Article(id=1210201123286290877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201122451624379, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1630944000000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-07, revisedDate=1637164800000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766464032241, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1655654400000, pubDateStr=2022-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766464032241, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766464032241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766464032241, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210201122451624379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766464032042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563098203, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616636105683369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201122451624379, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616636105683370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210201122451624379, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210201123592475073, articleId=1210201123286290877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Intrinsic Conductivity Measuring Condition and Data Processing for Space Insulating Material Based on Charge Decay Method, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problerm of seleting energy in the intrinsic conductivity measurement by charge decay method,the intrinsic conductivity of polyimide was measured by charge decay method under the electron irradiation energy range from 5 keV to 20 keV. The influence of irradiated electron energy on the test results was studied, and the fitted method of surface potential decay data was improved by adding a polarization decay time constant. The results show that a higher irradiated electron energy causes a higher charged balance potential on the surface of insulating material, resulting in more serious polarization inside the dielectric, which affects the test results of the conductivity in charge decay method. The surface potential decay data can be fitted and interpreted well by the improved method, which provides an basis for the selection of irradiated electron energy.

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针对电荷衰减法本征电导率测试中辐照电子能量选取问题,测试了5~20 keV电子辐照下聚酰亚胺材料的本征电导率,研究了辐照电子能量对测试结果的影响规律,并提出极化衰减时间常数,改进了表面电位衰减数据处理方法。结果表明:能量越大的电子辐照会在绝缘材料表面产生幅值越高的充电平衡电位,导致材料内部发生更为严重的极化现象,影响了本征电导率的测试分析结果。而改进后的处理方法能够很好地拟合和解释表面电位衰减数据,为辐照电子能量的选取提供依据。

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谭文军(1988-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,副教授,主要从事高分子功能材料设计与开发的研究。
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王金晓(1982-),女(汉族),河南禹州人,高级工程师,主要从事空间功能材料与环境适应性的研究。

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王金晓(1982-),女(汉族),河南禹州人,高级工程师,主要从事空间功能材料与环境适应性的研究。

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王金晓(1982-),女(汉族),河南禹州人,高级工程师,主要从事空间功能材料与环境适应性的研究。

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电子能量/keV衰减时间常数/s本征电导率/(×10-15 Ω-1·m-1)
55 4001.64
108 1001.09
159 6000.92
2012 0000.74
), ArticleFig(id=1210652078599443219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210201123286290877, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同能量电子辐照下PI材料本征电导率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电子能量/keV衰减时间常数/s本征电导率/(×10-15 Ω-1·m-1)
55 4001.64
108 1001.09
159 6000.92
2012 0000.74
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基于电荷衰减法的空间绝缘材料本征电导率测试条件及数据处理研究
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王金晓 1 , 陈益峰 1 , 柳青 2 , 孙勇 3 , 秦晓刚 2 , 杨生胜 2 , 李伟 1 , 谭文军 1
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2022,55(6): 101-106
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2022, 55(6): 101-106
基于电荷衰减法的空间绝缘材料本征电导率测试条件及数据处理研究
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王金晓1, 陈益峰1, 柳青2, 孙勇3, 秦晓刚2, 杨生胜2, 李伟1, 谭文军1
作者信息
  • 1许昌学院 化工与材料学院,河南 许昌 461000
  • 2兰州空间技术物理研究所, 甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 3许绝电工股份有限公司,河南 许昌 461000
  • 王金晓(1982-),女(汉族),河南禹州人,高级工程师,主要从事空间功能材料与环境适应性的研究。

通讯作者:

谭文军(1988-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,副教授,主要从事高分子功能材料设计与开发的研究。
Intrinsic Conductivity Measuring Condition and Data Processing for Space Insulating Material Based on Charge Decay Method
Jinxiao WANG1, Yifeng CHEN1, Qing LIU2, Yong SUN3, Xiaogang QIN2, Shengsheng YANG2, Wei LI1, Wenjun TAN1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
  • 2Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 3Xujue Electricial Co., Ltd., Xuchang 461000, China
出版时间: 2022-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.018
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针对电荷衰减法本征电导率测试中辐照电子能量选取问题,测试了5~20 keV电子辐照下聚酰亚胺材料的本征电导率,研究了辐照电子能量对测试结果的影响规律,并提出极化衰减时间常数,改进了表面电位衰减数据处理方法。结果表明:能量越大的电子辐照会在绝缘材料表面产生幅值越高的充电平衡电位,导致材料内部发生更为严重的极化现象,影响了本征电导率的测试分析结果。而改进后的处理方法能够很好地拟合和解释表面电位衰减数据,为辐照电子能量的选取提供依据。

