Article(id=1210201201199681928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201193939333459, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1625760000000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-09, revisedDate=1629388800000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464050817, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1658246400000, pubDateStr=2022-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464050817, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464050817, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464050817, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201193939333459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464049085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563116850, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616714308481463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201193939333459, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616714308481464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201193939333459, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201202537664921, articleId=1210201201199681928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Influence of Extremely Cold Environment on Performance of Silicone Rubber and Fluorinated Silicone Rubber, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the performance changes of silicone rubber and fluorinated silicone rubber after freezing at extremely cold temperature, the two materials were put into a low-temperature test box to freeze for 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, 900, 1 050 h, and the temperature was set as -50℃. After freezing, the samples were taken out and stood for 2 hours at room temperature, and then the changes of breakdown voltage, maximum tensile force, tensile strength, hardness, and surface topography of the materials with freezing time were measured, and the principle were analyzed. The results show that with the increase of the low temperature freezing time, the breakdown voltage, maximum tensile force, and tensile strength of silicone rubber and fluorinated silicone rubber increase, while the hardness is almost constant. There are cracks on the sample surface after freezing for 300 h, there are obvious cracks and holes after freezing for 750 h, and the crack depth continues to deepen after freezing for 1 050 h. Throughout the freezing process in the extremely cold environment, the performance of fluorinated silicone rubber is better than that of silicone rubber, which indicates that the performance of fluorinated silicone rubber is more stable than that of silicone rubber in extremely cold environment.

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为了研究硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶材料经极寒冷冻后的性能变化规律,将两种材料在低温试验箱中进行0、150、300、450、600、750、900、1 050 h的低温冷冻,冷冻温度恒定为-50℃。试样冷冻结束后,在室温下静置 2 h,测量材料的击穿电压、最大拉力、拉伸强度、硬度及表面形貌随冷冻时间的变化规律,并分析其原理。结果表明:随着低温冷冻时间的增加,硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的击穿电压、最大拉力、拉伸强度均增大,而硬度几乎不变;在低温冷冻300 h时试样表面出现裂纹,750 h时出现明显的裂纹及孔洞,1 050 h时裂纹深度进一步加深。在整个极寒环境冷冻过程中,氟硅橡胶表现出的性能均优于硅橡胶,表明在极寒环境中氟硅橡胶的性能比硅橡胶更加稳定。

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张文文(1997-),女(汉族),山东聊城人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术;

王胜辉(1977-),男(汉族),北京人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。

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张文文(1997-),女(汉族),山东聊城人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术;

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张文文(1997-),女(汉族),山东聊城人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术;

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王胜辉(1977-),男(汉族),北京人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。

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王胜辉(1977-),男(汉族),北京人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。

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极寒环境对硅橡胶及氟硅橡胶性能的影响研究
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张文文 , 王胜辉 , 李炳康 , 马康 , 张启哲 , 律方成
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(7): 22-26
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(7): 22-26
极寒环境对硅橡胶及氟硅橡胶性能的影响研究
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张文文, 王胜辉, 李炳康, 马康, 张启哲, 律方成
作者信息
  • 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室(华北电力大学),北京 102206
  • 张文文(1997-),女(汉族),山东聊城人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术;

    王胜辉(1977-),男(汉族),北京人,副教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。

Influence of Extremely Cold Environment on Performance of Silicone Rubber and Fluorinated Silicone Rubber
Wenwen ZHANG, Shenghui WANG, Bingkang LI, Kang MA, Qizhe ZHANG, Fangcheng LÜ
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources (North China Electric Power University), Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2022-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.004
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为了研究硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶材料经极寒冷冻后的性能变化规律,将两种材料在低温试验箱中进行0、150、300、450、600、750、900、1 050 h的低温冷冻,冷冻温度恒定为-50℃。试样冷冻结束后,在室温下静置 2 h,测量材料的击穿电压、最大拉力、拉伸强度、硬度及表面形貌随冷冻时间的变化规律,并分析其原理。结果表明:随着低温冷冻时间的增加,硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的击穿电压、最大拉力、拉伸强度均增大,而硬度几乎不变;在低温冷冻300 h时试样表面出现裂纹,750 h时出现明显的裂纹及孔洞,1 050 h时裂纹深度进一步加深。在整个极寒环境冷冻过程中,氟硅橡胶表现出的性能均优于硅橡胶,表明在极寒环境中氟硅橡胶的性能比硅橡胶更加稳定。

