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Article(id=1210201266857316465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1630684800000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-04, revisedDate=1635782400000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464066471, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1660924800000, pubDateStr=2022-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464066471, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464066471, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464066471, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201262210027558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464065363, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563147232, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616841769193737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616841769193738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201267171889275, articleId=1210201266857316465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on Performance of Moistened Irradiation Crosslinking Low-smoke Halogen-free and Flame-retardant Cable, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the performance changes of irradiation crosslinking low-smoke halogen-free flame-retardant insulation layer and sheath layer for photovoltaic cables before and after getting moistened, the insulation layer and sheath layer of photovoltaic cable with various water-immersion time were conducted mechanical properties, thermal extensibility, dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and volume resistivity tests. The results show that the long-term water-immersion causes hydrolysis of molecular chains in the material, and the entanglement of molecular chains weakens, which lead to decrease of tensile properties of samples. After water-immersion, the initial storage modulus of the insulation layer and sheath layer samples decreases, the adhesion force between filler particles and matrix resin decreases, and the mechanical loss peak of the insulation layer presents double peaks characteristic. With the increase of moistening degree, the EVA in the polyolefin matrix swells, and the free volume increases. Some flame retardant fillers are separate from the binding of matrix and become impurity ions, making the carrier concentration and mobility increase, which leads to continuous decrease of volume resistivity.

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为了研究光伏电缆用辐照交联低烟无卤阻燃绝缘层和护套层受潮前后的性能变化，对不同浸水时间的电缆绝缘层和护套层进行了力学性能、热延伸率、动态热机械分析（DMA）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和体积电阻率测试。结果表明：长期的浸水会造成材料内部的分子链水解，分子链间的缠结作用减弱，导致试样的力学性能下降；浸水后，绝缘层和护套层试样的起始储能模量减小，填料微粒与基体树脂间粘附力降低，绝缘层试样的力学损耗峰呈现双峰特征；随着受潮程度的不断加深，聚烯烃基体中EVA吸水溶胀，自由体积增大，部分阻燃填料脱离基体的束缚，充当了杂质离子，使载流子浓度增大，迁移率提高，导致体积电阻率持续降低。

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李秀峰（1974-），女（汉族），山东青岛人，副教授，博士，主要从事电缆料及电缆附件关键问题与技术、纳米复合电介质特性及应用和电力设备绝缘结构优化设计的研究。
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孙光华（1996-），男（汉族），山东菏泽人，硕士生，主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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孙光华（1996-），男（汉族），山东菏泽人，硕士生，主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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孙光华（1996-），男（汉族），山东菏泽人，硕士生，主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201266857316465, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=受潮), Keyword(id=1210527794459710354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201266857316465, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=绝缘层), Keyword(id=1210527794551985048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201266857316465, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=护套层)], refs=[Reference(id=1210527797626409970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201266857316465, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=7, pageStart=148, pageEnd=149, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=王志锋, 常勇, journalName=电气技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王志锋,常勇.光伏电站使用专用电缆的必要性[J].电气技术,2015(7):148-149., articleTitle=光伏电站使用专用电缆的必要性, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527797764822004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201266857316465, 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试样断裂伸长率/%拉伸强度/MPa弹性模量/MPa
J-0134.6±13.312.5±2.139±4
J-15d132.4±14.511.9±2.239±7
J-30d127.6±17.211.7±1.537±8
H-0151.0±16.813.0±1.543±8
H-15d139.5±13.512.0±1.240±6
H-30d126.3±17.511.6±2.034±9
), ArticleFig(id=1210527795457954754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201266857316465, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试样的力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样断裂伸长率/%拉伸强度/MPa弹性模量/MPa
J-0134.6±13.312.5±2.139±4
J-15d132.4±14.511.9±2.239±7
J-30d127.6±17.211.7±1.537±8
H-0151.0±16.813.0±1.543±8
H-15d139.5±13.512.0±1.240±6
H-30d126.3±17.511.6±2.034±9
), ArticleFig(id=1210527795562812360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201266857316465, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Thermal elongation of samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样负荷下伸长率/%永久变形率/%
J-025.0±00
J-15d27.5±00
J-30d30.0±00
H-030.0±00
H-15d30.0±5.00
H-30d40.0±7.50
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试样的热延伸率