电荷衰减法  /  本征电导率  /  辐照电子能量  /  极化效应

Aiming at the problerm of seleting energy in the intrinsic conductivity measurement by charge decay method,the intrinsic conductivity of polyimide was measured by charge decay method under the electron irradiation energy range from 5 keV to 20 keV. The influence of irradiated electron energy on the test results was studied, and the fitted method of surface potential decay data was improved by adding a polarization decay time constant. The results show that a higher irradiated electron energy causes a higher charged balance potential on the surface of insulating material, resulting in more serious polarization inside the dielectric, which affects the test results of the conductivity in charge decay method. The surface potential decay data can be fitted and interpreted well by the improved method, which provides an basis for the selection of irradiated electron energy.

charge decay method  /  intrinsic conductivity  /  irradiated electron energy  /  polarization
王金晓, 陈益峰, 柳青, 孙勇, 秦晓刚, 杨生胜, 李伟, 谭文军. 基于电荷衰减法的空间绝缘材料本征电导率测试条件及数据处理研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (6) : 101 -106 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.018
Jinxiao WANG, Yifeng CHEN, Qing LIU, Yong SUN, Xiaogang QIN, Shengsheng YANG, Wei LI, Wenjun TAN. Intrinsic Conductivity Measuring Condition and Data Processing for Space Insulating Material Based on Charge Decay Method[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (6) : 101 -106 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.018
卫星在轨运行期间将与空间高能电子、等离子体和太阳辐照等发生作用,导致电荷在星用绝缘材料表面和内部积累,从而产生充放电效应,造成卫星功能材料损坏、电子系统干扰、能源系统功率损耗甚至短路,严重威胁着卫星的正常运行和在轨安全[1-5]
星用绝缘材料的本征电阻率是确定积累电荷分布和平衡的重要参数,直接决定卫星的充电平衡电位和充电速率,因此星用绝缘材料的性能及其测试方法一直是卫星充放电效应研究的重点[6]。2005年前后,美国喷气推进实验室(JPL)提出:由于空间充放电环境中的电荷注入方法、电极数目等因素与地面存在较大差异,传统的三电极方法[7]并不完全适用于空间绝缘材料本征电导率的测试,因而建立了电荷衰减法[8-10]。研究表明电荷衰减法测得的电导率比三电极法低1~4个数量级,能够更为准确地预测在轨试验中静电放电脉冲的辐值与频率[11],因此该方法得到了国内外航天机构的广泛研究和认可[12-17]
目前,NASA-HDBK-4002A等国内外航天标准规范中明确规定采用电荷衰减法测试星用绝缘材料的本征电导率[18-21]。标准中建议采用能量为千电子伏(keV)量级的电子辐照绝缘材料,材料厚度一般为1~2 mm[21]。当材料表面充电至平衡状态时,停止辐照并监测电位衰减规律,从而计算得到本征电导率。但相关报道中均未研究辐照电子的能量大小是否会影响电导率的测试结果,因此测试中辐照电子的能量选取成为急需解决的关键问题。
