticleFig(id=1210253795574018619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Maximum PD quantity, KPD and δPD of cable defects samples under fixed voltage of DAC and VLF, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

缺陷

类型

轴向刀痕缺陷径向刀痕缺陷受潮缺陷
热缩冷缩热缩冷缩热缩冷缩
QV（pC）13735496437312 058809
QD（pC）2 6671 6653 6252 8854 06980
KPD1.943.035.643.951.980.10
δPD/%9420346429598-90
), ArticleFig(id=1210253795670487615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210210522939658921, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

振荡波电压和超低频电压下电缆缺陷试样固定电压下的最大局放量、KPD与δPD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

缺陷

类型

轴向刀痕缺陷径向刀痕缺陷受潮缺陷
热缩冷缩热缩冷缩热缩冷缩
QV（pC）13735496437312 058809
QD（pC）2 6671 6653 6252 8854 06980
KPD1.943.035.643.951.980.10
δPD/%9420346429598-90
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0.1 Hz超低频与振荡波电压下热缩和冷缩电缆附件典型缺陷局部放电对比研究
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王伟 1 , 梁聪 1 , 祁志强 1 , 闫瑞舰 1 , 陈连明 1 , 李旭 2 , 宋鹏先 2 , 王浩鸣 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2022,55(10): 93-98
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2022, 55(10): 93-98
0.1 Hz超低频与振荡波电压下热缩和冷缩电缆附件典型缺陷局部放电对比研究
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王伟1, 梁聪1, 祁志强1, 闫瑞舰1, 陈连明1, 李旭2, 宋鹏先2, 王浩鸣2
作者信息
  • 1华北电力大学 高电压与电磁兼容北京市重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 2国网天津市电力公司电力科学研究院,天津 300220

    • 王伟（1979-），男（汉族），辽宁沈阳人，副教授，主要从事电气设备检测与诊断的研究。

Comparative Study on Partial Discharge of Typical Defects of Heat-shrinkable and Cold-shrinkable Cable Accessories Under 0.1 Hz Ultra-low Frequency Voltage and Oscillatory Wave Voltage
Wei WANG1, Cong LIANG1, Zhiqiang QI1, Ruijian YAN1, Lianming CHEN1, XU LI2, Pengxian SONG2, Haoming WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of High Voltage & Electromagnetic Compatibility, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2Tianjin Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company, Tianjin 300220, China
出版时间: 2022-10-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.015
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摘要
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通过建立热缩和冷缩电缆附件典型缺陷模型，在0.1 Hz超低频和振荡波电压下进行局部放电试验，测量并对比两种电压下电缆典型缺陷的局部放电起始电压（PDIV）、局部放电量以及局部放电次数等参量的差异，并对这些差异的形成机制进行分析。结果表明：对于所测量的大多数缺陷，振荡波电压下的PDIV更小，局部放电量更大，局部放电脉冲数更多。缺陷位置电压分布机制和电压恢复速率的不同是导致上述差异的主要原因。

0.1 Hz超低频  /  振荡波  /  电缆  /  局部放电

The typical defects model of heat-shrinkable and cold-shrinkable cable accessories were established, and partial discharge tests were carried out at 0.1 Hz ultra-low frequency and oscillatory wave voltage. The differences in the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV), the PD quantity, the number of PD and other parameters of the typical defects under the two voltages were measured and compared, and the formation mechanism of these differences was analyzed. The results show that for most of the measured defects, compared with under 0.1 Hz ultra-low frequency voltage, the PDIV under the oscillating wave voltage is lower, the PD quantity is larger, and the number of partial discharge pulses is more. The difference in the voltage distribution mechanism and the voltage recovery rate at the defect location is the main reason for the above-mentioned difference.

