Article(id=1210201268988014749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1637251200000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-19, revisedDate=1641225600000, revisedDateStr=2022-01-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464066978, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1660924800000, pubDateStr=2022-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464066978, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464066978, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464066978, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201262210027558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464065363, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563147232, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616841769193737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616841769193738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201270145642690, articleId=1210201268988014749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effects of Tip Curvature Radius on Electrical Tree Growth and Partial Discharge Characteristics of XLPE, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Electrical tree is a common phenomenon in XLPE cable, and there may be different scales of spike defects during the operation of cables. In this paper, the relationship between electrical tree growth morphology and partial discharge characteristics under different tip curvature radius was studied. The results show that the sample with small tip curvature radius will eventually develop into branch electrical tree under the tree initiation voltage, while the sample with large curvature radius will eventually develop into cluster electrical tree, and the discharge capacity of cluster electrical tree is greater than that of branch electrical tree. The positive and negative half cycle of PRPD diagram of the cluster electrical tree is similar to the “wing shape”. The discharge shape of the positive half cycle of the branch electrical tree is “triangle shape”, and the negative half cycle shape is “wing shape”. The growth rate of the two electrical trees shows the characteristics of “fast-slow-fast”. The growth rate of the branch electrical tree is higher than that of the cluster electrical tree, and the branch electrical tree is more harmful in the actual cable.

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电树枝在XLPE电缆中是一种常见现象,在电缆运行过程中可能会存在不同尺寸的尖刺缺陷。本文在不同针尖曲率半径下,研究了电树枝生长形貌和局部放电特性的关系。结果表明:针尖曲率半径小的试样在起树电压下大概率最终发展为枝状电树枝,曲率半径大的试样则大概率最终发展为丛状电树枝,丛状电树枝的放电量大于枝状电树枝。丛状电树枝的PRPD图正、负半周均类似于“翼形”,枝状电树枝正半周的放电形状表现为“三角形”,负半周形状表现为“翼形”。两种电树枝生长速率均表现为“快-慢-快”的特点,枝状电树枝生长速率大于丛状电树枝,在实际电缆中枝状电树枝的危害更大。

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张宗衡(1997-),男(汉族),河北邢台人,硕士生,研究方向为局部放电检测与诊断;

郑书生(1979-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备绝缘的在线监测。

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张宗衡(1997-),男(汉族),河北邢台人,硕士生,研究方向为局部放电检测与诊断;

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张宗衡(1997-),男(汉族),河北邢台人,硕士生,研究方向为局部放电检测与诊断;

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郑书生(1979-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备绝缘的在线监测。

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郑书生(1979-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备绝缘的在线监测。

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针尖曲率半径对XLPE电树枝生长及局部放电特性的影响
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张宗衡 , 郑书生 , 吴诗优
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022,55(8): 52-58
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022, 55(8): 52-58
针尖曲率半径对XLPE电树枝生长及局部放电特性的影响
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张宗衡, 郑书生, 吴诗优
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 张宗衡(1997-),男(汉族),河北邢台人,硕士生,研究方向为局部放电检测与诊断;

    郑书生(1979-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,高级工程师,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备绝缘的在线监测。

Effects of Tip Curvature Radius on Electrical Tree Growth and Partial Discharge Characteristics of XLPE
Zongheng ZHANG, Shusheng ZHENG, Shiyou WU
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2022-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.009
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电树枝在XLPE电缆中是一种常见现象,在电缆运行过程中可能会存在不同尺寸的尖刺缺陷。本文在不同针尖曲率半径下,研究了电树枝生长形貌和局部放电特性的关系。结果表明:针尖曲率半径小的试样在起树电压下大概率最终发展为枝状电树枝,曲率半径大的试样则大概率最终发展为丛状电树枝,丛状电树枝的放电量大于枝状电树枝。丛状电树枝的PRPD图正、负半周均类似于“翼形”,枝状电树枝正半周的放电形状表现为“三角形”,负半周形状表现为“翼形”。两种电树枝生长速率均表现为“快-慢-快”的特点,枝状电树枝生长速率大于丛状电树枝,在实际电缆中枝状电树枝的危害更大。