本研究采用能量为5~20 keV的辐照电子开展电荷衰减法对星用绝缘材料本征电导率的测试,重点分析辐照电子能量对电导率测试结果的影响,并对电荷衰减法中的数据处理方法进行优化改进,为辐照电子能量的选取提供依据,以期对电荷衰减法本征电导率测试技术的应用及充放电效应预示评估提供参考。
电荷衰减测试本征电导率的试验原理为利用电子枪产生电子束辐照绝缘材料,使其表面充电到平衡状态,然后停止辐照并继续监测材料表面的电位衰减规律,样品充电平衡后的电位衰减可用式(1)[18-21]拟合。
Vt=V0×exp (-tτ)
式(1)中:Vt为表面电位;V0为充电平衡时表面电位;t为表面电位衰减时间;τ为衰减时间常数。
通过式(1)拟合获得衰减时间常数τ,利用式(2)~(3)可计算绝缘材料的本征电导率。
τ=ε0εrρ
σ=1ρ
式(2)~(3)中:ε0为真空绝对介电常数;εr为相对介电常数;ρ为电阻率;σ为电导率。
基于上述试验原理,测试星用典型绝缘材料聚酰亚胺(PI)的本征电导率,PI材料为美国杜邦公司生产,加工成直径为100 mm、厚度为1.5 mm的样品,并将其背面进行镀铝处理。样品镀铝面放置于两绝缘块上,使其与样品台绝缘,中心连接导线,引出真空室与微电流计相连。
试验装置示意图如图1所示,采用电子枪分别产生能量为5、10、15、20 keV,束流密度均为0.3 nA/cm2的电子辐照PI材料,并通过非接触式表面电位计测试其表面电位,测试时表面电位计与材料样品表面的距离为5 cm。当电子枪开始辐照时,每间隔10 min测试一次材料表面的充电电位,若相邻间隔时间内充电电位的变化幅值低于50 V时,即可判定表面电位已达到了平衡。
当PI材料表面电位达到平衡后便停止电子辐照,继续利用非接触式表面电位计监测表面电位的衰减规律。因为停止电子辐照后的60 min是电位衰减最快的时间段,所以每间隔5 min测试一次表面电位;此后电位衰减趋势将变缓,则每间隔10 min测试一次;若表面电位幅值小于500 V或下降至充电平衡电位幅值的1/4以下时,电位衰减将非常缓慢,因此可以每30 min测试一次。
基于试验测试获得电位衰减结果,采用式(1)对其进行拟合获得衰减时间常数τ,通过式(2)~(3)计算出PI材料的本征电导率。
绝缘材料的充电平衡电位与辐照电子的能量密切相关。试验中分别采用能量为5、10、15、20 keV的电子辐照PI材料,测得表面电位随辐照时间的变化规律如图2所示。从图2可以看出,PI材料表面电位的幅值均随辐照时间增加而升高,当辐照时间为60 min时,不同能量电子辐照下的PI材料的表面电位都达到了平衡状态。同时随着辐照电子能量的升高,PI材料的平衡电位的幅值升高。当辐照电子能量为5 keV时,其平衡电位仅为-2 000 V左右,而当辐照电子能量增加至20 keV时,平衡电位的幅值约为-11 000 V。这主要是由于辐照电子会在材料表面产生负电荷积累,从而对后续辐照的电子产生阻挡效应,使得能量较低的电子无法达到材料表面,而能量高的电子能够突破阻挡作用进一步辐照材料并在表面积累,导致表面充电电位的幅值更高。因此,能量越大的辐照电子在绝缘材料表面产生的平衡电位幅值越高。
当绝缘材料表面电位达到平衡后,停止电子辐照并继续监测表面电位变化。不同能量电子辐照后,PI材料表面电位随时间的衰减规律及采用式(1)拟合的结果如图3所示。
图3可以看出,当停止电子辐照后,PI材料表面电位幅值先迅速下降,随着时间的增加再缓慢下降。根据双陷阱理论[22-24],被浅陷阱束缚的电荷容易脱陷,因此开始阶段的电位衰减较快,随着时间的增加,深陷阱的电荷脱陷需要克服更大的束缚,电位衰减速度减慢;同时电荷出陷概率与停止辐照时被载流子占据的陷阱密度密切相关,初始阶段载流子占据的陷阱密度大,电荷出陷概率大,电位衰减快,随着载流子占据的陷阱密度越来越小,电荷脱陷概率也越来越小,电位衰减也越来越慢。
图3还可以看出,随着辐照电子能量从5 keV增加至20 keV,样品电位衰减所需的时间从600 min增加至1 200 min。这主要是由于辐照电子能量越大,样品表面平衡电位的幅值越高,而表面电位幅值越高,电位作用时间越长将导致入陷的电荷数量越多[23],因此所需的衰减时间越长。
采用式(1)对表面电位衰减数据拟合后可以发现,能量越高的电子辐照PI材料,产生的表面电位衰减时间常数τ越大,当辐照电子能量为5 keV时,τ仅为5 400 s,而当能量增至20 keV时,τ增至12 000 s;继而采用式(2)~(3)计算出不同能量电子辐照下PI材料本征电导率值,结果如表1所示。
