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Article(id=1210201123844125460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201122451624379, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1631203200000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-10, revisedDate=1636992000000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464032374, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1655654400000, pubDateStr=2022-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464032374, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464032374, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464032374, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201122451624379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464032042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563098203, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616636105683369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201122451624379, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616636105683370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201122451624379, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=88, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201124087395094, articleId=1210201123844125460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Growth Characteristics of Electrical Tree in Laminar Composite Insulation for Wind Turbine Generator Under Repetitive Impulse Voltage, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under repetitive impulse voltage, tests of the growth characteristics of electrical tree were conducted on laminar composite insulation consist of impregnating resin and insulating tape for wind turbine generator. The effect of impulse voltage repetitive rates on the electrical tree initiation characteristics, morphological features, and growth curve of the insulation composited by epoxy modified unsaturated polyester resin with polyimide film reinforced mica tape was studied. The growth characteristics of electrical tree extending feature along the interface of insulating tape was analyzed. The results show that under the bipolar square wave impulse voltage with the peak voltage of 7 kV and the repetitive rates of 500 Hz, 1 000 Hz and 2 000 Hz, respectively, the electrical trees in samples are all branch-shaped and the branches are relatively sparse. The electrical tree extends laterally along the interface when it grows to the insulating tape, hindering the radial growth of the electrical tree, increasing the breakdown time of the sample.With the increase of the repetitive rate of the impulse, the initiation time of the electrical tree is shortened, the initiation rate is promoted, the branches increases and its discharge channels becomes thinner, the fractal dimension is almost unchanged, and the average radial growth rate increases.