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试样负荷下伸长率/%永久变形率/%
J-025.0±00
J-15d27.5±00
J-30d30.0±00
H-030.0±00
H-15d30.0±5.00
H-30d40.0±7.50
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试样起始储能模量/MPaTg点储能模量/MPa损耗因子峰值温度/℃损耗峰面积
J-06 8592 2834.830.814
J-15d6 2542 0973.400.723
J-30d5 3381 4683.100.680
H-04 7881 579-5.421.710
H-15d4 5021 790-5.631.541
H-30d3 946989-6.651.231
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试样的动态热力学数据

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试样起始储能模量/MPaTg点储能模量/MPa损耗因子峰值温度/℃损耗峰面积
J-06 8592 2834.830.814
J-15d6 2542 0973.400.723
J-30d5 3381 4683.100.680
H-04 7881 579-5.421.710
H-15d4 5021 790-5.631.541
H-30d3 946989-6.651.231
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试样ρv/(Ω·cm)
J-0(1.68±0.06)×1015
J-15d(1.30±0.02)×1015
J-30d(9.41±0.19)×1014
H-0(5.26±0.22)×1014
H-15d(3.12±0.17)×1014
H-30d(2.47±0.92)×1014
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试样的体积电阻率

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试样ρv/(Ω·cm)
J-0(1.68±0.06)×1015
J-15d(1.30±0.02)×1015
J-30d(9.41±0.19)×1014
H-0(5.26±0.22)×1014
H-15d(3.12±0.17)×1014
H-30d(2.47±0.92)×1014
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辐照交联低烟无卤阻燃电缆受潮后性能研究
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孙光华 1 , 李秀峰 1 , 宋吉江 1 , 董芸滋 1 , 张朋 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022,55(8): 76-81
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022, 55(8): 76-81
辐照交联低烟无卤阻燃电缆受潮后性能研究
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孙光华1, 李秀峰1, 宋吉江1, 董芸滋1, 张朋2
作者信息
  • 1山东理工大学 电气与电子工程学院,山东 淄博 255000
  • 2淄博职业学院 电子电气工程学院,山东 淄博 255000

    • 孙光华（1996-），男（汉族），山东菏泽人，硕士生，主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

通讯作者:

李秀峰（1974-），女（汉族），山东青岛人，副教授，博士，主要从事电缆料及电缆附件关键问题与技术、纳米复合电介质特性及应用和电力设备绝缘结构优化设计的研究。
Study on Performance of Moistened Irradiation Crosslinking Low-smoke Halogen-free and Flame-retardant Cable
Guanghua SUN1, Xiufeng LI1, Jijiang SONG1, Yunzi DONG1, Peng ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
  • 2School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Zibo Vocational Institute, Zibo 255000, China
出版时间: 2022-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.013
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摘要
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为了研究光伏电缆用辐照交联低烟无卤阻燃绝缘层和护套层受潮前后的性能变化，对不同浸水时间的电缆绝缘层和护套层进行了力学性能、热延伸率、动态热机械分析（DMA）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和体积电阻率测试。结果表明：长期的浸水会造成材料内部的分子链水解，分子链间的缠结作用减弱，导致试样的力学性能下降；浸水后，绝缘层和护套层试样的起始储能模量减小，填料微粒与基体树脂间粘附力降低，绝缘层试样的力学损耗峰呈现双峰特征；随着受潮程度的不断加深，聚烯烃基体中EVA吸水溶胀，自由体积增大，部分阻燃填料脱离基体的束缚，充当了杂质离子，使载流子浓度增大，迁移率提高，导致体积电阻率持续降低。

光伏电缆  /  无卤阻燃  /  受潮  /  绝缘层  /  护套层

In order to study the performance changes of irradiation crosslinking low-smoke halogen-free flame-retardant insulation layer and sheath layer for photovoltaic cables before and after getting moistened, the insulation layer and sheath layer of photovoltaic cable with various water-immersion time were conducted mechanical properties, thermal extensibility, dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and volume resistivity tests. The results show that the long-term water-immersion causes hydrolysis of molecular chains in the material, and the entanglement of molecular chains weakens, which lead to decrease of tensile properties of samples. After water-immersion, the initial storage modulus of the insulation layer and sheath layer samples decreases, the adhesion force between filler particles and matrix resin decreases, and the mechanical loss peak of the insulation layer presents double peaks characteristic. With the increase of moistening degree, the EVA in the polyolefin matrix swells, and the free volume increases. Some flame retardant fillers are separate from the binding of matrix and become impurity ions, making the carrier concentration and mobility increase, which leads to continuous decrease of volume resistivity.

