Article(id=1210201264634335274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1630166400000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-29, revisedDate=1635091200000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464065941, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1660924800000, pubDateStr=2022-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464065941, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464065941, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464065941, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201262210027558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464065363, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563147232, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616841769193737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616841769193738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201262210027558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=72, endPage=75, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201265192177712, articleId=1210201264634335274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on Ageing of NBR Sealing Ring for High Voltage Power Transformer in Extremely Low Temperature, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the reliability of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) sealing element under the action of extremely low temperature and oil medium, the mechanical properties and microstructure of sealing rings in high-voltage transformers in extremely cold regions were studied. The mechanical characteristics, morphology change, chemical structure characteristics, and thermal response characteristics of the sealing ring after serviced for one year in extremely cold environment were obtained by tensile test, micron indentation test, scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared spectrum (FTIR), and differential scanning thermal analysis (DSC). The results show that the elastic modulus and hardness of NBR sealing ring decrease in extremely cold environment, which leads to the loss of sealing effect. This is because the surface of sealing ring swell under the joint action of low temperature and oil medium, and micro-cracks appear. Oil immersion in NBR makes the molecular chain spacing increase, and the compliance of main chain of NBR is improved, meanwhile, the molecular structure of NBR changes due to the hydrolysis reaction of cyanide group.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wenfeng LIU, Xuemei ZHENG, Ziqi ZHANG, Yiyan AN, Xiaohong CHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210201267629068435, articleId=1210201264634335274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=高压电力变压器用NBR密封圈极端低温老化研究, columnId=1190369198724452531, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=绝缘技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究在极端低温和油介质共同作用下丁腈橡胶(NBR)密封件的可靠性,对极寒地区服役高压变压器中的密封圈进行力学性能和微观结构的研究。通过拉伸实验、微米压痕、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、差示扫描热量分析(DSC),测试极寒环境中服役1年后密封圈的力学性能、形貌变化、化学结构特性及热响应特性。结果表明:在极寒环境中服役的NBR密封圈的弹性模量和硬度均发生下降,进而导致密封作用丧失。这是由于在低温和油介质共同作用下,密封圈表面发生了溶胀,出现了微裂纹。油介质浸入NBR使其分子链间距增大,NBR分子主链柔顺性提高,同时NBR中的氰基发生水解反应,分子结构发生变化。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=OBS70CU/VavLt3rT/Mjphg==, magXml=qfWmIMxhqJ4UT4AxKaBdJA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LbjWe2fTkdLyXXj4Fc+5MQ==, pdfFileSize=2688134, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ShvS75hCITfDqSujAW6QHA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=NyXIjS8OMX5bexlUmSTY+g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘文凤(1982-),女(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事特高压直流电容器聚合物薄膜、非线性电容器等的研究。

, authorsList=刘文凤, 郑雪梅, 张子琦, 安义岩, 迟晓红)}, authors=[Author(id=1210527793419514605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210527793549538039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, authorId=1210527793419514605, language=EN, stringName=Wenfeng LIU, firstName=Wenfeng, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 071000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210527793658589949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, authorId=1210527793419514605, language=CN, stringName=刘文凤, firstName=文凤, middleName=null, lastName=刘, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 071000, bio={"content":"

刘文凤(1982-),女(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事特高压直流电容器聚合物薄膜、非线性电容器等的研究。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

刘文凤(1982-),女(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事特高压直流电容器聚合物薄膜、非线性电容器等的研究。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210527793226576607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793234965217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793226576607, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 071000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793243353825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793226576607, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 071000)])]), Author(id=1210527793767641861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210527793889276685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, authorId=1210527793767641861, language=EN, stringName=Xuemei ZHENG, firstName=Xuemei, middleName=null, lastName=ZHENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 071000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210527793977357075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, authorId=1210527793767641861, language=CN, stringName=郑雪梅, firstName=雪梅, middleName=null, lastName=郑, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 071000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210527793226576607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793234965217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793226576607, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 071000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793243353825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793226576607, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 071000)])]), Author(id=1210527794086408989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210527794191266599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, authorId=1210527794086408989, language=EN, stringName=Ziqi ZHANG, firstName=Ziqi, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 