极寒环境  /  硅橡胶  /  氟硅橡胶  /  电气性能  /  力学性能

In order to study the performance changes of silicone rubber and fluorinated silicone rubber after freezing at extremely cold temperature, the two materials were put into a low-temperature test box to freeze for 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, 900, 1 050 h, and the temperature was set as -50℃. After freezing, the samples were taken out and stood for 2 hours at room temperature, and then the changes of breakdown voltage, maximum tensile force, tensile strength, hardness, and surface topography of the materials with freezing time were measured, and the principle were analyzed. The results show that with the increase of the low temperature freezing time, the breakdown voltage, maximum tensile force, and tensile strength of silicone rubber and fluorinated silicone rubber increase, while the hardness is almost constant. There are cracks on the sample surface after freezing for 300 h, there are obvious cracks and holes after freezing for 750 h, and the crack depth continues to deepen after freezing for 1 050 h. Throughout the freezing process in the extremely cold environment, the performance of fluorinated silicone rubber is better than that of silicone rubber, which indicates that the performance of fluorinated silicone rubber is more stable than that of silicone rubber in extremely cold environment.

extremely cold environment  /  silicone rubber  /  fluorinated silicone rubber  /  electrical performance  /  mechanical performance
张文文, 王胜辉, 李炳康, 马康, 张启哲, 律方成. 极寒环境对硅橡胶及氟硅橡胶性能的影响研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (7) : 22 -26 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.004
Wenwen ZHANG, Shenghui WANG, Bingkang LI, Kang MA, Qizhe ZHANG, Fangcheng LÜ. Influence of Extremely Cold Environment on Performance of Silicone Rubber and Fluorinated Silicone Rubber[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (7) : 22 -26 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.004
硅橡胶因具有优异的电气绝缘性、耐候性、耐电晕性能等,被广泛用作电力系统绝缘材料[1]。应用于我国航空航天领域的氟硅橡胶材料,其结构稳定、性能优异,逐渐被用作环境较恶劣地区的电气绝缘材料[2]。近年来,随着我国远距离跨区输电工程的不断发展,经过气候极寒地区的输电线路不断增加[3-4],这些地区的冬季极端温度可低至-59℃,并且低温持续时间较长,因此,研究硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶材料在极寒温度下的性能变化规律对电网的安全稳定运行具有积极意义。
