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In order to explore the influence of distributed optical fiber on the ageing life of transformer insulation system, we carried out accelerated thermal ageing tests on the transformer oil sample containing distributed optical fiber at 110, 120, 130℃. The breakdown voltage of the samples was measured regularly during thermal ageing process. On the basis of the breakdown voltage cumulative loss rate, the relationship between the activation energy of the transformer oil containing optical fiber and pure oil was analyzed, a method for calculating activation energy of transformer oil containing optical fiber was proposed, and a thermal ageing life model of transformer oil containing optical fiber was constructed. The results show that the optical fiber in the transformer oil can affect the strength of the transformer insulation system, and the ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) optical fiber has the least effect on the ageing of transformer oil. The calculated results of three life evaluation models of transformer oil containing ETFE, poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), and thermoplastic polyester-ether elastomer (TPEE) fiber established based on calculated activation energy and breakdown voltage cumulative loss kinetic equation, are in good agreement with the evaluation results of 10℃ life criterion in engineering experience, which verifies the effectiveness of the model.

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为探索分布式光纤对变压器绝缘系统老化寿命的影响,对含分布式光纤变压器油样在110、120、130℃下进行加速热老化试验,在热老化期间定时取样并测试击穿电压,然后基于击穿电压累积损失率,分析含光纤变压器油活化能与纯油活化能的关系,并提出一种含光纤变压器油活化能的计算方法,构建含光纤变压器油的热老化寿命模型。结果表明:变压器油中内置光纤会影响变压器绝缘系统的强度,乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)光纤对变压器油的老化影响最小;基于计算活化能与击穿电压累计损失动力学方程建立的含ETFE、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、热塑性聚酯弹性体(TPEE)光纤变压器油的3个寿命评估模型的计算结果与工程经验中的10℃寿命准则的评估结果较为吻合,验证了模型的有效性。

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孙路(1988-),男(汉族),河北石家庄人,高级工程师,主要从事变压器状态监测与故障诊断方面的技术研究。

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孙路(1988-),男(汉族),河北石家庄人,高级工程师,主要从事变压器状态监测与故障诊断方面的技术研究。

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孙路(1988-),男(汉族),河北石家庄人,高级工程师,主要从事变压器状态监测与故障诊断方面的技术研究。

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含分布式光纤的变压器油老化寿命评估研究
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孙路 1 , 田源 1 , 高树国 1 , 李东阳 2, 3 , 刘云鹏 2, 3 , 范晓舟 2, 3
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022,55(9): 63-67
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022, 55(9): 63-67
含分布式光纤的变压器油老化寿命评估研究
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孙路1, 田源1, 高树国1, 李东阳2, 3, 刘云鹏2, 3, 范晓舟2, 3
作者信息
  • 1国网河北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,河北 石家庄 050021
  • 2华北电力大学,新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 3华北电力大学,河北省输变电设备安全防御重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 孙路(1988-),男(汉族),河北石家庄人,高级工程师,主要从事变压器状态监测与故障诊断方面的技术研究。

Ageing Lifetime Evaluation of Transformer Oil Containing Distributed Optical Fiber
Lu SUN1, Yuan TIAN1, Shuguo GAO1, Dongyang LI2, 3, Yunpeng LIU2, 3, Xiaozhou FAN2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Hebei Electric Power Company Electric Power Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 3Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2022-09-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.09.011
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为探索分布式光纤对变压器绝缘系统老化寿命的影响,对含分布式光纤变压器油样在110、120、130℃下进行加速热老化试验,在热老化期间定时取样并测试击穿电压,然后基于击穿电压累积损失率,分析含光纤变压器油活化能与纯油活化能的关系,并提出一种含光纤变压器油活化能的计算方法,构建含光纤变压器油的热老化寿命模型。结果表明:变压器油中内置光纤会影响变压器绝缘系统的强度,乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)光纤对变压器油的老化影响最小;基于计算活化能与击穿电压累计损失动力学方程建立的含ETFE、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、热塑性聚酯弹性体(TPEE)光纤变压器油的3个寿命评估模型的计算结果与工程经验中的10℃寿命准则的评估结果较为吻合,验证了模型的有效性。