0.1 Hz ultra-low frequency  /  oscillatory wave voltage  /  cable  /  partial discharge
王伟, 梁聪, 祁志强, 闫瑞舰, 陈连明, 李旭, 宋鹏先, 王浩鸣. 0.1 Hz超低频与振荡波电压下热缩和冷缩电缆附件典型缺陷局部放电对比研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (10) : 93 -98 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.015
Wei WANG, Cong LIANG, Zhiqiang QI, Ruijian YAN, Lianming CHEN, XU LI, Pengxian SONG, Haoming WANG. Comparative Study on Partial Discharge of Typical Defects of Heat-shrinkable and Cold-shrinkable Cable Accessories Under 0.1 Hz Ultra-low Frequency Voltage and Oscillatory Wave Voltage[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (10) : 93 -98 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.015
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0 引言
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随着电力系统的快速发展，XLPE电缆以其优良的力学性能与绝缘性能，在电网中得到广泛的应用。然而，在电缆的实际安装与运行过程中，可能会因安装工艺、运行环境等因素的影响产生绝缘缺陷，影响电力系统的绝缘安全。为了保障电力系统安全稳定地运行，需要对电缆的绝缘性能进行诊断检测。局部放电是电缆绝缘故障的重要特征[1]，是判断电缆绝缘状况的根据之一[2]，可以对电缆进行局放检测来发现电缆中的绝缘隐患。
根据IEEE Std 400.3-2006[3]，工频（谐振）电压、0.1 Hz超低频电压和振荡波电压是电缆试验中的推荐电压种类。工频（谐振）电压法的电压波形最接近电缆实际运行波形，但是使用的设备质量和体积较大，不利于试验的开展[4]。与工频（谐振）电压法相比，0.1 Hz超低频电压和振荡波电压法的测试设备质量和体积较小，操作方便，对电缆损伤小[5-8]，适合XLPE电缆局部放电的现场测试，因而被广泛使用。
0.1 Hz超低频电压和振荡波电压对电缆缺陷局部放电激发的差异及机制一直被人们所关注，国内外开展了较多的研究。文献[6-7]研究了振荡波电压与工频电压下电缆缺陷的局部放电特性。文献[9]研究了超低频与工频电压下电缆缺陷的局部放电特性。文献[10]研究了缺陷电缆在频率为0.01、0.1、60 Hz，以及温度为20、60、75℃下的局部放电特性。文献[11]在工频、0.1 Hz超低频和振荡波电压下对真实电缆针尖、水树、切痕和进水等人工缺陷进行了击穿对比试验，研究了振荡波电压和超低频电压下击穿电压对工频击穿电压的等效性，结果表明，对于切痕缺陷和尖端缺陷，超低频电压下的击穿电压更高，对于进潮缺陷，振荡波电压下的击穿电压更高。文献[12]对9个不同类型的真实电缆典型缺陷试样，采用振荡波、超低频和超低频余弦方波电压测试了局部放电起始电压（PDIV）和局部放电幅值，结果表明，除受潮缺陷外，其他缺陷均在超低频电压下的PDIV更高，说明超低频电压对受潮缺陷有较好的检测能力，而最大放电量则是在振荡波电压下的更高。文献[13]制作了电缆剥离半导电层人工表面放电试样，对比研究了试样在工频、振荡波和0.1 Hz超低频电压下的局部放电特性，测试比较了3种电压下的局部放电起始电压和熄灭电压（PDEV），结果表明，超低频电压下的PDIV最高，其次是振荡波电压，工频电压下的PDIV最低，而PDEV则是工频电压下最高，振荡波电压下最低。