目前,已有学者对硅橡胶和氟硅橡胶的性能展开研究。文献[3]研究了氢氧化铝含量不同的硅橡胶材料在+20~-60℃环境中,直流击穿电压随温度的变化规律,研究发现随着温度的降低,硅橡胶材料的直流击穿电压呈现出先增大后趋于稳定的变化规律;文献[5]研究了氢氧化铝含量不同的硅橡胶在0~-60℃低温环境中的直流沿面闪络特性,发现其沿面闪络电压随着温度的降低呈线性升高;文献[6]研究了低温下绝缘材料的沿面闪络特性,分析得到了电极放电间隙距离不同时的闪络特性规律;文献[7]研究了-20~-60℃低温环境对硅橡胶绝缘材料憎水性的影响,得出硅橡胶材料静态接触角随低温处理时间的延长呈现先增大后趋于稳定的变化规律;文献[8]研究了-20~-80℃环境温度下拉伸强度随温度的变化规律,得出在-20~-80℃内,硅橡胶的拉伸强度随温度的降低逐渐增大的结论;文献[9]研究了硅橡胶在0~-40℃低温环境中的温度频率特性,发现干冻(时间最长为120 h)和覆冰后冰冻的样品放置于常温环境25~168 h后,其工频介电参数仍大于未经长时间低温冷冻的样品初始值。由上述对橡胶材料低温性能的研究可知,低温会对橡胶材料的性能产生一定的影响。
本研究通过人工模拟-50℃的极寒环境,将硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶材料在该极寒环境中冷冻150~1 050 h,测量击穿电压、最大拉力、拉伸强度、硬度及表面形貌随冷冻时间的变化趋势,根据试验结果对两种材料的电气性能及力学性能进行对比分析,研究两种材料在极寒环境中的性能,以期为极寒地区电力系统绝缘材料的选择提供一定的工程参考。
试样采用经高温硫化工艺制成的硅橡胶及氟硅橡胶试片,符合DL/T 376—2010技术条件。根据各参数测量的国家标准及相关测试要求,将试片切割成3种规格:①60 mm×60 mm×2 mm的试样,用于击穿电压及硬度的测试;②用1型裁刀将试片裁成哑铃状试样,用于拉伸性能的测试;③6 mm×6 mm×2 mm的试样,用于表面形貌的测试。
低温试验箱由上海悦洽实验设备有限公司生产,型号为DW-50-80L,该试验箱的温度可调范围是0~-50℃,温控精度为±2℃,温度显示精度为0.1℃。该试验箱可达到GB/T 2423.1—2001的低温要求。
工频交流耐压试验装置由湖北仪天成电力设备有限公司生产,型号为YTC10/50J,额定电压为AC 50 kV,额定容量为10 kVA,该试验装置可满足绝缘材料在工频高压下的绝缘强度试验。
万能试验机由上海拓丰仪器科技有限公司生产,型号为KY-DS5Y,该万能试验机的最大试验力为5 000 N,横梁位移测量精度分辨率高于0.002 5 mm,试验速度范围为1~500 mm/min,无级调速,速度控制精度优于±1%。
邵氏硬度计由北京吉泰科技检测设备有限公司生产,型号为LX-A,该硬度计的量程为100 HA,误差为±1 HA,压阵行程为2.5 mm,硬度计的测针为适用于测量橡胶、合成橡胶等低中硬度材料的A型平头测针,针头尺寸为Ф 0.79 mm。
扫描电镜由德国卡尔-蔡司公司生产,型号为G300,该扫描电镜的最高放大倍数可达100万倍。
将硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶试样分别分为8组,共计16组,每组中均有3种不同规格的试样,各规格试样均有10片。为保证试验数据的准确性,试验前用去离子水清洗试样并用无水乙醇对其进行擦拭,然后将试样放入干燥箱,待其完全干燥后进行试验。
设置低温试验箱的温度恒定为-50℃,预运行24 h确保试验箱内温度达到要求后,将清洁的试样放入低温试验箱进行低温冷冻,冷冻时间分别为0、150、300、450、600、750、900、1 050 h。冷冻结束后,将试样取出并在25℃环境中静置2 h,待试样温度恢复至室温后,开始测试各参数,每个参数取5个有效试验数据的平均值作为最终数据。
试验电极选用棒板电极,将试样放置在板电极上,调整棒电极的位置,使其尖端刚好接触试样上表面,保证棒电极尖端不会导致试样变形,然后将棒电极上端固定。为防止棒电极沿试片表面与板电极发生沿面闪络,需在容器中倒入硅油至液面刚好接触试片侧面,利用工频交流耐压试验装置快速均匀升压直至试样击穿。因试样被击穿后,其绝缘性能不能自恢复,故试样不重复利用。每个冷冻时间的一组试样经10次试验后,剔除偏差较大的数据,取有效试验数据的平均值作为最终试验数据,以保证试验数据的准确性。
将试样对称地夹在拉力机的上、下夹持器上,以保证拉力均匀地分布在横截面上。将夹持器的移动速度设置为500 mm/min,启动试验机并连续观测试样长度和力的变化,直至试样被拉断,如果试样不是在狭窄处断裂,则舍弃此次测量数据[10]
将试样放置在平整坚硬的平面上,将硬度计的压针垂直压入试样并在1 s内读取数值[11]
测试表面形貌前,对试样进行喷金处理,然后在真空中用扫描电镜将试样表面放大500倍,观察试样的表面形貌。
试样的击穿电压随低温冷冻时间的变化曲线如图1所示。
图1可知,随着低温冷冻时间由0 h增加至300 h,硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的击穿电压大幅提高,低温冷冻时间大于300 h后,氟硅橡胶的击穿电压缓慢上升,硅橡胶的击穿电压基本不变。氟硅橡胶低温冷冻1 050 h后的击穿电压比未经过低温冷冻的试样提高了45%,且氟硅橡胶的击穿电压始终高于硅橡胶的击穿电压。