photovoltaic cable  /  halogen-free flame-retardant  /  moistening  /  insulation layer  /  sheath layer
孙光华, 李秀峰, 宋吉江, 董芸滋, 张朋. 辐照交联低烟无卤阻燃电缆受潮后性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (8) : 76 -81 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.013
Guanghua SUN, Xiufeng LI, Jijiang SONG, Yunzi DONG, Peng ZHANG. Study on Performance of Moistened Irradiation Crosslinking Low-smoke Halogen-free and Flame-retardant Cable[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (8) : 76 -81 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.013
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0 引言
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近年来，随着人们对环保能源认识的逐渐加深，太阳能、风能、地热能和核聚变能等新能源不断得到开发，光伏发电作为一种绿色清洁可再生能源逐渐替代传统的发电模式。为了满足光伏电站复杂多变的运行条件，对光伏发电用电缆的性能提出了更高要求。辐照交联低烟无卤阻燃电缆以其优异的电气性能、耐热性能和耐环境应力开裂性能等获得了广泛应用[1-2]。
目前，关于光伏电缆的研究主要集中在制造工艺及寿命评估等方面。马宝红等[3]通过控制紫外光辐照的时间，研究了紫外光对低烟无卤阻燃电缆绝缘层力学性能、热延伸率和阻燃性能的影响，结果表明随着紫外光辐照时间的延长，绝缘层试样的拉伸强度不断提高，热延伸率逐渐降低，热稳定性增强。王海岭等[4]开展热老化寿命评定实验，利用回归方程和最小二乘法原理，推算了在光伏电缆导体最高允许温度下（120℃），低烟无卤阻燃绝缘层和护套层的使用寿命均可满足光伏电缆25年的要求。
光伏电缆用绝缘层和护套层材料通过添加大量的无机氢氧化物来达到阻燃效果[5-6]，而阻燃剂的种类、用量及表面处理剂都会影响复合材料的性能。康树峰等[7]研究了阻燃剂的种类及复配对复合材料阻燃性能的影响，结果表明单独添加的氢氧化镁（MDH）质量分数为60%时，复合材料的断裂伸长率及阻燃性能达到最优，将其与聚磷酸铵按质量比为3∶2进行复配且添加量为50%时，复合材料的综合性能最佳。HE R等[8]分别研究了硬脂酸和环氧硅烷表面改性剂对MDH/EVA/VLDPE（极低密度聚乙烯）复合材料的影响，结果表明经环氧硅烷处理的MDH可增强复合材料中基体树脂与阻燃填料间的界面作用力，阻隔热量和可燃气体的传送，减缓基体主链的分解，同时提高复合材料的残炭率，提升其阻燃性能。YE L等[9]将氢氧化镁与可膨胀石墨进行复配添加至EVA中，发现随着可膨胀石墨粒子直径和膨胀率的增大，复合材料分子链热运动能力减弱，热稳定性提高。PENG H等[10]研究发现微胶囊红磷（MRP）与硼酸锌（ZB）复配对LLDPE/ATH（氢氧化铝）/MDH的协同阻燃效果较好。
光伏电缆通常长期运行在恶劣的自然条件下，易受高温高湿、剧烈温差变化、化学腐蚀和臭氧等外界环境因素的影响，而光伏电缆用绝缘层和护套层中添加的无机阻燃剂容易在潮湿环境下吸潮，致使其力学性能和电性能等劣化，严重影响其使用寿命。例如某地区光伏电缆因运行在地下水深为60 cm的电缆沟中，造成其绝缘电阻严重下降。王中武等[11]研究了阻燃剂和偶联剂对浸水前后低烟无卤阻燃聚烯烃绝缘料体积电阻率的影响，结果表明阻燃剂的种类和粒径、偶联剂的种类及添加量均会对材料的体积电阻率产生影响，当乙烯基硅烷偶联剂的添加量为阻燃剂粉体的1%时，浸水后材料的体积电阻率保持效果最好。目前，仍缺少光伏电缆在潮湿环境下运行的相关性能研究，因此，有必要通过多种手段测试受潮前后光伏电缆的相关性能，研究水分对电缆绝缘层和护套层相关性能的影响。