电树枝  /  XLPE  /  曲率半径  /  生长速率  /  局部放电

Electrical tree is a common phenomenon in XLPE cable, and there may be different scales of spike defects during the operation of cables. In this paper, the relationship between electrical tree growth morphology and partial discharge characteristics under different tip curvature radius was studied. The results show that the sample with small tip curvature radius will eventually develop into branch electrical tree under the tree initiation voltage, while the sample with large curvature radius will eventually develop into cluster electrical tree, and the discharge capacity of cluster electrical tree is greater than that of branch electrical tree. The positive and negative half cycle of PRPD diagram of the cluster electrical tree is similar to the “wing shape”. The discharge shape of the positive half cycle of the branch electrical tree is “triangle shape”, and the negative half cycle shape is “wing shape”. The growth rate of the two electrical trees shows the characteristics of “fast-slow-fast”. The growth rate of the branch electrical tree is higher than that of the cluster electrical tree, and the branch electrical tree is more harmful in the actual cable.

electric tree  /  XLPE  /  radius of curvature  /  growth rate  /  partial discharge
张宗衡, 郑书生, 吴诗优. 针尖曲率半径对XLPE电树枝生长及局部放电特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (8) : 52 -58 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.009
Zongheng ZHANG, Shusheng ZHENG, Shiyou WU. Effects of Tip Curvature Radius on Electrical Tree Growth and Partial Discharge Characteristics of XLPE[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (8) : 52 -58 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.009
电树枝是电介质材料中常见的现象,在高压设备中广泛存在,尤其在交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆中,电树枝是导致电缆击穿的主要原因之一[1-2]。即使现在的电缆制作工艺已经有了很大提高,但电缆在运输、安装、运行过程中难以避免引入微小的缺陷,如尖刺、气隙等,会导致电缆局部场强集中,长期发展可能会出现电树枝[3],并最终导致电缆击穿。
国内外学者在电树枝的引发机理、生长以及检测等方面开展了大量研究[4-7]。廖瑞金等[8]研究了XLPE中电树枝的生长与局部放电的关系,结果表明,电树枝的生长速率与局部放电的剧烈程度具有对应关系,在电树枝生长的初期局部放电较微弱。周远翔等[9]研究了机械应力对硅橡胶电树枝起始性能的影响,结果表明,随着外施压力的增加,电树枝的起树电压单调下降,出现单枝状电树枝的概率增大,出现密集形态电树枝(松枝状和丛状)的概率减小。局部放电检测作为电力设备状态评价的重要手段之一,是XLPE电缆中缺陷检测的常用方法。