071000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210527794304512815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, authorId=1210527794086408989, language=CN, stringName=张子琦, firstName=子琦, middleName=null, lastName=张, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 071000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210527793226576607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793234965217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793226576607, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 071000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793243353825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793226576607, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 071000)])]), Author(id=1210527794438730550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210527794560365378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, authorId=1210527794438730550, language=EN, stringName=Yiyan AN, firstName=Yiyan, middleName=null, lastName=AN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2State Grid East Inner Mongolia Electric Power Research Institute, Hohhot 010090, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210527794652640073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, authorId=1210527794438730550, language=CN, stringName=安义岩, firstName=义岩, middleName=null, lastName=安, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司电力科学研究院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210527793318851302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793327239912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793318851302, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Grid East Inner Mongolia Electric Power Research Institute, Hohhot 010090, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793335628521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793318851302, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司电力科学研究院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010)])]), Author(id=1210527794799440718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210527794916881241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, authorId=1210527794799440718, language=EN, stringName=Xiaohong CHI, firstName=Xiaohong, middleName=null, lastName=CHI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 071000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210527794992378723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, authorId=1210527794799440718, language=CN, stringName=迟晓红, firstName=晓红, middleName=null, lastName=迟, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 071000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210527793226576607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793234965217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793226576607, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 071000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793243353825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793226576607, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 071000)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1210527795298562928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=NBR), Keyword(id=1210527795374060403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=extremely low temperature), Keyword(id=1210527795470529403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=ageing), Keyword(id=1210527795571192701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=oil medium), Keyword(id=1210527795747353483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=sealing ring), Keyword(id=1210527795831239570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=丁腈橡胶), Keyword(id=1210527795931902871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=极端低温), Keyword(id=1210527795994817435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=老化), Keyword(id=1210527796082897826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=油介质), Keyword(id=1210527796187755429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=密封圈)], refs=[Reference(id=1210527799178294271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=22, issue=2, pageStart=83, pageEnd=88, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=JAUNICHM, WOLFFD, VOELZKEH, journalName=Packaging Transport Storage & Security of Radioactive Material, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JAUNICHM, WOLFFD, VOELZKEH, et al. Understanding low temperature properties of elastomer seals[J]. Packaging Transport Storage & Security of Radioactive Material,2011,22(2):83-88., articleTitle=Understanding low temperature properties of elastomer seals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527799266373636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=43, issue=8, pageStart=148, pageEnd=152, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=王杰, 张跃, journalName=润滑与密封, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王杰,张跃.高低温环境对丁腈橡胶O形圈密封性能的影响[J].润滑与密封,2018,43(8):148-152., articleTitle=高低温环境对丁腈橡胶O形圈密封性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527799354454025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=张凯, 王丰, 朱蕾, journalName=装备环境工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张凯,王丰,朱蕾,等.丁腈橡胶5171密封件热氧老化研究[J].装备环境工程,2013(4):1-4., articleTitle=丁腈橡胶5171密封件热氧老化研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527799459311632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=220, pageEnd=221, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=汤致华, journalName=内燃机与配件, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汤致华.丁腈橡胶密封材料的低温特性[J].内燃机与配件,2020(4):220-221., articleTitle=丁腈橡胶密封材料的低温特性, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527799539003413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=65, issue=null, pageStart=74, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=ALVESS M, MELLOV S, MEDEIROSJ S, journalName=Tribology International, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALVESS M, MELLOV S, MEDEIROSJ S. Palm and soybean biodiesel compatibility with fuel system elastomers[J]. Tribology International,2013,65:74-80., articleTitle=Palm and soybean biodiesel compatibility with fuel system elastomers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527799643861020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=17, issue=6, pageStart=344, pageEnd=347, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=代晓瑛, 雷兴平, 卢玉蛟, journalName=橡胶科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=代晓瑛,雷兴平,卢玉蛟.