本研究通过模拟光伏电缆用绝缘层和护套层的不同受潮程度，测试其力学性能、热延伸率、动态热力学性能、傅里叶变换红外光谱和体积电阻率，研究受潮前后光伏电缆绝缘层和护套层的性能变化规律。
1 实验
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1.1 试样制备
实验所用的低烟无卤阻燃光伏电缆型号为H1Z2Z2-K 1.5 kV 1×4 mm2，安徽尚伟电缆有限公司。因电缆试样无法进行体积电阻率和动态热力学性能测试，故对同型号绝缘粒料和护套粒料在精密开炼机（型号为ZG-120，东莞市正工机电设备科技有限公司）上塑化，温度为100℃，再采用平板硫化机（东莞市正工机电设备科技有限公司）压制成型，温度为165℃，压力为15 MPa，预热6 min，加压4 min后自然冷却至室温，出片后进行辐照交联，辐照剂量为12 Mrad，辐照参数为1.8 MeV-10 mA-4次-9.5 m/min（每2圈试片翻身1次）。电缆（外径为5.6 mm，绝缘厚度+护套厚度为1.5 mm）的辐照剂量为12 Mrad，辐照参数为1.8 MeV-10 mA-43次-120 m/min。为模拟电缆的受潮程度，将电缆试样及试片分别浸泡在水中，将浸水后的电缆沿纵向剖开，如图1所示，取其绝缘层和护套层用于力学性能、热延伸率和红外光谱测试，根据浸水的天数，将电缆绝缘层和护套层试样分别编号为J-0、J-15d、J-30d和H-0、H-15d、H-30d。
1.2 性能测试
力学性能测试：采用深圳三思纵横科技股份有限公司生产的UTM2103型万能试验机，根据GB/T 2951.11—2008的要求对试样进行拉伸性能测试，拉伸速率为（250±50）mm/min，温度为（23±2）℃。试样为Ⅱ型哑铃片，厚度为（1.0±0.1）mm，长度为25 mm，宽度为4 mm，每5个试样为一组。
热延伸率测试：根据GB/T 2951.21—2008的要求，采用南通宏大实验仪器有限公司生产的401B型热老化试验箱进行测试，温度为200℃，试样为Ⅱ型哑铃片。
动态热力学性能分析（DMA）：采用美国TA仪器公司生产的Q800型动态热机械分析仪，在程序控制温度下，对试样施加随时间变化的交变力，研究试样的动态热力学性能。温度为-100～90℃，空气气氛，频率为1 Hz，施加的静态和动态作用力分别为0.375 N和0.3 N，试样厚度为3 mm，宽度为10 mm，长度为35 mm。
红外光谱分析（FTIR）：采用美国Thermo Nicolet仪器公司生产的Nicolet 5700型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测定，波数范围为4 000～700 cm-1，仪器分辨率优于0.3 cm-1，扫描次数为16次。
体积电阻率测试：采用上海第六电表厂有限公司生产的ZC36型高阻计对试样进行体积电阻率测试，试样为直径为100 mm、厚度为1 mm的圆形试片，试验电压为1 kV。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 力学性能
对不同浸水时间光伏电缆的绝缘层和护套层试样进行力学性能测试，结果如表1所示。从表1中数据可以看出，绝缘层和护套层试样的力学性能均随浸水时间的延长持续下降（J-15d弹性模量除外）。与浸水前绝缘层试样（J-0）相比，J-30d试样的断裂伸长率由134.6%下降至127.6%，拉伸强度由12.5 MPa下降至11.7 MPa；与H-0试样相比，H-30d试样的断裂伸长率下降尤为明显，下降了24.7%，拉伸强度下降了10.8%。由于光伏电缆用辐照低烟无卤绝缘层和护套层所用基体为聚烯烃，其中EVA是亲水性物质，在浸水过程中，水分逐渐侵入电缆护套层内，使EVA基体发生溶胀，分子链间的缠结作用减弱，抵抗外施作用力的能力降低。溶胀的基体与填料脱粘，界面出现微观裂纹和裂缝[12]，从而使力学性能下降。在浸水初期，护套层阻碍了水分扩散进入绝缘层，因此绝缘层的力学性能出现轻微下降，随着浸水时间的延长，护套层对水分的阻隔作用减弱，水分不断侵入绝缘层，最终导致绝缘层的力学性能下降。
由表1数据还可知，绝缘层和护套层试样的弹性模量均随浸水时间的延长呈下降趋势，其原因与水分对断裂伸长率和拉伸强度的影响一致，聚合物溶胀脱粘，聚集态结构改变，造成绝缘层和护套层的弹性模量降低[13]。
2.2 热延伸率
为研究光伏电缆绝缘层和护套层试样在浸水过程中的高温蠕变行为，对不同浸水时间的光伏电缆绝缘层和护套层试样进行热延伸率测试，结果如表2所示。