在实际运行中,电力设备通常面对较复杂的运行环境,如不同的温度、电压幅值波动、电压类型差异等,在不同工况下电树枝特性具有显著差别。聂琼等[10]研究了电压频率对电树枝的影响,结果表明,频率高时电树枝大概率发展为“丛状”,频率低时电树枝大概率发展为“枝状”。现有的研究未关注针尖曲率半径对XLPE电树枝生长及局部放电特性的影响,在实际运行的电缆中,不同电缆缺陷会对电缆产生不同程度的影响,因此开展不同针尖曲率半径对XLPE电树枝和局部放电的影响具有实际意义。
本文制作针-板XLPE模型,搭建XLPE电树枝局部放电老化平台,研究不同针尖曲率半径对XLPE电树枝形貌、局部放电的影响,对比不同曲率半径试样的电树枝形貌和局部放电差异。
本文使用的试样由青岛华电电缆公司制作,使用制作110 kV XLPE电缆的工艺,提前制作好模具和高低压电极,将北欧化工生产的110 kV XLPE颗粒和高压电极放入模具中,将XLPE颗粒加热至110℃并保持15 min,使得XLPE颗粒充分熔融;逐级增大硫化机压强,分别在5、10、15 MPa下保持 3 min,以达到逐渐排除XLPE中气泡的目的;将压力降为0 MPa,并将硫化温度设为170℃,达到该温度后继续采用逐级加压方式分别在5 MPa和10 MPa保持3 min,最后将压力调为15 MPa,保持30 min,使XLPE充分交联,最后将温度和气压降至常温常压,将其切割成图1(a)中的尺寸大小,使用铜粉导电胶将地电极与试样粘连。为了避免试样在接线、实验过程中因为外界的机械应力导致针尖处出现裂纹,影响实验结果,通过在金属电极上预留两个直径为4 mm的小孔,使用模具将XLPE颗粒挤压成形,将XLPE层和上端金属进行固定,以此保证钢针不受摇动,形成“一体化”的模型,如图1(b)所示。其中针-板距离为3 mm,针尖曲率半径为10 μm,角度为30°,钢针直径为0.6 mm,XLPE厚度为4 mm。
使用显微镜实时观察电树枝的光学图像,设置每隔2 s自动拍照,检测和加压系统如图2所示。施加的电压为50 Hz交流电,检测阻抗连接在耦合电容的下端,两者与试样并联。局放仪型号为LDS-6,德国凯塞尔斯多夫德布尔莱姆克股份有限公司,检测灵敏度为0.1 pC。为了避免外界电磁信号的干扰,实验在专业屏蔽室内进行,经过对干扰源的排除,噪声信号水平为0.5 pC以下,后文的局放数据均对噪声进行了滤除。为了避免试样发生沿面闪络,将试样放在二甲基硅油中,同时避免电晕放电对局放检测造成影响。
电荷的注入-抽出理论是目前提出的电树枝产生机理之一。载流子从金属电极克服势垒注入XLPE中对分子链进行撞击,在升压过程中,载流子被加速撞击材料,产生电树枝的概率变大,因此本实验中加压过程采用缓慢升压。由于起树电压的大小直接受针尖曲率半径的影响[9],为了减小电压对电树枝发展的影响,针尖的曲率半径不宜太小或太大。经过多次实验,选用曲率半径为10 μm和20 μm的试样进行比较,当外加电压较高时,电树枝的生长与局部放电特性一致,当外加电压较低时,电树枝的生长与局部放电特性不一致[11]。因此,需要观察恒压下电树枝的生长与局部放电的关系。对比曲率半径为10 μm和20 μm的试样在起树电压下,保持恒压并观察电树枝形貌和局部放电的差异:每次升压0.5 kV,在电压较低时每个电压下保持5 min,达到5 kV后每个电压下至少保持20 min。达到起树电压后保持恒压,长时间对实验现象进行观察直至模型击穿。
为了避免单次实验的随机性误差,选用同批次试样进行多次实验,得到10个针尖曲率半径为10 μm试样的起树电压平均值为11 kV。保持在起树电压下,长时间对电树枝进行观察直至击穿,得到击穿时间约为380 min,显微镜观察的图像如图3所示。从图3可以看出,电树枝的形状为“枝状”,在此电压下电树枝刚开始发展的速率较慢。在产生电树枝后的30 min内生长速率变快,但电树通体颜色较浅。随着加压时间的延长,分支逐渐增多,颜色逐渐加深。超过120 min后电树枝的生长速率极为缓慢,并且发现在电树枝的主干上生长出“藤状”的细枝。电树枝通道并不是只沿着金属针的方向延伸,而是会出现许多分支向周围发散(图3(e)),原因可能是电树枝通道内部由于温度的升高,导致气体膨胀使电树枝向周围无规律发散[12-13]。加压360 min后已经有部分电树枝长出视野之外,此时临近击穿(图3(f))。