丁腈橡胶密封圈耐15号液压油性能研究[J].橡胶科技,2019,17(6):344-347., articleTitle=丁腈橡胶密封圈耐15号液压油性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527799719358497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=38, issue=5, pageStart=57, pageEnd=60,64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=黄安民, 王小萍, 贾德民, journalName=绝缘材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄安民,王小萍,贾德民.氢化丁腈橡胶研究进展[J].绝缘材料,2005,38(5):57-60,64., articleTitle=氢化丁腈橡胶研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527799778078755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=27, issue=3, pageStart=24, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=邬小萍, 吕琴丽, 杨中元, journalName=金属功能材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邬小萍,吕琴丽,杨中元,等.纳米压痕测试技术在复合材料中的应用研究[J].金属功能材料,2020,27(3):24-32., articleTitle=纳米压痕测试技术在复合材料中的应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527799832604711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=613, pageEnd=617, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=PHARRG M, OLIVERW C, BROTZENF R, journalName=Journal of Materials Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PHARRG M, OLIVERW C, BROTZENF R. On the generality of the relationship among contact stiffness, contact area, and elastic modulus during indentation[J]. Journal of Materials Research,1992,7(3):613-617., articleTitle=On the generality of the relationship among contact stiffness, contact area, and elastic modulus during indentation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527799916490792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=50, issue=3, pageStart=75, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=孔令泽, 董可海, 裴立冠, journalName=宇航材料工艺, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孔令泽,董可海,裴立冠,等.高低温循环条件下氟橡胶耐油介质老化性能[J].宇航材料工艺,2020,50(3):75-80., articleTitle=高低温循环条件下氟橡胶耐油介质老化性能, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527800017154093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=52, issue=7, pageStart=762, pageEnd=774, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=李杲, 卓文越, 杨国, journalName=高分子学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李杲,卓文越,杨国,等.多因素耦合作用下丁腈橡胶的老化行为和机理研究[J].高分子学报,2021,52(7):762-774., articleTitle=多因素耦合作用下丁腈橡胶的老化行为和机理研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527800105234480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=40, issue=3, pageStart=240, pageEnd=245, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=张守汉, 高艳, 于建, journalName=合成橡胶工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张守汉,高艳,于建,等.丁腈橡胶热氧老化与防护的研究进展及反应机理探讨[J].合成橡胶工业,2017,40(3):240-245., articleTitle=丁腈橡胶热氧老化与防护的研究进展及反应机理探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527800197509173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=23, issue=1, pageStart=152, pageEnd=157, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=KAWASAKIT, YAJIT, OHTAT, journalName=Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KAWASAKIT, YAJIT, OHTAT, et al. Application of mid-infrared free-electron laser tuned to amide bands for dissociation of aggregate structure of protein[J]. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation,2016,23(1):152-157., articleTitle=Application of mid-infrared free-electron laser tuned to amide bands for dissociation of aggregate structure of protein, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527800310755385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=PETROVAN N, PORTNYAGINAV V, MUKHINV V, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PETROVAN N, PORTNYAGINAV V, MUKHINV V, et al. Study of the performance of cold resistant sealing rubbers in cold climates[C]//Proceedings of the International Symposium “Engineering and Earth Sciences: Applied and Fundamental Research” dedicated to the 85th anniversary of H.I. Ibragimov. Moscow, Russian:Altantis Press,2019., articleTitle=Study of the performance of cold resistant sealing rubbers in cold climates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527800403030076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=56, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=宋淑媛, 王世杰, 聂瑞, journalName=摩擦学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋淑媛,王世杰,聂瑞,等.水介质中丁腈橡胶溶胀机理及其对磨粒磨损行为影响[J].摩擦学学报,2021,41(1):56-64., articleTitle=水介质中丁腈橡胶溶胀机理及其对磨粒磨损行为影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210527800499499072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=191, issue=null, pageStart=130, pageEnd=139, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=LINHARESF N, KERSCHM, NIEBERGALLU, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LINHARESF N, KERSCHM, NIEBERGALLU, et al. Effect of different sulphur-based crosslink networks on the nitrile rubber resistance to biodiesel[J]. Fuel,2017,191:130-139., articleTitle=Effect of different sulphur-based crosslink networks on the nitrile rubber resistance to biodiesel, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210527798981161973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, awardId=2020ZDLGY09-10, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划项目(2020ZDLGY09-10), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210527793226576607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793234965217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793226576607, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 071000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793243353825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793226576607, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 071000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1210527793318851302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793327239912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793318851302, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Grid East Inner Mongolia Electric Power Research Institute, Hohhot 010090, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210527793335628521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, companyId=1210527793318851302, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司电力科学研究院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210527797538321333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Stress-strain