综上所述，两种电压对缺陷局部放电激发的差异与缺陷的种类密切相关，目前对于该差异的形成机制研究不足，缺乏深入的讨论，而对于工程中普遍使用的热缩和冷缩电缆附件典型缺陷的对比研究则未见报道。
为此，本研究建立热缩和冷缩电缆附件典型缺陷，在0.1 Hz超低频电压和振荡波电压进行局部放电试验，测量并对比两种电压下电缆典型缺陷的局部放电起始电压（PDIV）、局部放电量以及局部放电次数等参量的差异，并对这些差异的形成机制进行分析。
1 试验
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1.1 10 kV XLPE电缆缺陷试样的制作
在电缆的运输安装过程中，容易产生绝缘缺陷。在人工制作安装电缆终端的过程中，可能会有划伤绝缘等情况出现。电缆实际投入运行后，受到运行环境的影响，容易产生进水受潮等缺陷，影响电缆绝缘[9,14]。因此，本研究分别制备了热缩、冷缩电缆的典型缺陷试样，如表1所示。
1.2 试验平台
试验平台由加压设备、电压及局部放电采集单元、电缆典型缺陷试样、并联电容连接组成，分别使用振荡波加压设备和超低频加压设备来进行对比试验。为使振荡波电压的频率不要过高，加入并联电容进行补偿。为了保持不同加压设备试验条件的一致性，在使用0.1 Hz超低频电压进行试验时依然保留该电容。测试系统原理图如图1所示。
1.3 试验步骤
首先用0.1 Hz超低频加压设备对电缆缺陷模型进行加压。以3 kV为起始电压，0.2 kV为加压间隔，每个电压施加5次，出现3次及以上的局放信号则认为该电压为局部放电起始电压。记录0.1 Hz超低频电压下的局部放电起始电压值PDIV和PDIV下采集到的电压与局放波形信号，并记录U0下的电压与局放波形信号。在0.1 Hz超低频电压下，取一个比PDIV高的电压作为固定电压，记录该固定电压值下采集到的电压和局放波形信号，后续与振荡波电压下的数据进行对比。
在0.1 Hz超低频电压下将6根电缆均测试完毕后，改用振荡波设备进行加压。记录振荡波电压下的局部放电起始电压值PDIV和PDIV下采集到的电压与局放波形信号，并记录U0和固定电压值下的电压与局放波形信号。
振荡波加压设备基于LC谐振原理，其中谐振电感参数主要取决于设备电感，约为0.8 H，谐振电容则主要取决于设备电容和被测试样的等效电容。针对本次试验的试样，振荡波频率约为410 Hz。
0.1 Hz超低频加压设备所加电压值是有效值，而振荡波加压设备所加电压值是峰值。故施加固定电压和U0时，振荡波所加电压在数值上是超低频电压的2倍。0.1 Hz超低频电压下施加的U0是8.7 kV（有效值），振荡波下施加的U0是8.7×2=12.3 kV（峰值）。
为了便于对比，以下所有试验结果中出现的电压均已转化为峰值。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 局部放电起始电压
0.1 Hz超低频电压和振荡波电压下电缆典型缺陷试样局部放电起始电压PDIV的对比测试结果如图2所示。从图2可以看出，除了冷缩电缆轴向刀痕缺陷试样以外，其余5种缺陷下，均是0.1 Hz超低频电压下的PDIV更高，这说明振荡波电压对热缩、冷缩径向刀痕缺陷和受潮缺陷以及热缩轴向刀痕缺陷更敏感。
在直流电压、超低频电压和振荡波电压与工频电压的击穿电压等效性研究中，会以各种电压下的击穿电压与工频击穿电压的比率来进行等效性研究，因此，可以分别定义PDIV等效系数KPDIV和PDIV相对偏差百分数δPDIV如式（1）～（2）所示。
KPDIV=PDIVVPDIVD
δPDIV=PDIVV-PDIVDPDIVD×100%
式（1）～（2）中：PDIVV为0.1 Hz超低频电压下测得的PDIV；PDIVD为振荡波电压下测得的PDIV。