在电树枝发展过程中检测局部放电,每次累计采集局部放电的时间为1 min。图4分别为产生电树枝后1(起始)、30、60、360 min的局部放电相位图(phase resolved partial discharge,PRPD)。从图4可以看出,在起始阶段局放量最大约为78 pC,正、负半周的形状有一定的差异,负半周的点更加集中,放电量主要集中在40 pC以下,放电相位主要集中在0°~85°和160°~245°,负半周的放电相位比正半周稍大。加压30 min和60 min后最大放电量约为380 pC,放电量主要集中在150 pC以下,放电相位主要集中在0°~125°和160°~245°,正半周的最大放电量明显大于负半周,正半周放电相位有所增大,且正、负半周的放电形状具有很大差异,正半周的放电形状表现为“三角形”,负半周的放电形状表现为“翼形”。三角形和翼形主要是PRPD图形态的区别,三角形的放电分布相位相比于翼形更大,翼形的点分布更加集中,但两者的最大放电量接近。加压360 min后放电量增大很多,最大放电量约为840 pC,放电量主要集中在256 pC以下,正、负半周的点都更加密集,并且放电相位变化不大。由PRPD图的形态判断,放电的类型主要为气隙放电和尖刺放电。随着加压时间的延长,电树枝劣化的体积增大,内部的气体体积增大,气体放电更加剧烈,放电量、放电重复率均增大。
使用针尖曲率半径为20 μm的试样开展实验进行对比。经过逐级升压,得到10个试样的平均起树电压为15.5 kV。电树枝发展的形貌如图5所示。从图5可以看出,电树枝的形状为“丛状”,生长速率比枝状电树枝更慢,从起始至击穿的总时间为585 min。丛状电树枝的颜色更深,尤其是在针尖附近颜色最深。在起树后的30 min内电树枝生长速率最快,随后生长速率变慢,细微的分支向外围扩展然后逐渐变黑。图6为起树后540 min时的电树枝形貌。由图6可以看出,在最外围有许多的细支,向地电极方向生长的细枝更长,继续加压最后延伸至地电极发生击穿。
实验还发现在加压的后期,电树枝的生长速率加快,整个实验过程电树枝的生长速率表现为:快-慢-快,在中期呈现出“停滞”的现象。主要原因是受场强大小的影响,在起始阶段针尖附近的场强大,在中期电树枝的导电性较差,电树枝尖端场强较小,随着电树枝向地电极靠近,电树枝的颜色逐渐变深,导电性加强,导致场强增大。
图7分别为产生电树枝后1(起始)、30、60、360 min的PRPD图。从图7可以看出,在起始阶段放电量最大为200 pC,与枝状电树枝相比有一定的增大,正、负半周的形状较为接近,放电相位主要集中在0°~90°和165°~245°,放电量主要集中在80 pC以下。加压30 min最大放电量约为346 pC,放电相位主要集中在0°~75°和160°~230°。加压60 min后最大放电量约为450 pC,放电相位主要集中在0°~75°和160°~245°。加压360 min后放电量最大约为832 pC,小于枝状电树枝,且放电量大的点较稀疏,放电量主要集中在316 pC以下,放电相位主要集中在0°~65°和165°~235°。
加压540 min后的PRPD图如图8所示,可以看出,最大放电量约为997 pC,放电量主要集中在280 pC以下,放电相位主要集中在0°~50°和160°~235°。此外,从图7图8中可以看出,丛状电树枝的PRPD图正、负半周均类似于“翼形”,主要原因是电树枝内的局部放电主要为气隙放电、尖刺放电,而丛状电树枝内的气隙体积更大,气隙放电的特征更加明显。
不同曲率半径电树枝最终形貌概率统计如图9所示。从图9可以看出,针尖曲率半径为10 μm的试样有80%的概率最终形貌发展为枝状电树枝,针尖曲率半径为20 μm的试样有70%的概率最终形貌发展为丛状电树枝。起树电压的大小受曲率半径的影响,起树电压随着曲率半径的增大而升高。使用枝状电树枝和丛状电树枝分别表示针尖曲率半径为10 μm和20 μm所产生的电树枝。定义电树枝长度为沿针尖方向发展的最大长度,图10为枝状电树枝和丛状电树枝的加压时间-电树枝长度图。从图10中可以看出,两种电树枝均在前60 min内生长较快,且枝状电树枝生长速率远大于丛状电树枝。加压时间为60~300 min时,两种电树枝生长速率变慢,枝状电树枝生长速率远大于丛状电树枝,主要原因是在电荷积聚下两种电树枝放电通道加粗,电树枝形貌表现为加黑,小曲率半径针尖场强更大,电荷积聚更密,所以生长速率较快。加压时间为300~380 min时,枝状电树枝快速生长,直至击穿;丛状电树枝继续生长。加压时间为380~585 min时,丛状电树枝生长速率变快,随着电树枝向地电极靠近,电树枝的颜色逐渐变深,导电性加强,导致场强增大。总体来看,两种电树枝的生长速率均表现为“快-慢-快”,且枝状电树枝的生长速率远大于丛状电树枝。说明在实际电缆中枝状电树枝的危害更大。
图11图12分别为枝状电树枝和丛状电树枝的平均放电量-加压时间和最大放电量-加压时间图。从图1112可以看出,加压时间为0~30 min时,两种电树枝的平均放电量和最大放电量均呈增大趋势,丛状电树枝的平均放电量小于枝状电树枝的平均放电量,最大放电量反而大于枝状电树枝。加压时间为60~300 min时,两种电树枝的平均放电量均呈增大趋势,而最大放电量呈“增大-减小-增大”的趋势。加压时间为380~540 min时,枝状电树枝已击穿,丛状电树枝的平均放电量和最大放电量均呈“减小-增大”的趋势。从危害来说,针尖曲率半径小的电树枝缺陷因其击穿时间更短而危害更大。