curves, figureFileSmall=Csvb0zvd0i1fqMcWbcD0CQ==, figureFileBig=alXajzMoHUkZ2dmu3+tZBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210527797634790327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=CN, label=图1, caption=应力-应变曲线, figureFileSmall=Csvb0zvd0i1fqMcWbcD0CQ==, figureFileBig=alXajzMoHUkZ2dmu3+tZBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210527797798368190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Micrometer indentation hardness, figureFileSmall=T1GqZtq3xSTNIGeMuq1HhQ==, figureFileBig=ZOZ/NmQR+oD5i81MjyPBtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210527797886448580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=CN, label=图2, caption=微米压痕硬度, figureFileSmall=T1GqZtq3xSTNIGeMuq1HhQ==, figureFileBig=ZOZ/NmQR+oD5i81MjyPBtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210527797978723270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Simplified Youngs modulus, figureFileSmall=pgoTgegYY/Ydj+yUbvdPbg==, figureFileBig=QsfI7FOZhUygIu5MwvSztw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210527798091969482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=CN, label=图3, caption=简约杨氏模量, figureFileSmall=pgoTgegYY/Ydj+yUbvdPbg==, figureFileBig=QsfI7FOZhUygIu5MwvSztw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210527798238770128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=SEM images of NBR-N and NBR-U, figureFileSmall=geb5/NehBTMvrNTzqnpzQw==, figureFileBig=dpsqV/CPbRv3jW4bXJZOAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210527798331044821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=CN, label=图4, caption=NBR-N和NBR-U的SEM图像, figureFileSmall=geb5/NehBTMvrNTzqnpzQw==, figureFileBig=dpsqV/CPbRv3jW4bXJZOAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210527798423319514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Fourier infrared spectra, figureFileSmall=EE0v6cdNdlIxxqtXn2tgVg==, figureFileBig=qVOIJwrMgCb05CYHErp+1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210527798507205601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=CN, label=图5, caption=傅里叶红外光谱, figureFileSmall=EE0v6cdNdlIxxqtXn2tgVg==, figureFileBig=qVOIJwrMgCb05CYHErp+1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210527798616257509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=DSC curves, figureFileSmall=ik5H1d1KfXlxjyCPuRjMkA==, figureFileBig=h1e4gr4UwUbD7DUiYoAGpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210527798729503722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201264634335274, language=CN, label=图6, caption=DSC曲线, figureFileSmall=ik5H1d1KfXlxjyCPuRjMkA==, figureFileBig=h1e4gr4UwUbD7DUiYoAGpg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1146437660891000859, delFlag=0, nameCn=绝缘材料, nameEn=Insulating Materials, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1009-9239, eissn=null, cn=45-1287/TM, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=是, ccby=CC BY-NC-ND, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=To3JhdgsOj1Q7eh5WnUN1g==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1751261638140, updatedTime=1761735740591, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=I, firstLetterEn=I, subjectCode=Natural Sciences, subjectName=Natural Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Natural Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=To3JhdgsOj1Q7eh5WnUN1g==, picEn=O7zoVkJ9hJoi8iGUSQYTxg==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369230903152828, language=CN, name=绝缘材料, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735740638, updatedTime=1761735740638, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://jyct.cbpt.cnki.net/EditorDN/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://jyct.cbpt.cnki.net/EditorDN/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://jyct.cbpt.cnki.net/EditorDN/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369230945095869, language=EN, name=Insulating Materials, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735740648, updatedTime=1761735740648, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://jyct.cbpt.cnki.net/EditorDN/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://jyct.cbpt.cnki.net/EditorDN/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://jyct.cbpt.cnki.net/EditorDN/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1149653034449285133, websiteList=[Website(id=1189939819993166814, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1149653034449285133, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761633361099, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761633401425, updateBy=18614031015, name=绝缘材料-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=绝缘材料, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189940292275991527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939819993166814, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761633473700, updateTime=1761633473700, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940292250825700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939819993166814, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761633473694, updateTime=1761633473694, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940292301157354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939819993166814, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761633473706, updateTime=1761633473706, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940292238242787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939819993166814, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/file/pic?fileId=MyqZAHzZT6tMetr2hjDKLQ==, createTime=1761633473691, updateTime=1761633473691, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940292322128876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939819993166814, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761633473711, updateTime=1761633473711, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940292267602918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939819993166814, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761633473698, updateTime=1761633473698, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940292309545963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939819993166814, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761633473708, updateTime=1761633473708, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940292259214309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939819993166814, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761633473696, updateTime=1761633473696, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940292284380136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939819993166814, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761633473702, updateTime=1761633473702, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940292292768745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939819993166814, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761633473704, updateTime=1761633473704, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189939820060275680, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1149653034449285133, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761633361115, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761633397117, updateBy=18614031015, name=绝缘材料-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Insulating