表1可以看出,能量越高的电子辐照后,拟合计算获得的PI材料本征电导率越小,当电子能量从5 keV增加至20 keV,测试获得的本征电导率从1.64×10-15 Ω-1·m-1下降为0.74×10-15 Ω-1·m-1。由此可见,在采用电荷衰减法测试绝缘材料本征电导率的过程中,辐照电子的能量选取将直接影响测试结果。这是由于在电子辐照绝缘材料时,电荷将在材料表面积累并产生数千至上万伏的充电电位,从而在材料内部产生强电场E,如图4所示。在电场的作用下,绝缘材料内部将产生极化效应,直接影响绝缘材料固有的电导率和介电常数。由于不同能量的电子辐照绝缘材料将在其表面产生不同的充电电位,其内部的极化程度也不相同,因此采用未考虑极化效应的拟合方法计算获得的本征电导率必然存在较大差异。
同时,绝缘材料内部的极化效应也可以很好地解释图3中表面电位的衰减规律:当电子辐照刚停止时,PI材料表面仍具有较高的充电电位,此时材料内部极化程度较为严重,导致其表面电位衰减的速度快;随着时间的增加,表面电位幅值不断下降,材料内部极化逐渐减缓,表面电位衰减的速度趋于缓慢。
基于上述分析,在采用电荷衰减法测试绝缘材料本征电导率过程中,不同能量的辐照电子在材料表面积累不同的充电电位,导致材料内部产生不同程度的极化现象,而式(1)未考虑材料极化对拟合结果的影响。因此,对表面电位衰减数据拟合方法进行改进,将衰减时间常数τ优化为本征衰减时间常数τd和极化衰减时间常数τp两部分组成,并考虑了极化现象对材料介电常数的影响,则式(1)可改写为式(4),而绝缘材料的本征电导率则为式(5)
Vt=V0×ε0×exp(-tτd)ε0-εr×exp-tτp+εr   
σ=ε0εrτd
采用式(4)对不同能量电子辐照后PI材料的表面电位数据进行拟合,即可获得本征衰减时间常数τd和极化衰减时间常数τp,拟合结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,虽然测试PI材料本征电导率采用了不同能量的电子辐照,但利用式(4)拟合获得本征衰减时间常数τd数值范围为28 200~28 800 s,其数值基本一致。进一步利用式(5)计算,分别采用5、10、15、20 keV电子辐照测试获得的PI材料本征电导率为3.11×10-16、3.13×10-16、3.07×10-16、3.07×10-16 Ω-1·m-1,测试结果基本一致。这也符合本征电导率是绝缘材料固有参数的认识。
同时,随着辐照电子能量的升高,材料极化衰减时间常数τp呈增加趋势,当辐照电子能量从5 keV增加至20 keV时,τp也由1 800 s增至16 800 s。这是由于能量越高的电子辐照将在材料产生更为严重的电离效应,导致聚合物介质内部的陷阱密度和能级均增加[24],使得入陷电荷的数量和陷阱对电荷的束缚能力随之增大;同时电子辐照能量越高,表面充电电位幅值越高,且电位作用时间更长,导致入陷的电荷数量越多,因此所需的极化衰减时间也更长,这也验证了该数据拟合方法的合理性。
(1)在不同能量电子的辐照下,PI材料表面将产生-2 000 V至-11 000 V的充电平衡电位,导致材料内部产生极化效应,且表面电位幅值越大,材料内部极化越严重,从而影响本征电导率的测试分析结果。
(2)改进后的处理方法拟合获得不同能量电子辐照下本征电导率的测试结果基本一致,而极化衰减时间常数随着辐照电子能量的增加而增加,符合表面电位对绝缘材料内部极化程度的影响规律,验证了该数据处理方法的正确性。
  • 国防重点实验室基金项目(6142205200102)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.018
  • 接收时间:2021-09-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-06-20
补充材料
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作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2021-09-07
  • 修回日期:2021-11-18
基金
国防重点实验室基金项目(6142205200102)
作者信息
    1许昌学院 化工与材料学院,河南 许昌 461000
    2兰州空间技术物理研究所, 甘肃 兰州 730000
    3许绝电工股份有限公司,河南 许昌 461000

通讯作者:

谭文军(1988-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,副教授,主要从事高分子功能材料设计与开发的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.06.018
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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