计算结果如表2所示。从表2可以看出，对于热缩轴向刀痕缺陷、热缩径向刀痕缺陷和冷缩受潮缺陷，0.1 Hz超低频电压下的PDIV和振荡波电压下的PDIV等效性较好，等效系数KPDIV<1.6。
2.2 最大局部放电量
振荡波电压和0.1 Hz超低频电压下电缆典型缺陷试样在U0下的最大局部放电量对比情况如图3所示。
从图3可以看出，当施加电压为U0时，部分缺陷在振荡波电压或超低频电压下的PDIV大于U0，故U0下没有发生局部放电，局部放电量为0。热缩轴向刀痕缺陷和热缩径向刀痕缺陷在振荡波电压和超低频电压下加压U0均有局放出现，在振荡波电压和超低频电压下均有局放发生的情况下，可以看到振荡波电压下的最大局放量更大。
根据6种不同缺陷的PDIV选择该缺陷下适合的固定电压，来比较同种缺陷分别在振荡波和0.1 Hz超低频下施加同一固定电压的最大局部放电量，不同缺陷所选固定电压如表3所示。
在各自的固定电压下，分别对各电缆典型缺陷试样施加振荡波和0.1 Hz超低频电压，得到各缺陷在各自固定电压下的最大局部放电量对比情况如图4所示。
从图4可以看出，在各自的固定电压下，除冷缩受潮缺陷外，其他5种缺陷在施加振荡波电压时的最大局放量大于施加超低频电压时的最大局放量。
定义最大局放量等效系数KPD和最大局放量相对偏差百分数δPD如式（3）～（4）所示。
KPD=QDQV
δPD=QD-QVQV×100%
式（3）～（4）中：QV是0.1 Hz超低频固定电压下的最大局部放电量；QD是振荡波固定电压下的最大局部放电量。
计算结果如表4所示。从表4可以看出，KPD与电缆缺陷的类型密切相关。
2.3 局部放电次数
对于所测量的各种刀痕和受潮缺陷，0.1 Hz超低频电压作用下单个周期内的局部放电次数都普遍小于振荡波电压下的局部放电次数，波形对比情况类似，整体规律相同，选择热缩径向刀痕缺陷电缆试样在振荡波和超低频电压下的局部放电波形作为典型图谱进行分析，对比情况如图5所示。
从图5可以看出，施加振荡波电压时，单个周期内的局部放电脉冲数明显更多，局部放电波形更密集。
2.4 小结
无论是振荡波电压还是0.1 Hz超低频电压，在进行电缆典型缺陷试样局部放电试验的时候均有良好的再现性，表明这两种电压均可以用于电缆局部放电的检测，测试电缆的绝缘性能。
由试验结果可见，振荡波电压和0.1 Hz超低频电压下的局部放电起始电压PDIV、局部放电量的等效关系与电缆缺陷的类型有关。除冷缩轴向刀痕缺陷外，整体而言，0.1 Hz超低频电压下的PDIV更大。对于热缩轴向刀痕缺陷、热缩径向刀痕缺陷和冷缩受潮缺陷，0.1 Hz超低频电压和振荡波电压下的PDIV等效性较好，等效系数KPDIV<1.6。
除了冷缩受潮缺陷外，整体而言，各缺陷在施加U0和同一固定电压时，振荡波下的最大局部放电量更大，一个周期内的局部放电脉冲数更多，局部放电波形更密集。
可见，对于大多数缺陷类型，与0.1 Hz超低频电压相比，振荡波电压下的PDIV更小，U0和固定电压下的最大局部放电量更大，对电缆缺陷局部放电的检测更灵敏。振荡波电压下采集到的局部放电波形脉冲数更多，局部放电更剧烈，局部放电波形更密集，用于局部放电检测效果更明显。在工程实际中，应根据现场实际情况合理选择振荡波加压设备和0.1 Hz超低频设备进行局部放电检测。
3 讨论
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3.1 局部放电起始电压差异的形成机制
局部放电的起始电压和局部放电量主要取决于缺陷位置的电场强度。介质中发生局部放电时，可以采用图6所示的阻容模型作为等效电路。与传统三电容模型相比，阻容模型加入了代表能量损耗的等效电阻。
图6中，Rg和Cg是绝缘中的局部缺陷的等效电阻和电容，Rb和Cb是与局部缺陷串联部分介质的等效电阻和电容，Rm和Cm是其余部分介质的电阻和电容。电容C的表达式为式（5）。
C=εAd=εrε0Ad
式（5）中：ε为介质的介电常数；εr为相对介电常数；ε0为真空介电常数；A为极板面积；d为极板距离。