Materials, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189940323548722161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939820060275680, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761633481156, updateTime=1761633481156, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940323519362030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939820060275680, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761633481149, updateTime=1761633481149, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940323569693684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939820060275680, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761633481161, updateTime=1761633481161, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940323506779117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939820060275680, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/EN/file/pic?fileId=MyqZAHzZT6tMetr2hjDKLQ==, createTime=1761633481146, updateTime=1761633481146, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940323586470902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939820060275680, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761633481165, updateTime=1761633481165, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940323540333552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939820060275680, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761633481154, updateTime=1761633481154, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940323578082293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939820060275680, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761633481163, updateTime=1761633481163, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940323531944943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939820060275680, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761633481152, updateTime=1761633481152, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940323557110770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939820060275680, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761633481158, updateTime=1761633481158, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189940323565499379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189939820060275680, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761633481160, updateTime=1761633481160, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=绝缘材料, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.insulation.org.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Insulating Materials, journalPhotoCn=To3JhdgsOj1Q7eh5WnUN1g==, journalPhotoEn=O7zoVkJ9hJoi8iGUSQYTxg==, journalFirstLetter=I, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.012, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/EN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.012, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/PDF/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.012, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/EN/PDF/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.012, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
高压电力变压器用NBR密封圈极端低温老化研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
刘文凤 1 , 郑雪梅 1 , 张子琦 1 , 安义岩 2 , 迟晓红 1
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022,55(8): 72-75
收起
收藏切换
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022, 55(8): 72-75
高压电力变压器用NBR密封圈极端低温老化研究
全屏
刘文凤1, 郑雪梅1, 张子琦1, 安义岩2, 迟晓红1
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 071000
  • 2国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司电力科学研究院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010
  • 刘文凤(1982-),女(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事特高压直流电容器聚合物薄膜、非线性电容器等的研究。

Study on Ageing of NBR Sealing Ring for High Voltage Power Transformer in Extremely Low Temperature
Wenfeng LIU1, Xuemei ZHENG1, Ziqi ZHANG1, Yiyan AN2, Xiaohong CHI1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 071000, China
  • 2State Grid East Inner Mongolia Electric Power Research Institute, Hohhot 010090, China
出版时间: 2022-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.012
文章导航
收藏切换

为了研究在极端低温和油介质共同作用下丁腈橡胶(NBR)密封件的可靠性,对极寒地区服役高压变压器中的密封圈进行力学性能和微观结构的研究。通过拉伸实验、微米压痕、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、差示扫描热量分析(DSC),测试极寒环境中服役1年后密封圈的力学性能、形貌变化、化学结构特性及热响应特性。结果表明:在极寒环境中服役的NBR密封圈的弹性模量和硬度均发生下降,进而导致密封作用丧失。这是由于在低温和油介质共同作用下,密封圈表面发生了溶胀,出现了微裂纹。油介质浸入NBR使其分子链间距增大,NBR分子主链柔顺性提高,同时NBR中的氰基发生水解反应,分子结构发生变化。

丁腈橡胶  /  极端低温  /  老化  /  油介质  /  密封圈

In order to study the reliability of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) sealing element under the action of extremely low temperature and oil medium, the mechanical properties and microstructure of sealing rings in high-voltage transformers in extremely cold regions were studied. The mechanical characteristics, morphology change, chemical structure characteristics, and thermal response characteristics of the sealing ring after serviced for one year in extremely cold environment were obtained by tensile test, micron indentation test, scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared spectrum (FTIR), and differential scanning thermal analysis (DSC). The results show that the elastic modulus and hardness of NBR sealing ring decrease in extremely cold environment, which leads to the loss of sealing effect. This is because the surface of sealing ring swell under the joint action of low temperature and oil medium, and micro-cracks appear. Oil immersion in NBR makes the molecular chain spacing increase, and the compliance of main chain of NBR is improved, meanwhile, the molecular structure of NBR changes due to the hydrolysis reaction of cyanide group.