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本文在重复脉冲电压下，对风力发电机用浸渍树脂与绝缘带的层状复合绝缘进行了电树枝生长特性试验，研究了脉冲电压重复率对环氧改性不饱和聚酯树脂与聚酰亚胺薄膜补强云母带复合绝缘试样中电树枝引发特性、形态特征以及生长曲线的影响，分析了电树枝沿绝缘带界面的生长特性。研究表明：在重复率分别为500、1 000、2 000 Hz和峰值为7 kV的双极性方波脉冲电压下，复合绝缘试样中的电树枝均呈枝状，且树枝较为稀疏；电树枝生长至绝缘带后将沿界面横向延伸，阻碍了电树枝径向生长，从而大幅延长了试样击穿的时间；随着脉冲重复率的增加，复合绝缘试样中电树枝的引发时间缩短、引发率提高、分支增加、放电通道变细、分形维数近似不变和平均径向生长率增大。

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段志强（1974-），男（汉族），陕西西安人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事风力发电机的设计与制造。

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段志强（1974-），男（汉族），陕西西安人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事风力发电机的设计与制造。

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段志强（1974-），男（汉族），陕西西安人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事风力发电机的设计与制造。

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项目脉冲电压重复率/Hz
5001 0002 000
引发时间/min723823
1304236
1419534
958815
759420
平均引发时间/min102.671.425.6
90 min内引发率/%4060100
), ArticleFig(id=1210652082638549549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201123844125460, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同重复率下电树枝的引发时间和引发率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目脉冲电压重复率/Hz
5001 0002 000
引发时间/min723823
1304236
1419534
958815
759420
平均引发时间/min102.671.425.6
90 min内引发率/%4060100
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风力发电机用层状复合绝缘的重复脉冲电树枝生长特性研究
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段志强 1 , 刘学忠 2 , 唐艳霞 2 , 刘冠芳 1 , 王景娜 2 , 黄娜 1, 3 , 俞文斌 1, 3
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022,55(6): 88-94
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022, 55(6): 88-94
风力发电机用层状复合绝缘的重复脉冲电树枝生长特性研究
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段志强1, 刘学忠2, 唐艳霞2, 刘冠芳1, 王景娜2, 黄娜1, 3, 俞文斌1, 3
作者信息
  • 1中车永济电机有限公司，陕西 西安 710016
  • 2西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室， 陕西 西安 710049
  • 3西安中车永电捷力风能有限公司，陕西 西安 710018

    • 段志强（1974-），男（汉族），陕西西安人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事风力发电机的设计与制造。

Growth Characteristics of Electrical Tree in Laminar Composite Insulation for Wind Turbine Generator Under Repetitive Impulse Voltage