分布式传感光纤  /  变压器油  /  寿命评估  /  活化能

In order to explore the influence of distributed optical fiber on the ageing life of transformer insulation system, we carried out accelerated thermal ageing tests on the transformer oil sample containing distributed optical fiber at 110, 120, 130℃. The breakdown voltage of the samples was measured regularly during thermal ageing process. On the basis of the breakdown voltage cumulative loss rate, the relationship between the activation energy of the transformer oil containing optical fiber and pure oil was analyzed, a method for calculating activation energy of transformer oil containing optical fiber was proposed, and a thermal ageing life model of transformer oil containing optical fiber was constructed. The results show that the optical fiber in the transformer oil can affect the strength of the transformer insulation system, and the ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) optical fiber has the least effect on the ageing of transformer oil. The calculated results of three life evaluation models of transformer oil containing ETFE, poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), and thermoplastic polyester-ether elastomer (TPEE) fiber established based on calculated activation energy and breakdown voltage cumulative loss kinetic equation, are in good agreement with the evaluation results of 10℃ life criterion in engineering experience, which verifies the effectiveness of the model.

distributed sensing optical fiber  /  transformer oil  /  life evaluation  /  activation energy
孙路, 田源, 高树国, 李东阳, 刘云鹏, 范晓舟. 含分布式光纤的变压器油老化寿命评估研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (9) : 63 -67 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.09.011
Lu SUN, Yuan TIAN, Shuguo GAO, Dongyang LI, Yunpeng LIU, Xiaozhou FAN. Ageing Lifetime Evaluation of Transformer Oil Containing Distributed Optical Fiber[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (9) : 63 -67 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.09.011
光学传感技术的应用为电力设备状态感知、监测预警提供了新的技术方法。基于布里渊散射原理,在变压器内部沿绕组布置分布式传感光纤,可实现对变压器绕组应力应变及温度参量的测量,提高设备状态监测的灵敏度,同时为数字孪生电网的构建提供设备基础状态参量[1-2]。对于内置在变压器中的分布式传感光纤需在石英光纤芯外增加护套,保护光纤不易弯折[3],但不同护套材料会对变压器油绝缘系统产生不同影响。