NBR  /  extremely low temperature  /  ageing  /  oil medium  /  sealing ring
刘文凤, 郑雪梅, 张子琦, 安义岩, 迟晓红. 高压电力变压器用NBR密封圈极端低温老化研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (8) : 72 -75 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.012
Wenfeng LIU, Xuemei ZHENG, Ziqi ZHANG, Yiyan AN, Xiaohong CHI. Study on Ageing of NBR Sealing Ring for High Voltage Power Transformer in Extremely Low Temperature[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (8) : 72 -75 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.012
丁腈橡胶(NBR)具有良好的耐磨性、耐油性和气密性等[1],作为密封件的主要原料而广泛应用于航空、石油、电力、机械等行业[2-3]。目前,高压电力变压器中的多数连接密封件均为NBR制品。由于NBR的分子链中含有不饱和碳-碳双键,在服役过程中易发生溶胀现象和氧化反应,影响其力学性能导致密封性能下降[2-3],引发气体、液体介质的渗漏等问题,严重影响设备安全运行。因此,研究实际服役中NBR的结构与性能变化,对密封件的维护、更换及设备的运行安全有重要意义。
王杰等[2]研究发现高低温交变循环、高温老化都会导致NBR的力学性能下降,影响其密封性。张凯等[3]对NBR进行热氧老化实验,发现橡胶发生了以交联反应为主的吸氧老化,导致其力学性能大幅下降。汤致华[4]研究发现在低温环境下丁腈橡胶的力学性能明显下降。S M ALVES等[5]研究发现在油性介质作用下,NBR的拉伸强度和硬度明显降低。代晓瑛等[6]研究发现溶胀作用下NBR的体积率变大,硬度降低。黄安民等[7]研究发现油介质通过影响NBR中氰基的化学变化进而影响其整体力学性能。可见,高温、低温、油浸等作用都会影响NBR的力学性能。
然而,上述研究都只集中在温度或者油性介质单一因素作用下NBR的性能变化情况,未关注极端低温和油介质共同作用下橡胶的失效特征,而且研究主要基于实验室人工加速老化,缺少实际服役试样的测试与分析。在我国鄂尔多斯、特尼河等极寒地区服役的变压器常出现由极端低温(-40~ -50℃)和油介质共同作用导致变压器密封圈失效,进而严重影响设备正常运行的情况。
为了研究极端低温和油介质的共同作用下橡胶密封件的力学性能,本文对在极寒地区服役的高压变压器中的密封圈进行力学性能和微观结构的研究。利用微米压痕、差示扫描量热分析和拉伸实验研究NBR的力学性能,以获得NBR在极端低温和油介质共同作用下的宏观性能变化规律;同时,通过傅里叶红外光谱和扫描电镜测试研究NBR的微观结构变化,以获得NBR在极端低温和油介质共同作用下的老化机制。
选用在鄂尔多斯1 000 kV变电站服役的高压并联电抗器上瓦斯继电器连管的失效密封圈,运行使用时间为1年,材料型号为NBR2707,丙烯腈含量为27%,编号为NBR-U;同型号新品NBR密封圈,编号为NBR-N。
拉伸试验的测试速度为200 mm/min,每组试样裁成相同形状进行试验,每组进行两次重复试验以获得应力-应变曲线,采用的设备为CMT4503型微机控制电子万能(拉力)试验机,美特斯工业系统(中国)有限公司。微米压痕测试的模式为低载模式,压头类型为标准的berkovich压头,每组试样裁成相同形状选择相同位置进行试验,每组进行5次重复试验以获得简约杨氏模量和硬度值,实验仪器为Bruker Hysitron TI980型纳米压痕仪,瑞士CSM仪器公司。采用VE9800型扫描电镜(KEYENCE)观察试样表面,观察前在试样表面喷金以提高试样的导电性。由于试样不透光,傅里叶红外光谱仪的测试模式采用反射模式,扫描范围为400~4 000 cm-1,实验仪器为Nicolet iN10型,Thermo Fisher Scientific公司。采用差示扫描量热仪测量NBR的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),具体升温程序为:先降温至-100℃,然后以10℃/min的速率升温至25℃,其中气氛为氮气,吹扫气流量为60 mL/min,实验仪器为 DSC 822e型,Mettler-Toledo公司。
橡胶圈的密封性能下降,主要表现为弹性降低、硬度变大且出现裂纹状破损,因此对NBR橡胶密封圈进行拉伸实验和微米压痕测试,表征其力学性能的变化。拉伸实验时,以应力值作为纵坐标,应变值作为横坐标,绘制成应力-应变曲线,如图1所示,曲线的斜率代表拉伸弹性模量,即单向应力状态下应力值除以该方向的应变值。从图1可以看出,NBR-N的斜率大于NBR-U的斜率,说明NBR-N的弹性模量大于NBR-U的弹性模量。