Zhiqiang DUAN1, Xuezhong LIU2, Yanxia TANG2, Guanfang LIU1, Jingna WANG2, Na HUANG1, 3, Wenbin YU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1CRRC YongJi Electric Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710016, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
  • 3Xi'an Yonge Jieli Wind Energy Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710018, China
出版时间: 2022-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.016
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摘要
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本文在重复脉冲电压下，对风力发电机用浸渍树脂与绝缘带的层状复合绝缘进行了电树枝生长特性试验，研究了脉冲电压重复率对环氧改性不饱和聚酯树脂与聚酰亚胺薄膜补强云母带复合绝缘试样中电树枝引发特性、形态特征以及生长曲线的影响，分析了电树枝沿绝缘带界面的生长特性。研究表明：在重复率分别为500、1 000、2 000 Hz和峰值为7 kV的双极性方波脉冲电压下，复合绝缘试样中的电树枝均呈枝状，且树枝较为稀疏；电树枝生长至绝缘带后将沿界面横向延伸，阻碍了电树枝径向生长，从而大幅延长了试样击穿的时间；随着脉冲重复率的增加，复合绝缘试样中电树枝的引发时间缩短、引发率提高、分支增加、放电通道变细、分形维数近似不变和平均径向生长率增大。

电树枝  /  风力发电机  /  层状复合绝缘  /  方波脉冲电压  /  环氧改性不饱和聚酯

Under repetitive impulse voltage, tests of the growth characteristics of electrical tree were conducted on laminar composite insulation consist of impregnating resin and insulating tape for wind turbine generator. The effect of impulse voltage repetitive rates on the electrical tree initiation characteristics, morphological features, and growth curve of the insulation composited by epoxy modified unsaturated polyester resin with polyimide film reinforced mica tape was studied. The growth characteristics of electrical tree extending feature along the interface of insulating tape was analyzed. The results show that under the bipolar square wave impulse voltage with the peak voltage of 7 kV and the repetitive rates of 500 Hz, 1 000 Hz and 2 000 Hz, respectively, the electrical trees in samples are all branch-shaped and the branches are relatively sparse. The electrical tree extends laterally along the interface when it grows to the insulating tape, hindering the radial growth of the electrical tree, increasing the breakdown time of the sample.With the increase of the repetitive rate of the impulse, the initiation time of the electrical tree is shortened, the initiation rate is promoted, the branches increases and its discharge channels becomes thinner, the fractal dimension is almost unchanged, and the average radial growth rate increases.

electrical tree  /  wind turbine generator  /  laminar composite insulation  /  square wave impulse voltage  /  epoxy modified unsaturated polyester
段志强, 刘学忠, 唐艳霞, 刘冠芳, 王景娜, 黄娜, 俞文斌. 风力发电机用层状复合绝缘的重复脉冲电树枝生长特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (6) : 88 -94 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.016