当施加振荡波电压时，由于电压频率较高，电容的容抗值在分压中起到主要作用。对于刀痕缺陷，以气隙模型进行分析，则Cg代表的是绝缘中气隙缺陷的电容。对于气隙，由于其中的电介质是空气，只有电子位移极化，电子位移极化形成的时间很短，约为10-14～10-15 s，故外加电源的频率不会影响相对介电常数εr的大小，Cg的大小不会随着外加频率的改变而改变。而Cb是与Cg串联的XLPE介质的电容,这部分电介质是极性电介质，存在极性分子转向极化，极化所需的时间较长，为10-10～10-2 s，甚至更长。当外加电场频率增高时，转向极化可能跟不上电场的变化，极化率减小，则εr减小，Cb减小，Ub分压增大，Ug分压减少。对于受潮缺陷，缺陷中含有水分子，也有一定的转向极化，故缺陷上的分压情况更为复杂。
当施加超低频电压时，因电压频率较低，故电阻阻值在分压中起到主要作用。Rg和Rb的大小关系到缺陷上的电压分配，故超低频电压下的PDIV受到缺陷类型的影响，取决于不同缺陷的模型分布，这也与文献[12]中PDIV测量结果与缺陷类型相关这一现象相吻合。
3.2 局部放电次数差异的形成机制
局部放电次数主要取决于电压的恢复速率，下面分别进行分析。
（1）刀痕缺陷。以空腔模型进行分析。积累的空间电荷会增大气隙上的电势差，也为局部放电提供起始电子。空腔表面电导率为σs，积累的空间电荷以平均时间常数τcd衰减。时间常数的表达式为式（6）[15]。
τcd=ε0Dm4σs
式（6）中：ε0为真空介电常数；Dm为空腔直径。
当缺陷的类型不同时，积累的空间电荷的衰减时间会因为空腔表面参数的不同而改变[16]。
在0.1 Hz超低频下，对于刀痕缺陷，绝缘内部空腔和分层的表面电导率增大，极性反转之间泄漏的电荷多，从而使得空腔中的电场降低，因此，电压恢复的时间更长，两次局部放电事件相隔的时间更长，局部放电脉冲更稀疏。
（2）受潮缺陷。由于进入的水中含有杂质，会导致缺陷处电导率增大，导电性提升，在0.1 Hz超低频下泄露的空间电荷更多，使得缺陷处电场更小，产生局部放电所需的电压更高，电压恢复的时间更长，与试验数据所示的两种受潮缺陷在超低频下的PDIV都比较高以及放电脉冲更稀疏相吻合。
4 结论
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（1）无论是振荡波电压还是0.1 Hz超低频电压，在进行电缆典型缺陷试样局部放电试验的时候均有良好的再现性，表明这两种电压均可以用于电缆局部放电的检测，测试电缆的绝缘性能。
（2）对于所制备的6种典型缺陷，除冷缩轴向刀痕缺陷外，振荡波电压下的PDIV更小；除冷缩受潮缺陷外，振荡波下的最大局部放电量更大，单个周期内的局部放电脉冲数更多，局部放电波形更密集。
（3）0.1 Hz超低频和振荡波电压下缺陷位置电压分布机制和电压恢复速率的不同是导致上述差异的主要原因。
文献
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2022年第55卷第10期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.10.015
  • 接收时间：2021-08-25
  • 首发时间：2025-12-23
  • 出版时间：2022-10-20
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  • 收稿日期：2021-08-25
  • 修回日期：2021-11-05
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    1华北电力大学 高电压与电磁兼容北京市重点实验室,北京 102206
    2国网天津市电力公司电力科学研究院,天津 300220
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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