由于试样的形状限制,拉伸弹性模量只能根据应力-应变曲线的斜率来确定,对比分析老化前后试样的弹性模量变化,无法满足国际标准的测试要求,而微米压痕测试对于试样的形状无特殊要求,无需特殊的装夹装置。不仅如此,拉伸试验所测的弹性模量是宏观力学性能,而微米压痕测试能得出材料的表面微区力学性能[8]。在微米压痕测试中,将已知形状的压头在试样表面压入一定的深度,得到载荷和位移对应的关系,基于Oliver和Pharr理论[9]通过分析微米压痕测试所得的载荷-位移曲线来获得材料的硬度,并由卸载曲线计算得到弹性模量。图2图3分别为微米压痕硬度(H)和计算出的简约杨氏模量(Er)。其中,Er描述的是橡胶在压头压入后恢复弹性形变的能力,由于测试方法的差异,与常规测试方法测得的弹性模量有偏差;硬度是材料抵抗局部塑性变形的能力,测试原理不同,所以微米压痕硬度与其他测试方法无换算关系。
图2图3可以看出,NBR-U的HEr相对于NBR-N均发生了下降,其中H下降了11%,Er下降了14%,与拉伸试验的结果相符。力学性能下降的原因是,服役环境一方面造成橡胶分子链的排列变化,另一方面影响分子链的结构。油性介质进入NBR的分子链间,导致橡胶中部分添加剂析出,影响橡胶整体的弹性模量和硬度。此外,油性介质和水分子进入NBR分子链间使其发生解缠,NBR分子的自由体积变大,发生溶胀,NBR内部受力不均导致橡胶出现裂纹[10],从而使得NBR的弹性模量及硬度均发生下降。不仅如此,由于极端低温和油介质的共同作用加速了水分的入侵[11],使NBR中的-CN发生水解,分子链结构发生变化,分子量降低,导致弹性模量下降。而且,裂纹导致更多氧气侵入,发生氧化反应导致大分子链断裂,亦使得NBR分子链结构变化、稳定性下降[12],进而使得弹性模量和硬度下降。可见,在极端低温和油介质的共同作用下,橡胶大分子链结构与排列均发生了明显变化,导致其密封性能丧失。
图4(a)(b)分别为NBR-N和NBR-U的形貌图。从图4(a)可以看出,NBR-N表面较为平整、致密,未见明显的裂纹、气孔和结块,无机添加剂分布较为均匀。从图4(b)可以看出,NBR-U表面出现明显的裂纹,且结块有不同程度的凸起膨胀,表面上未见添加剂;此外NBR-U表面还出现气孔,表面粗糙不匀,出现较多损伤。这是由于油性介质的影响,NBR发生了溶胀现象。油性介质由于相似相溶的原理易于渗入NBR的分子链间,使得橡胶发生溶胀,表面出现凸起膨胀,从而产生裂纹。油介质入侵的同时可能会导致橡胶的有机类抗氧化剂和增塑剂等添加剂溶出,导致NBR-U表面出现气孔,同时表面未见添加剂。
NBR-U和NBR-N试样的红外光谱如图5所示。从图5可以看出,波数967 cm-1处对应CH=CH的弯曲振动吸收峰,2 840 cm-1处对应-CH2的对称伸缩振动峰,2 917 cm-1处对应-CH2的不对称伸缩振动峰,1 537 cm-1处对应-CN的不对称伸缩振动峰。因此,在967、1 537、2 840、2 917 cm-1处的吸收峰可作为NBR的特征峰。
3 300~3 500 cm-1处的宽峰是-NH的伸缩振动峰;1 240 cm-1处对应的是C-O的伸缩振动峰;1 010 cm-1处是-OH的伸缩振动峰。NBR-U的红外光谱中出现-OH峰,说明NBR-U中有水分子的存在,这是由于低温条件下,橡胶表面出现大量微裂纹导致水分子和气体的侵入。而-NH峰的出现则说明油性介质的存在不利于水分的挥发与迁移,此时,水分子的存在导致氰基发生水解反应,生成N-H基团[13],使得NBR-U分子结构发生变化。-C-O峰的出现是由于橡胶表面的裂纹和气孔导致空气中的氧气与NBR中的甲基发生了氧化反应,生成了-C-O基团,使得NBR分子链断裂,导致NBR-U发生氧化老化。
为了研究密封圈试样的分子链排列及热运动特征,对试样进行DSC低温段测试,结果如图6所示。转变前后的基线延长后,两线之间的垂直距离为阶差ΔJ,在ΔJ/2处可以找到Tg的初始点,作为Tg。从图6可以看出,NBR-N的Tg为-43℃,NBR-U的Tg为-61℃,在极端低温和油性环境下服役1年的NBR Tg下降了18℃。Tg一般指高聚物分子链段能自由运动的最低温度[14],服役1年后NBR的Tg下降是由于油介质和水分进入橡胶分子链间起到类似增塑剂的作用[15-16],削弱了聚合物分子链间的引力,增大分子链的自由体积,从而增大了聚合物分子链自由移动的可能,降低了聚合物分子链间的缠结,减少了橡胶分子链的缠绕,使得Tg下降。
(1)长期服役在低温环境中的NBR分子链结构和排列发生不可逆变化,从而导致力学性能下降,具体表现为弹性模量和硬度下降,最终导致NBR密封性能丧失。
(2)由于低温和油介质的共同作用,导致橡胶内添加剂析出、分子链断裂和重新排列,使得极寒地区变压器中的NBR橡胶密封制品在服役过程中表面会出现明显的微裂纹和气孔。
(3)变压器长期在极寒的环境中服役会导致橡胶表面微裂纹的持续发展,大量水分更易入侵且与NBR中的-CN发生水解,生成N-H极性基团;同时油介质和水分子的入侵导致NBR分子链间距增大且主链柔顺性提高,导致NBR的分子链重新排列和分子链热运动发生变化,表现为Tg明显降低。
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2020ZDLGY09-10)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
JAUNICHM, WOLFFD, VOELZKEH, et al. Understanding low temperature properties of elastomer seals[J]. Packaging Transport Storage & Security of Radioactive Material,2011,22(2):83-88.