Zhiqiang DUAN, Xuezhong LIU, Yanxia TANG, Guanfang LIU, Jingna WANG, Na HUANG, Wenbin YU. Growth Characteristics of Electrical Tree in Laminar Composite Insulation for Wind Turbine Generator Under Repetitive Impulse Voltage[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (6) : 88 -94 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.016
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0 引言
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随着风力发电机组向大功率、高电压方向发展，风力发电机的绝缘强度也逐步提高，其主绝缘大多采用玻璃丝带、聚酯薄膜、粉云母带或多种绝缘材料制成的复合绝缘带包绕，由绝缘浸渍漆通过真空压力浸渍技术（vacuum pressure impregnation，VPI）浸渍，再经高温固化而成[1]。这种由多种材料复合而成的绝缘体系，具有层状、非匀质的结构特点，虽然从设计上提高了风力发电机的绝缘强度，但因其工艺的复杂性，不可避免地会在电机主绝缘、匝间绝缘等处产生绝缘薄弱点。
电树枝是导致高压设备中高分子绝缘材料劣化的重要原因，可能从裂纹、气隙、空洞或杂质粒子存在处等局部电场不均匀的缺陷中引发[2]。永磁直驱风力发电机定子和双馈风力发电机转子依靠高频开关器件实现变频控制，导致线圈主绝缘长期承受高频重复脉冲电压的冲击，加上机械振动和高温等因素的联合作用，电树枝易从绝缘薄弱点或缺陷处引发并快速发展，影响以复合材料为主绝缘的风力发电机性能，威胁风力发电机的安全稳定运行。因此，研究风力发电机用层状复合绝缘材料在重复脉冲电压条件下的电树枝特性，对研究风力发电机绝缘微观破坏机理以及主绝缘材料的选择具有重要意义。
浸渍漆是保证电机绝缘系统高可靠性的关键材料，要求其性能可靠、工艺适应性良好、安全环保。环氧改性不饱和聚酯树脂类浸渍漆因其良好的性能和成本优势，广泛应用于风力发电机绝缘[3-4]。近年来，国内外学者对环氧树脂的电树枝特性进行了广泛研究。有的侧重于通过掺杂纳米粒子抑制电树枝的生长[5-8]、在不同温度下对环氧树脂中电树枝生长特性进行对比分析[9-12]，以及研究直流偏压[13-14]、谐波频率[15]对环氧树脂电树枝生长特性的影响；还有的侧重于研究环氧树脂在脉冲电压下的生长特性。G C STONE等[16]研究了重复电压浪涌下环氧树脂电老化和电致发光效应，发现电树枝破坏速度随电压幅值的增加而加快；当脉冲电压重复率增大时，电树枝引发所需要的脉冲数量增加，但是电致发光的总量与引发电树枝所需要的脉冲数无关。欧阳文敏等[17]记录了环氧树脂在重复频率脉冲下的电树枝特性，结果表明高频下丛林状电树枝明显增多，材料的引发电压随频率上升而降低。DU B X等[18-19]研究了脉冲电压幅值、重复率、极性和占空比等一系列因素对电树枝引发生长特性的影响，发现当脉冲电压重复率或者占空比增加时，电树枝的长度和分形维数往往会变大，并且大部分树枝的形态会发生变化。文献[20-21]分别研究了重复脉冲占空比、脉冲电压频率对环氧树脂中电树枝生长的影响，并且与工频电压下的电树枝进行了对比，发现工频电压下电树枝更容易呈现单枝状，脉冲电压下电树枝能够更快引发并且广泛呈现多枝状；当重复脉冲电压幅值或者频率增加时，电树枝更易生长，电树枝主干变粗，这主要与电荷的注入和脱陷有关。 ZHANG C等[22]在频率为50 Hz～20 kHz的双极性方波脉冲电压下，对环氧树脂中电树枝的生长机理进行了研究，测量发现电树枝的介电功率损耗随频率增加而增大，将环氧树脂中电树枝生长特性归因于介电功率损耗、空间电荷和局部放电在双极方波场下的协同效应。
以上研究均在环氧树脂单一绝缘介质中进行，而对类似电机主绝缘结构的层状屏障多相绝缘介质中的电树枝引发和生长研究大多在工频电压下进行[23-26]，关于层状复合绝缘在重复脉冲电压下的相关研究较少。文献[27-30]在不同幅值的工频电压及不同重复率和波形的脉冲电压下，研究了以环氧、亚胺改性聚酯漆配合多种绝缘带的复合材料中的电树枝生长特征，对比了电压幅值、电压波形、脉冲重复率、复合材料构成等条件因素对电树枝形态及发展的影响，发现电树枝在重复脉冲电压下引发更快，且大多呈单支状快速生长至绝缘带，在不同绝缘带附近呈现的形态差异较大；脉冲电压重复率的升高会促进电树枝的引发和生长，因为重复率的上升增加了树枝通道内的放电次数。
环氧改性不饱和聚酯浸渍漆与聚酰亚胺薄膜补强云母带复合绝缘体系被广泛用于大型风力发电机线圈主绝缘中，本研究分别在重复率为500、1 000、2 000 Hz，峰值电压为7 kV的双极性方波脉冲电压下，对上述复合绝缘材料构成的试样进行电树枝试验，分析脉冲电压重复率对风力发电机用层状复合绝缘耐电树枝化能力的影响。
1 试验
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1.1 试样制备
本研究采用的T1168浸渍漆是由环氧改性不饱和聚酯、特种固化剂和活性稀释剂等配置而成的无溶剂浸渍树脂，具有优异的贮存稳定性和浸渍工艺性，对中胶和少胶云母带均适用，且具有固化后机械强度高、耐热性好、电气绝缘性能好、介质损耗小等优点，广泛适用于F、H级大中型高压电机真空压力整体浸渍和其他耐冷媒电机、电器绕组的浸渍。