经低温冷冻后两种橡胶材料的击穿电压均有所提高,其原因是低温会使橡胶分子间的结晶度增加[8,12],分子间的距离减小,导致电子自由程缩短,进而减小了电子发生碰撞电离的概率。氟硅橡胶的击穿电压始终较高的主要原因是氟原子具有极强的电负性,它可以限制电子的离域能力,从而使含氟材料的电气绝缘性能提高[13]
对两种材料的哑铃型试样进行拉伸测试,作出试样被拉断时的最大拉力如图2所示。
根据最大拉力计算拉伸强度[10],如式(1)所示。
TS=Fm/Wt
式(1)中:TS为拉伸强度,MPa;Fm为记录的最大拉力,N;W为裁刀狭窄部分的宽度,mm;t为试验长度部分的厚度,mm。本文哑铃型试样由1型裁刀切割而成,裁刀W为6 mm,试样试验长度部分的厚度为 2 mm。
根据计算结果,绘制拉伸强度的变化曲线如图3所示。由图23可知,随着低温冷冻时间的延长,两种试样的最大拉力及拉伸强度均呈现增大的趋势。氟硅橡胶的拉伸强度变化平稳且数值高于硅橡胶,表明氟硅橡胶的抗拉伸性能更好。其原因是低温冷冻后,分子运动能力下降,侧基、链节等不易活动[14],试样体积收缩,分子之间的距离减小,从而使得分子间的作用力增大,故拉断试样时需要更大的力,拉伸强度明显增加。
试样硬度随低温冷冻时间的变化趋势如图4所示。由图4可知,两种橡胶材料的硬度几乎没有变化,表明低温冷冻后试样的硬度在室温下可快速恢复。氟硅橡胶的硬度值始终低于硅橡胶的硬度值,说明氟硅橡胶的弹性更好。
为了更好地了解低温冷冻后试样的表面状态,通过扫描电镜将低温冷冻0、300、750、1 050 h的氟硅橡胶试样表面放大500倍,SEM形貌如图5所示。由图5可知,低温冷冻0 h的试样表面完好,没有缺陷;随着冷冻时间的延长,分子收缩,导致试样表面局部应力增大,冷冻300 h的试样表面出现了少量的浅裂纹;当冷冻时间增加至750 h时,试样表面裂纹增多,且出现了明显的孔洞;当冷冻时间达到1 050 h时,试片表面的裂纹长度及深度明显增大。结果表明低温冷冻会导致试样表面出现裂纹及孔洞,但是由于击穿电压、拉伸强度均与低温冷冻时间呈正相关关系,并且SEM探针的深度仅有几十微米,故认为试样表面的裂纹及孔洞的深度极小,对试样的电气性能及力学性能影响较小。
综合分析上述试验结果可知,在-50℃的极寒环境中,随着冷冻时间的延长,硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶各项性能都有所提升,并且氟硅橡胶表现出的性能比硅橡胶更加稳定。主要原因是硅橡胶侧甲基中的C-H键键能小、易断裂,而氟硅橡胶侧链中的 C-F键键能较大,稳定性强[14-15]。因此,为保证电力系统的安全稳定运行,可以考虑将氟硅橡胶用于极寒地区的电气绝缘材料。
(1)低温冷冻时间由0 h增加至300 h,硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的击穿电压大幅提高,冷冻时间大于300 h时,氟硅橡胶的击穿电压缓慢上升,硅橡胶的击穿电压基本不变。氟硅橡胶冷冻1 050 h后的击穿电压比未经过冷冻的试样提高了45%,且氟硅橡胶的击穿电压始终高于硅橡胶的击穿电压。
(2)硅橡胶与氟硅橡胶的最大拉力及拉伸强度都随冷冻时间的增加而增大。氟硅橡胶的拉伸强度变化平稳且数值基本高于硅橡胶,表明氟硅橡胶具有更好的抗拉伸性能。
(3)硅橡胶及氟硅橡胶的硬度几乎不随冷冻时间变化,表明低温冷冻后两种橡胶材料的硬度在室温下可快速恢复。氟硅橡胶的硬度值始终低于硅橡胶,说明氟硅橡胶的弹性更好。
(4)低温冷冻300 h的试片表面存在少量的浅裂纹;当冷冻时间增至750 h时,试片表面裂纹增多,且出现了明显的孔洞;冷冻时间达到1 050 h时,试片表面的裂纹长度及深度明显增大。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFF01011900)
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2022年第55卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.07.004
  • 接收时间:2021-07-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-09
  • 修回日期:2021-08-20
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国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFF01011900)
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    新能源电力系统国家重点实验室(华北电力大学),北京 102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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