[2]
王杰,张跃.高低温环境对丁腈橡胶O形圈密封性能的影响[J].润滑与密封,2018,43(8):148-152.
[3]
张凯,王丰,朱蕾,等.丁腈橡胶5171密封件热氧老化研究[J].装备环境工程,2013(4):1-4.
[4]
汤致华.丁腈橡胶密封材料的低温特性[J].内燃机与配件,2020(4):220-221.
[5]
ALVESS M, MELLOV S, MEDEIROSJ S. Palm and soybean biodiesel compatibility with fuel system elastomers[J]. Tribology International,2013,65:74-80.
[6]
代晓瑛,雷兴平,卢玉蛟.丁腈橡胶密封圈耐15号液压油性能研究[J].橡胶科技,2019,17(6):344-347.
[7]
黄安民,王小萍,贾德民.氢化丁腈橡胶研究进展[J].绝缘材料,2005,38(5):57-60,64.
[8]
邬小萍,吕琴丽,杨中元,等.纳米压痕测试技术在复合材料中的应用研究[J].金属功能材料,2020,27(3):24-32.
[9]
PHARRG M, OLIVERW C, BROTZENF R. On the generality of the relationship among contact stiffness, contact area, and elastic modulus during indentation[J]. Journal of Materials Research,1992,7(3):613-617.
[10]
孔令泽,董可海,裴立冠,等.高低温循环条件下氟橡胶耐油介质老化性能[J].宇航材料工艺,2020,50(3):75-80.
[11]
李杲,卓文越,杨国,等.多因素耦合作用下丁腈橡胶的老化行为和机理研究[J].高分子学报,2021,52(7):762-774.
[12]
张守汉,高艳,于建,等.丁腈橡胶热氧老化与防护的研究进展及反应机理探讨[J].合成橡胶工业,2017,40(3):240-245.
[13]
KAWASAKIT, YAJIT, OHTAT, et al. Application of mid-infrared free-electron laser tuned to amide bands for dissociation of aggregate structure of protein[J]. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation,2016,23(1):152-157.
[14]
PETROVAN N, PORTNYAGINAV V, MUKHINV V, et al. Study of the performance of cold resistant sealing rubbers in cold climates[C]//Proceedings of the International Symposium “Engineering and Earth Sciences: Applied and Fundamental Research” dedicated to the 85th anniversary of H.I. Ibragimov. Moscow, Russian:Altantis Press,2019.
[15]
宋淑媛,王世杰,聂瑞,等.水介质中丁腈橡胶溶胀机理及其对磨粒磨损行为影响[J].摩擦学学报,2021,41(1):56-64.
[16]
LINHARESF N, KERSCHM, NIEBERGALLU, et al. Effect of different sulphur-based crosslink networks on the nitrile rubber resistance to biodiesel[J]. Fuel,2017,191:130-139.
2022年第55卷第8期
PDF下载
125
57
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.012
  • 接收时间:2021-08-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-08-20
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2021-08-29
  • 修回日期:2021-10-25
基金
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2020ZDLGY09-10)
作者信息
    1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 071000
    2国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司电力科学研究院,内蒙古 呼和浩特 010010
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.08.012
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