为了观测T1168浸渍漆配合聚酰亚胺薄膜补强云母带使用时电树枝的生长特性，模拟风力发电机绕组绝缘系统中浸渍漆和绝缘带的层状屏障结构，设计并制作了长度为15 mm、宽度为10 mm、厚度为4 mm的复合绝缘试样。试验采用针-板电极模拟缺陷在绝缘中造成的应力集中现象，如图1[24]所示。为保证浸渍漆、绝缘带和地电极之间紧密贴合，制样时首先将绝缘带水平铺置在模具底部、将针电极插入模具夹口，再将T1168浸渍漆反复抽真空3次去除内部气泡后，注入预先置有针电极和绝缘带的模具中，再将整个磨具反复抽真空，确保浸渍漆与针电极、绝缘带之间不存在气隙。最后在170℃下固化8 h，得到层状试样，并对试样底部喷金作为试样地电极。
针尖附近最大电场强度的计算公式为式（1）。
Emax=2Urln(1+4d/r)
式（1）中：Emax为针尖附近最大电场强度；U为针尖上所施加的电压幅值；r为针尖曲率半径；d为针尖到板电极的距离。
式（1）表明，针尖的曲率半径以及针尖与板电极之间的距离均会影响电树枝尖端的电场强度。针尖曲率半径越小，试验周期越短，因此为缩短试验周期，选取针尖曲率半径r为3 μm的不锈钢针，保持针尖到板电极的距离为（1.5±0.3） mm，其中针电极尖端与绝缘带间的距离约为1 mm，绝缘带与板（地）电极之间的距离约为0.5 mm。
1.2 试验装置
电树枝引发和生长实时显微观测平台主要由试样装置盒、电源系统和显微镜图像记录系统构成，如图2[27]所示。显微镜图像记录系统主要包括体视显微镜、LED冷光源、摄像头和计算机，其中摄像头安装在显微镜上，并通过数据线与外部计算机相连。试样装置盒由硅油器皿和试样电极组成，LED冷光源通过硅油器皿底部的透光玻璃为试样观测提供透射光，试样电极由聚四氟乙烯、铜电极和弹簧组成。为模拟风力发电机的实际工况，采用双极性重复方波脉冲电源为试样施加电压，进行电树枝试验。
1.3 试验方法
试验时，将试样固定在试验装置盒中并以硅油浸没，以防止外部放电和沿面闪络，每次试验都应更换洁净的硅油并对电极和试验盒进行清洗，以防止硅油中的细小纤维对电树枝试验图像的采集造成影响。试样的针电极通过高压线与脉冲电源输出端相连，试样盒的地电极严格接地，脉冲电压上升时间约为40 ns，幅值Up为7 kV，重复率在500～2 000 Hz可调，脉冲重复率为500 Hz时的波形如图3所示。
为保证试验数据的准确性，每个重复脉冲电压重复率下，至少选取5个试样进行电树枝试验。从试样施加电压开始到击穿，利用实时观测平台每隔30 s采集一次照片，分析电树枝引发时间、形态特征、生长曲线以及在绝缘带上的界面生长特性。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 电树枝的引发特性
定义电树枝径向长度为10 μm时电树枝引发，则电树枝引发时间为从施加电压至电树枝引发所用时间，引发率为在规定时间内引发电树枝的试样数量与总试样数量之比。在重复率分别为500、1 000、2 000 Hz的峰值为7 kV的双极性方波脉冲电压下，各试样中电树枝的引发时间和90 min内引发率如表1所示。从表1可以看出，随着脉冲电压重复率的增加，浸渍漆中电树枝的引发时间缩短、引发率提高，这表明电树枝的引发随着脉冲电压重复率的提高变得更加容易。
分析认为，一方面是因为强电场作用下针尖附近会感应出麦克斯韦电-机械应力，当此应力达到一定程度时会在绝缘的微观薄弱点产生裂纹，进而发展为可以引发电树枝的缺陷，达到一定电场强度时，缺陷处便会发生局部放电，引发电树枝[2]。试验用双极性方波脉冲电源的电压上升时间为纳秒级，而电机用聚合物的力学弛豫时间在毫秒级，因此绝缘材料的应变跟不上电致应力的改变，聚合物材料在相同时间内受到的脉冲个数随着脉冲重复率的增加而增多，使得电-机械应力的破坏作用更加明显。另一方面，随着脉冲重复率的增加，相同时间内电荷的注入-抽出频率提高，这就使得相同时间内针尖附近承受的电子轰击更加频繁，加速电树枝的引发[32]。因而，在以上两方面因素的共同作用下，电树枝在更高的脉冲重复率下会在更短的时间内引发，且引发率更高。
2.2 电树枝的形态特征
图4为环氧改性不饱和聚酯浸渍漆复合试样中的电树枝生长形态。从图4可以看出，3种脉冲重复率下电树枝均呈现枝状，且树枝通道较为稀疏。在500 Hz和1 000 Hz的脉冲重复电压下，电树枝基本呈藤枝状，放电通道较粗；而在2 000 Hz下，电树枝分支明显增加，放电通道较细。这主要与电荷的注入和抽出过程随脉冲电压重复率的增加变得更为频繁有关，使得电树枝尖端的局部放电次数增加[33]。局部放电对电树枝通道的促进方向具有随机性，而其带来的局部高压以及局部高温等现象更加剧烈，加剧了电场的畸变，使得电树枝的形状随着脉冲电压重复率的增加变得更加复杂。
分形维数（D）反映了复杂形状在空间中的占有率，可以用来表示电树枝生长形态的复杂程度以及电树枝对材料的破坏程度。一般来说，分形维数较小的电树枝为枝状结构，分形维数较大的电树枝为丛状结构。为更加具体地描述电树枝的形态特征，本研究采用盒计数法计算电树枝的分形维数，具体方法如下：将显微镜拍摄的电树枝图片进行灰度化处理，然后将灰度化后的图像转换成黑白二色图。通过长度为a的方格来划分图像，a=2i，i=1，2，3…，a的值小于图像的长度。统计出所有方格中包含电树枝的格子数Na，得到（a，Na）。变换方格边长a的取值，针对不同的a，将得到一系列的Na，将一系列的（a，Na）取对数后进行线性拟合，得到的直线斜率即为分形维数，如式（2）所示。
D=lima→0lgNalg(1/a)
不同脉冲重复率下各个试样中电树枝的分形维数均随加压时间的增加而增大，选取各个试样击穿前的电树枝图像，计算其分形维数。同一频率下，对5个试样击穿前的图像进行分形维数的计算，并取分形维数的平均值和方差作图，图5为3个脉冲频率下环氧改性不饱和聚酯浸渍漆中电树枝分形维数的变化范围。
从图5可以看出，在3种脉冲电压重复率下，环氧改性不饱和聚酯浸渍漆试样中电树枝分形维数变化较小、形状特征相似，说明试验所用频率范围不足以完全改变试样中电树枝的形态结构类型。可见，电树枝在非晶聚合物中的发展，不仅与聚合物材料本身结构有关，还与外施电压和环境因素有很强的相关性。