目前内置于变压器内的分布式传感光纤护套材料主要有交联聚烯烃、聚氨酯、乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)等。在内置光纤护套材料的老化研究中,文献[4]对荧光光纤温度传感器的交联聚烯烃、聚氨酯和聚氯乙烯护套材料进行热老化试验,得出交联聚烯烃护套和聚氨酯护套均发生一定程度分解,而聚氯乙烯护套性能变化不大。文献[3,5]对内置的分布式光纤的乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、热塑性聚酯弹性体(TPEE)护套材料进行油中加速热老化试验,发现光纤护套材料会加速变压器油老化。在变压器油纸绝缘系统的寿命评估研究中,文献[6]研究发现,油的击穿电压、油中溶解气体、含水量与油纸绝缘系统的剩余寿命具有显著相关性。文献[7-8]基于损失累积动力学模型,构建了温度-水分含量的油纸绝缘寿命模型。文献[9-11]通过频域介电谱特征量分析了油纸绝缘系统的老化状态。
以上研究成果为探究内置传感光纤的影响与评估油绝缘系统寿命提供了一定的理论基础,但目前尚未涉及含分布式光纤变压器油绝缘系统寿命的评估研究报道。本研究对含分布式光纤的变压器油样在不同温度下进行加速热老化缩比试验,在热老化期间定时取样并测试击穿电压,然后基于击穿电压累积损失率,分析含光纤变压器油活化能与纯油活化能的关系,提出一种含分布式光纤的变压器油活化能计算方法,研究含光纤变压器油的热老化寿命模型。
试验材料为克拉玛依25#环烷基变压器油和通信用传感光纤(护套材料分别为ETFE、PTFE、TPEE)。对所有材料采用相同的预处理方法,使其处于同等初始老化状态。试样的具体制备流程如下:
(1)将各类新光纤试样在温度为80℃、真空度低于50 Pa的条件下脱气并干燥48 h;
(2)将已脱气干燥的光纤试样放入变压器油样中,在温度为40℃、真空度低于50 Pa的条件下充分浸渍24 h,其中光纤试样与变压器油试样的质量分别为9.25 g和185 g(光纤与变压器油的质量比约为1∶20);
(3)根据0.05 cm2铜/1 g变压器油的比例加入铜片[12]
(4)含各类光纤的油样作为试验组,无光纤纯油样作为对照组;
(5)将制备的4组试样(每组9瓶)放置于DZF-0620A型真空老化箱内,设定控制温度,然后对老化箱连续抽真空3次后再通氮气,保持老化箱内为一个标准大气压。
加速热老化试验分别在110、120、130℃下进行,老化时间为24 h,热老化期间每隔3 h取样进行测量。
电气强度是变压器油主要的电气特性指标之一。根据IEC 156:1995测量不同含光纤油样在不同老化状态下的击穿电压,试验环境温度为20℃,相对湿度为35%。试验步骤如下:试验电极为两个直径为25 mm的圆盘铜电极,电极间距设置为2.5 mm,在施加电压之前,将待测油样放入油杯中,使油面在电极上方5 cm处,接着在室温下静置30 min,以1 kV/s的升压速度均匀升压,直至油样被击穿,记录击穿电压值;静置5 min,重复以上步骤,结果取平均值。
在热老化过程中,变压器油的击穿电压变化规律及剩余寿命的评估可通过热降解动力学方程描述。试验采用110、120、130℃高温进行加速热老化,通过击穿电压累积损失动力学方程对各类含光纤油样耐压试验数据进行拟合,并基于Arrhenius方程对高温下的击穿电压累积损失率进行外推,可得出接近实际运行条件下材料的性能变化规律,进而实现不同温度下含光纤变压器油的寿命评估。
(1)建立变压器油的击穿电压累积损失方程
基于热降解动力学方程可得变压器油的击穿电压累积损失动力学方程如式(1)所示。
wU=1-UtU0=A(1-e-kt)
式(1)中:U0为新变压器油的击穿电压(57 kV);Ut为热老化t时刻变压器油的击穿电压;wU为击穿电压累积损失率,wU=0代表变压器油为未老化状态,0<wU<1;k为变压器油绝缘失效的速率。
(2)获得主曲线及时温平移因子αT
在相同坐标系下绘制不同温度的击穿电压累积损失率变化曲线,将最低试验温度设为参考温度Tref,沿时间轴平移非参考温度下的曲线,使之与Tref下的曲线形成连续相接的整体,构造主曲线,则各温度T下时温平移因子αT的计算如式(2)所示。参考温度Tref对应的平移因子为1。
αT=tref/tT
式(2)中:tT为温度T下曲线上某点平移前的时间;tref为曲线平移并构成主曲线的一部分后该点对应的时间值。
(3)活化能Ea的计算
采用时温叠加(time-temperature superposition,TTSP)法外推式(1),假设高温加速老化的过程与低温时的过程相同,表征材料微结构的参数也恒定不变,则化学反应速率k应遵循Arrhenius方程,如式(3)所示。
k=Aexp [-Ea/(RT)]
式(3)中:A为指前因子;Ea为活化能,J/mol;R为气体常数,其值为8.314;T为温度,K。
根据式(2)~(3),相同绝缘材料的曲线平移因子同样满足Arrhenius方程,如式(4)所示。
αT=exp [EaR(1Tref-1T)]
当热老化机理恒定时,平移因子和绝对温度的关系应遵循式(4),即试验数据在以lnαT为横坐标和(1Tref-1T)为纵坐标的坐标轴上应该为一条直线,其斜率为EaR,将该斜率乘以8.314可以得到活化能Ea。由此可以外推其他老化温度T下的平移因子αT
(4)主曲线的动力学方程拟合
使用式(1)拟合主曲线,得到参考温度Tref下的参数Ak,由此可以计算Tref下变压器油的击穿电压下降至Ut所需的时间tref。进一步根据式(2),求得温度T下变压器油的击穿电压由U0下降至Ut所需的时间tT。如果设定Utend为寿命终点,则计算变压器油的击穿电压下降至Utend所需的时间即为该试样在温度T下的寿命L