热延伸率可以间接反映材料的交联度，能表征聚烯烃分子链在高温情况下的蠕变行为，一般情况下，负荷下伸长率越低，材料的交联度越大，抵御形变能力越强。
由表2中数据可知，与未浸水试样相比，浸水后绝缘层和护套层试样的负荷下伸长率均出现不同程度的增大。这是因为聚烯烃材料内部存在交联形成的致密网状结构[14]，在受潮情况下水分会影响填料与基体间的粘结力，但不足以破坏交联键所形成的网状结构，所以负荷下伸长率略微增大。在解除所加负荷并冷却至室温后，试样的永久变形率均为0，表明绝缘层和护套层试样在浸水后依旧保持良好的回弹性。可见，热延伸率测试并不能敏感地反映出光伏电缆用辐照低烟无卤绝缘层和护套层试样在短期浸水后的高温蠕变行为。
2.3 动态热力学性能
对不同浸水时间的绝缘层和护套层试样进行动态热力学性能测试，温度为-100～90℃，得到试样的DMA温度谱图如图2所示，其相关动态热力学数据如表3所示，tanδ对应的峰值温度是材料的玻璃化转变温度Tg[15-17]。
从图2和表3可知，未浸水绝缘层和护套层试样的起始储能模量较高，这是由于在电缆材料中添加少量阻燃剂会起到一定的力学补强作用，绝缘层中阻燃剂的添加量较少，基体树脂占比较大，因此绝缘层的起始储能模量大于护套层的起始储能模量。随着浸水时间的延长，绝缘层和护套层的起始储能模量逐渐减小，但绝缘层对水分的敏感程度更大，数值下降较快。Tg点之后，储能模量差值逐渐减小，最终收敛于渐近值。
由于水分的不断侵入，EVA基体吸水溶胀，附聚在聚合物基体上的填料脱粘，分子链间相互作用力减弱，造成绝缘层和护套层的储能模量降低。随着温度的升高，各试样分子链“解冻”[13]，分子链段运动能力逐渐增强，柔性增大，造成储能模量不断减小。Tg点之后，处于粘弹态下的聚合物，其填料与基体间的粘附力更弱，填料微粒在基体中的运动能力增强，自由运动的大长分子链发生形变消耗了较多的能量，导致试样的储能模量明显下降[18]。
损耗因子tanδ的变化曲线反映了浸水过程中材料粘弹性的变化。随着温度的不断升高，分子链热运动能力增强，但填料微粒与基体树脂间仍存在较强的粘附力，对分子链热运动的束缚能力较强，分子链段运动所受摩擦阻力较大，损耗不断增加，出现峰值Tg；Tg点之后，无卤阻燃料处于粘弹态，粘弹态分子热运动能力增强，分子链段运动所受阻力逐渐减小，试样损耗降低；随温度的继续升高，分子链产生分子间质心位移运动，自由运动导致所受阻力再次增大，损耗急剧升高[19]。对各试样低温段损耗峰面积进行积分，发现其面积减小，表明试样的韧性下降[20]。浸水后绝缘层和护套层试样的损耗因子峰值温度向低温方向移动，表明试样内部EVA侧基发生了水解，分子结构遭到破坏，材料内部自由体积增大，对分子链段运动的束缚能力减弱，导致试样的玻璃化转变温度随浸水时间的延长而降低，同时侵入试样内的水分起到增塑剂的作用，也会使Tg向低温方向移动[13]。绝缘层试样在50℃出现的松弛峰是聚乙烯分子链的α转变[17,21]，这是由于基体树脂占比较大，与聚乙烯晶相中晶体间的滑移、片晶折叠链的平移或旋转等运动单元的松弛过程有关，表明在此温度下材料内分子链已发生了剧烈运动[22]。
2.4 红外光谱分析（FTIR）
对电缆绝缘层和护套层试样进行红外光谱测试，可以从分子水平揭示其浸水前后化学结构的改变，试样的红外光谱如图3所示。
光伏用低烟无卤料是以EVA和聚乙烯为基体，添加氢氧化镁（MDH）、氢氧化铝（ATH）等阻燃剂的高填充型复合材料。EVA在酸性条件下会发生水解，脱出乙酸，乙酸与阻燃填料Mg(OH)2或Al(OH)3发生反应，分别生成Mg(O2CCH3)2·4H2O[23]和Al(O2CCH3)3·3H2O，如式（1）～（3）所示。
2CH3COOH+Mg(OH)2+2H2O→Mg(O2CCH3)2⋅4H2O
3CH3COOH+Al(OH)3→Al(O2CCH3)3⋅3H2O
由图3可知，绝缘层和护套层试样的特征峰位置基本相同，在1 740 cm-1处存在C-O-C键对称伸缩振动吸收峰，该峰是EVA中酯基的特征吸收峰，1 240 cm-1和1 465 cm-1处有两个强吸收峰，分别为C-O键的伸缩振动峰和C-H键的弯曲振动峰，在2 860 cm-1和2 914 cm-1处存在较尖锐的-CH3及 -CH2-不对称伸缩振动吸收峰，这些均为无卤聚烯烃电缆料的特征峰。