2.3 电树枝的生长曲线
定义电树枝沿径向的最大生长距离为径向长度r，径向长度r随时间t的变化率为电树枝的径向生长速率v1。在重复率为500、1 000、2 000 Hz，幅值为7 kV的脉冲电压下，得到环氧改性不饱和聚酯复合试样中电树枝的径向长度随时间的变化，如图6所示。从图6可以看出，电树枝的径向长度r随加压时间的延长而增大。
对电树枝的径向生长曲线进行线性拟合，计算不同脉冲电压重复率下电树枝的平均径向生长速率，统计得到500、1 000、2 000 Hz下电树枝的平均径向生长率分别为18.9、45.2、72.6 μm/min。可以看出，电树枝引发后生长速度较快，随脉冲电压重复率的增加，电树枝的平均径向生长速率明显增大，但两者并不呈线性关系。这是因为电树枝的发展过程与电荷的注入-抽出有密切的关系，通道内获得充足能量的电荷会攻击聚合物的分子链并引发局部放电。当脉冲电压的重复率增加，电荷的注入-抽出过程更加频繁，使得有更多的热电子撞击聚合物大分子链，局部放电的次数增加，同时产生了更多的气体，局部高压和局部高温的联合作用促进了电树枝的发展[32]。与此同时，随着重复率的增加，电压正、负半个周期的变化时间缩短，每个周期内电子的加速过程变短，使得单个电子在每个周期获得的能量减少，从而单个电子在每个周期产生的局部放电的幅值减小[33]。在两个方面的相互作用下，电树枝的径向生长速率与脉冲电压重复率并非呈严格线性关系。
2.4 电树枝沿绝缘带界面的横向延伸特性
电树枝自针尖引发后，先在不饱和聚酯漆中生长至绝缘带，随后沿着绝缘带横向延伸，需经过较长时间的停滞后，试样才发生击穿，击穿时间明显比纯浸渍漆的长。在不同重复率的双极性方波脉冲电压作用下，环氧改性不饱和聚酯浸渍漆配合聚酰亚胺薄膜补强云母带复合试样中电树枝沿绝缘带界面横向延伸的典型特征图像如图7所示。
从图7可以看出，复合材料中的绝缘带对电树枝的生长起阻碍作用，且绝缘带的耐电强度比浸渍漆强。电树枝生长至绝缘带后，因绝缘带的阻碍作用使其沿着绝缘带界面横向延伸，并且电树枝通道的颜色逐渐加深，直径逐渐变大。浸渍漆中未生长至绝缘带的分支会加速发展至绝缘带，待分支生长到绝缘带后，其直径也开始逐渐加大，颜色变深。在电压的持续作用下，电树枝的树干宽度逐渐增加，这表明电树枝对聚合物的破坏面积逐渐增大。
定义电树枝沿绝缘带横向延伸长度d为沿针-板电极中轴线方向距离绝缘带50 μm内，电树枝在平行于板电极方向（横向）的最大长度，电树枝沿绝缘带横向延伸速率v2为延伸长度d随时间的变化速率。绘制不同脉冲电压重复率下电树枝沿绝缘带横向延伸长度d随时间变化的曲线，如图8所示。
从图8可以看出，电树枝生长至绝缘带的前50 min内，电树枝沿绝缘带的横向延伸速率v2与脉冲电压重复率呈正相关，但电树枝沿绝缘带横向延伸的最终长度与重复率无明显相关性。这是因为不同重复率下电树枝的形态特征不同，使得电树枝生长到绝缘带时的初始横向延伸长度不同。此时，已经生长至绝缘带的电树枝沿着绝缘带横向延伸，仍未生长至绝缘带的电树枝分支开始加速生长，最终也会生长至绝缘带，造成绝缘带与浸渍漆界面处电树枝沿带生长的差异性较大。
3 结论
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（1）随脉冲电压重复率增加，复合试样中电树枝引发时间缩短、引发率提高，平均径向生长速率增大，表明在研究的重复率范围内，浸渍漆的耐电树能力随脉冲电压重复率的增加而减弱。
（2）在3种脉冲电压重复率下，复合试样中的电树枝均呈枝状，且树枝较为稀疏。随重复率提高，电树枝分支增加、放电通道变细，分形维数变化较小，说明试验重复率范围不足以完全改变环氧改性不饱和聚酯复合试样中电树枝的形态结构类型。
（3）绝缘带对电树枝生长具有阻碍作用，电树枝生长至绝缘带后沿界面横向生长，大幅延长了试样击穿的时间，说明复合绝缘的耐电树能力相对纯浸渍漆更强。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(51477133)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021GY-129)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2022年第55卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.016
  • 接收时间：2021-09-10
  • 首发时间：2025-12-23
  • 出版时间：2022-06-20
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  • 收稿日期：2021-09-10
  • 修回日期：2021-11-16
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(51477133)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021GY-129)
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    1中车永济电机有限公司，陕西 西安 710016
    2西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室， 陕西 西安 710049
    3西安中车永电捷力风能有限公司，陕西 西安 710018
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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