(5)含分布式光纤的变压器油寿命评估模型
由步骤(1)~(4),可得任意热老化温度下含分布式光纤变压器油的外推寿命模型,如式(5)所示。
αT=exp [EaR(1Tref-1T)]wU=1-UtU0tref=-ln (1-wU/A)/ktT=tref/αT
在热老化过程中,变压器油的击穿电压可直观地反映变压器绝缘系统的稳定性。按2.1中的步骤,分别对110、120、130℃下对应的各类油样加速热老化试验数据进行主曲线构造和拟合(选择110℃作为参考温度),计算得出各类油样的活化能Ea,代入式(5)得出该类含分布式光纤变压器油的寿命评估模型。
图1为纯油样的主曲线拟合结果以及平移因子与老化温度之间的关系。从图1(a)可以看出,纯油样在3个温度下的平移因子分别为:α110=1.0、α120=2.3、α130=3.9。由图1(b)可计算得到本试验中纯油样的活化能Ea=(87.16±10.17)kJ/mol。
图2为含TPEE光纤油样的主曲线拟合结果以及平移因子与老化温度之间的关系。从图2可以看出,含TPEE光纤油样在3个温度下的平移因子分别为:α110=1.0、α120=1.8、α130=3.4。由图2(b)可计算得到本试验中含TPEE光纤油样的活化能Ea=(78.23±2.75)kJ/mol。
图3为含PTFE光纤油样的主曲线拟合结果以及平移因子与老化温度之间的关系。从图3可以看出,含PTFE光纤油样在3个温度下的平移因子分别为:α110=1.0、α120=2.0、α130=3.6。由图3(b)可计算得到本试验中含PTFE光纤油样的活化能Ea=(81.95+2.86) kJ/mol。
图4为含ETFE光纤油样的主曲线拟合结果以及平移因子与老化温度之间的关系。从图4可以看出,含ETFE光纤油样在3个温度下的平移因子分别为:α110=1.0、α120=2.2、α130=3.7。由图4(b)可计算得到本试验中含ETFE光纤油样的活化能Ea=(83.78±8.87)kJ/mol。
在2.2中得到了各类含分布式光纤变压器油的寿命评估模型,模型中各油样的Arrhenius活化能从大到小依次为纯油样、含ETFE光纤油样、含PTFE光纤油样、含TPEE光纤油样。
根据Arrhenius的定义,活化能代表了材料在化学反应过程中,普通分子变成活化分子需要吸收能量,只有活化分子才能够发生反应。纯油样的热老化活化能明显大于含纤油样的热老化活化能,这表明在变压器油中内置光纤会影响原有绝缘系统的强度。但不同光纤护套材料对变压器油的影响不同,本试验中ETFE紧套光纤对变压器油的热老化影响最小。
热老化t时刻变压器油的击穿电压可通过式(6)进行计算。
Ut=U0(1-wU)
从前文各主曲线中读取横坐标时间t及纵坐标击穿电压累积损失率wU,根据式(6)即可计算得出在不同温度下老化t后变压器油的击穿电压。经过计算,各类油样活化能大小排序与热老化后各类油样的耐压性能顺序一致。此外,计算结果表明,在试验温度范围内,温度每上升10℃,变压器油击穿电压的下降速率增加1.8~2.3倍,这与工程经验中的10℃寿命准则较为吻合。综上可知所得模型可对含分布式光纤变压器油进行寿命评估。
(1)基于本研究提出的一种含分布式光纤变压器油的活化能计算方法,得到各类含光纤变压器油的Arrhenius活化能从大到小依次为纯油样、含ETFE光纤油样、含PTFE光纤油样、含TPEE光纤油样,排序结果与热老化后各类油样的耐压性能顺序一致。
(2)不同光纤护套层对变压器油的影响不同,本研究中ETFE光纤对变压器油的热老化影响最小。
(3)根据各类含纤变压器油样活化能,构建老化平移因子,结合老化平移因子与击穿电压累积损失动力学方程建立了含光纤变压器油寿命评估模型,模型计算结果表明,在试验温度范围内,温度每上升10℃,变压器油的击穿电压下降速率增加1.8~2.3倍。
  • 国家电网公司科技项目(5204DY200035)
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2022年第55卷第9期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.09.011
  • 接收时间:2021-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-10
  • 修回日期:2021-11-10
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国家电网公司科技项目(5204DY200035)
作者信息
    1国网河北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,河北 石家庄 050021
    2华北电力大学,新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
    3华北电力大学,河北省输变电设备安全防御重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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