采用商用有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics对场强的分布进行仿真,得到交流电压峰值下针尖曲率半径为10 μm和20 μm时试样的场强分布,如图13所示。从图13(a)可以看出,施加电压有效值为11 kV时的最大场强为58.1 kV/mm;从图13(b)可以看出,施加电压有效值为15.5 kV时的最大场强为50.6 kV/mm。仿真的结果只能作为参考,与实际存在一定的偏差,试样在制造过程中由于各种因素的影响,规格并不是完全标准。虽然不同曲率半径下施加的电压是不同的,但最大电场强度的大小是比较接近的。针尖曲率半径大的试样在针尖处高场强区域的面积大(如图13(b)圆圈部分),电荷注入-抽出造成劣化的区域更大,因此更大概率发展为丛状电树枝。在交流电压下,电荷积聚效应不明显,空间电荷对场强的影响较小[14],因此电荷的注入-抽出效应比直流电压下更显著。
交流电压下载流子的注入-抽出是产生电树枝的主要原因之一,绝缘材料的分子链不断受到载流子的撞击造成断裂,断裂不断累积形成了微孔。由于局部放电等因素产生了低密度区,低密度区内有大量的“热电子”。电场强度的大小决定了载流子所受电场力的大小,从而影响对材料的破坏程度。电树枝在起始期发展迅速,当发展到一定长度后电树枝前端电子能量不足,沿电场方向生长逐渐减慢。随着电树枝向地电极靠近,电树枝的颜色逐渐变深,导电性加强,导致场强增大,此时电树枝生长速率变快。由此可以解释两种电树枝生长均呈“快-慢-快”的趋势。
起树电压的大小受针尖曲率半径的影响,起树电压随着曲率半径的增大而升高。在针尖附近最大场强相同的前提下,曲率半径大的试样在针尖附近高场强的区域大,载流子的轰击作用更强,对材料的破坏面积更大,因此更大概率发展为丛状电树枝。由于丛状电树枝比较密集,以及各电树枝尖端电场的互相屏蔽作用和介质中空间电荷的屏蔽作用,丛状电树枝总的生长速率会比枝状电树枝慢[16]
不同形态电树枝产生的局部放电形态差异的主要原因可以归结为电树枝通道体积的大小以及场强大小。丛状电树枝通道内劣化的体积更大,通道内气体的含量更多,气体放电更加剧烈。此外,不同形状的电树枝导致的场强变化也存在差异,丛状电树枝对场强具有一定的匀化作用,场强大小的不同也会导致放电形态存在差异。
场强是电树枝产生的驱动因素之一,据现有的研究结论,金属和绝缘材料之间电荷的注入效应存在阈值场强[17]。不同针尖曲率半径电树枝引发时的最大场强相近的原因可能是受阈值场强的影响,在电树枝的仿真中也是通过与阈值场强进行比较来判断电树枝是否产生。由此可以解释曲率半径不同的试样起树时的最大场强较为接近。
(1)起树电压的大小受针尖曲率半径的影响,起树电压随着曲率半径的增大而升高。针尖曲率半径小的试样在起树电压下大概率最终发展为枝状电树枝,曲率半径大的试样在起树电压下则大概率最终发展为丛状电树枝。保持在起树电压下,枝状电树枝在30 min内生长较快,丛状电树枝则生长较慢,两种电树枝生长速率均表现为“快-慢-快”的特点。枝状电树枝总的生长速率比丛状电树枝的生长速率更快,在实际电缆中枝状电树枝的危害更大。
(2)丛状电树枝总的放电量大于枝状电树枝,两者同一时期的PRPD图形状上存在一定的差异。枝状电树枝正半周的放电形状表现为“三角形”,负半周形状表现为“翼形”,而丛状电树枝的PRPD图正、负半周均类似于“翼形”。枝状电树枝的平均放电量表现为持续增大,而丛状电树枝表现为“增大-减小-增大”。枝状电树枝的最大放电量表现为“增大-减小-增大”,丛状电树枝最大放电量则表现为“增大-减小-增大-减小-增大”趋势,并存在明显的放电停滞现象。
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2022年第55卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.009
  • 接收时间:2021-11-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-19
  • 修回日期:2022-01-04
基金
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3192037)
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    华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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