由图3(a)可知，与J-0试样相比，J-30d试样在1 240 cm-1和1 740 cm-1处的C-O键伸缩振动峰和酯基（R-COO-R）特征吸收峰减弱，在1 420 cm-1处的羧酸盐（R-COO-）对称伸缩振动峰增强，表明试样发生了酯基水解，有羧酸盐离子生成；在3 500 cm-1左右处的羟基（-OH）伸缩振动峰强度增大，说明试样内存在结合水。浸水后护套层试样在这几处的特征峰表现出相同的规律，如图3(b)所示。
从图3(b)可知，对比浸水前的H-0试样，H-15d和H-30d试样在965 cm-1处的Al-O键弯曲振动峰强度出现不同程度的减弱，在1 550 cm-1处出现微弱的吸收峰，可能为Al(O2CCH3)3·3H2O的特征吸收峰，说明阻燃填料Al(OH)3参与了与乙酸的反应；H-15d试样在1 590 cm-1处出现1个强的不对称羧酸盐伸缩振动峰，在H-30d试样中该峰的强度增强，表明护套层试样中Mg(OH)2与乙酸发生了反应，生成了 Mg(O2CCH3)2·4H2O。由于浸水时间较短，护套层的阻隔作用使绝缘层试样中的反应程度较小，吸收峰的强度变化不明显。
2.5 体积电阻率
分别测试不同浸水时间的光伏电缆用绝缘层和护套层试样的体积电阻率，数据如表4所示。由表4可知，随着浸水时间的延长，绝缘层和护套层试样的体积电阻率均不断降低，主要有以下原因：一方面，各试样在浸水过程中生成的Mg(O2CCH3)2·4H2O和Al(O2CCH3)3·3H2O在电场作用下会电离出羧酸盐离子、Mg2+、Al3+，使载流子数量增加，且EVA基体吸水溶胀，自由体积增大，填料与基体之间的粘结力降低，填料容易脱离基体的束缚，部分充当了复合材料中的杂质离子，增加了载流子浓度，使ρv降低；另一方面，在电缆实际运行过程中，水分侵入护套层和绝缘层内，也会在电场作用下发生电离[12]，生成H+和OH-，充当导电离子，此外导体发热使绝缘层与护套层温度升高，更多的载流子容易克服势垒发生迁移，迁移率增加，从而导致电阻率降低，这符合离子电导与温度的γ=Ae-B/T关系。
3 结论
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（1）光伏电缆用绝缘层和护套层试样在受潮过程中，聚烯烃基体中EVA发生吸水溶胀，自由体积增大，导致填料微粒与基体脱粘，分子链间的缠结作用减弱，试样的力学性能下降；但水分并不能破坏交联网状结构，因此未对材料的高温蠕变行为产生影响；但试样的储能模量随浸水时间的延长减小，力学损耗增大。
（2）水分的侵入使试样发生了酯基水解，与阻燃填料发生反应，有羧酸盐离子生成。
（3）在电场作用下，受潮的电缆绝缘层和护套层试样发生电离，与脱粘的填料共同充当载流子，同时，侵入试样的水分也会电离成导电离子，共同导致了试样的体积电阻率降低。
基金
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  • 山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2019MEE100)
  • 张店区校城融合发展计划项目(2021JSCG0009)
文献
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2022年第55卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.013
  • 接收时间：2021-09-04
  • 首发时间：2025-12-23
  • 出版时间：2022-08-20
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  • 收稿日期：2021-09-04
  • 修回日期：2021-11-02
基金
山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2019MEE100)
张店区校城融合发展计划项目(2021JSCG0009)
作者信息
    1山东理工大学 电气与电子工程学院,山东 淄博 255000
    2淄博职业学院 电子电气工程学院,山东 淄博 255000

通讯作者:

李秀峰（1974-），女（汉族），山东青岛人，副教授，博士，主要从事电缆料及电缆附件关键问题与技术、纳米复合电介质特性及应用和电力设备绝缘结构优化设计的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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