Article(id=1209928459762135142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928452547933122, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.06.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695744000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-27, revisedDate=1699372800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766399024191, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766399024191, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766399024191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766399024191, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209928452547933122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766399022471, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563931405, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620130816561673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928452547933122, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620130816561674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928452547933122, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209928460022182006, articleId=1209928459762135142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of coating silicone grease on electrical-thermal-mechanical field at interface of 110 kV cable terminal joint under thermal ageing, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the effect of coating silicone grease on the distribution of multiple physical fields at the crosslinked polyethylene/silicone rubber composite interface under thermal ageing, the electrical-thermal-mechanical multi-physics field model of 110 kV cable terminal joints was established using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The distribution of electric field, temperature field, and stress field at the composite interface before and after coating silicone under thermal ageing was simulated. The results show that after coating with silicone grease, the sealing degree of the interface increases, which decreases the distortion degree of the electric field and leads to the slight decrease of the temperature rise of the interface, but the stress of the interface distributes unevenly. After ageing, the swelling of silicone grease on silicone rubber increases the relative dielectric constant of silicone rubber, and the interfacial charge density, and causes the electric field strength increase further. The increase of temperature promotes the penetration of silicone grease to silicone rubber, which decreases the thermal conductivity of silicone rubbe and make the interface temperature higher than that before ageing. Under thermal ageing, the elastic modulus of the silicone rubber coating with silicone grease decreases significantly and the interfacial stress decreases further.

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为了研究热老化条件下高压电缆终端接头内涂覆硅脂对交联聚乙烯绝缘/硅橡胶绝缘复合界面多物理场分布的影响,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了110 kV电缆终端接头电-热-力多物理场模型,仿真分析了热老化下涂覆硅脂前后复合界面电场、温度场以及应力场的分布。结果表明:界面涂覆硅脂后,增加了界面的密封性,使界面电场畸变程度减小,界面温升略微下降,但界面应力呈现不均匀分布。老化后,硅脂对硅橡胶的溶胀造成硅橡胶相对介电常数升高,界面电荷密度增大,电场强度进一步增大。温度升高加剧了硅脂对硅橡胶的渗透,使硅橡胶材料热导率降低,界面温度较老化前升高。老化后,涂覆硅脂的硅橡胶弹性模量大幅降低,界面应力进一步减小。

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李秀峰(1974-),女(汉族),山东青岛人,副教授,主要从事电缆料及电缆附件关键问题与技术、纳米复合电介质特性及应用的研究。
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张巍(1998-),男(汉族),山东威海人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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张巍(1998-),男(汉族),山东威海人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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张巍(1998-),男(汉族),山东威海人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料相对介电常数体积电导率/(S/m)导热系数/(W/(m·K))弹性模量/MPa
XLPE未涂覆老化前2.153.92×10-150.301.08×102
未涂覆老化后2.351.11×10-140.310.97×102
涂覆老化前2.113.58×10-150.311.04×102
涂覆老化后2.341.09×10-140.320.95×102
SR未涂覆老化前2.931.57×10-150.261.35
未涂覆老化后3.132.72×10-140.230.87
涂覆老化前2.851.11×10-150.271.01
涂覆老化后3.214.86×10-140.220.76
), ArticleFig(id=1217749116772336064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928459762135142, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料相对介电常数体积电导率/(S/m)导热系数/(W/(m·K))弹性模量/MPa
XLPE未涂覆老化前2.153.92×10-150.301.08×102
未涂覆老化后2.351.11×10-140.310.97×102
涂覆老化前2.113.58×10-150.311.04×102
涂覆老化后2.341.09×10-140.320.95×102
SR未涂覆老化前2.931.57×10-150.261.35
未涂覆老化后3.132.72×10-140.230.87
涂覆老化前2.851.11×10-150.271.01
涂覆老化后3.214.86×10-140.220.76
), ArticleFig(id=1217749116835250625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928459762135142, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Surface roughness parameters of XLPE, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数表面轮廓高度的平均值W/μm表面轮廓高度的均方根Sw/μm表面轮廓宽度的平均值A/μm表面轮廓宽度的均方根Sa/μm表面轮廓基本单元高度的平均值R/μm
数值4.083.882.286.321.02
), ArticleFig(id=1217749116906553794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928459762135142, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

XLPE表面粗糙度参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数表面轮廓高度的平均值W/μm表面轮廓高度的均方根Sw/μm表面轮廓宽度的平均值A/μm表面轮廓宽度的均方根Sa/μm表面轮廓基本单元高度的平均值R/μm
数值4.083.882.286.321.02
), ArticleFig(id=1217749116973662659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928459762135142, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Structural dimensional parameters of 110 kV power cables, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称内直径/mm外直径/mm厚度/mm
导电线芯34
内屏蔽3436.41.2
绝缘36.468.416
外屏蔽68.470.41
), ArticleFig(id=1217749117049160132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928459762135142, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

110 kV电力电缆结构尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称内直径/mm外直径/mm厚度/mm
导电线芯34
内屏蔽3436.41.2
绝缘36.468.416
外屏蔽68.470.41
), ArticleFig(id=1217749117128851909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928459762135142, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=110 kV power cable simulation parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数交联聚乙烯硅橡胶半导电屏蔽
体积电导率/(S/m)5.99×1073.92×10-15*1.57×10-15*3.00
相对介电常数1.00×1042.15*2.93*1.00×102
恒压热容/(J/(kg·K))3.85×1021.63×1032.00×1031.48×103
导热系数/(W/(m·K))4.00×1020.30*0.26*0.29
密度/(g/cm3)8.890.921.121.34
弹性模量/MPa1.26×1051.08×102*1.35*1.14
泊松比0.340.370.490.49
), ArticleFig(id=1217749117212737990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928459762135142, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

110 kV电力电缆仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数交联聚乙烯硅橡胶半导电屏蔽
体积电导率/(S/m)5.99×1073.92×10-15*1.57×10-15*3.00
相对介电常数1.00×1042.15*2.93*1.00×102
恒压热容/(J/(kg·K))3.85×1021.63×1032.00×1031.48×103
导热系数/(W/(m·K))4.00×1020.30*0.26*0.29
密度/(g/cm3)8.890.921.121.34
弹性模量/MPa1.26×1051.08×102*1.35*1.14
泊松比0.340.370.490.49
), ArticleFig(id=1217749117292429767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928459762135142, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Estimates of each parameter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数σ/μmβm/μmη/μmAre/Aa/%d/μm
计算值1.972.770.231.25130
), ArticleFig(id=1217749117401481672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928459762135142, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各参数计算值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数σ/μmβm/μmη/μmAre/Aa/%d/μm
计算值1.972.770.231.25130
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热老化下涂覆硅脂对110 kV电缆终端接头界面电-热-力场的影响
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张巍 1 , 韩圣斌 1 , 李秀峰 1 , 刘正第 1 , 魏凯 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2024,57(6): 76-85
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2024, 57(6): 76-85
热老化下涂覆硅脂对110 kV电缆终端接头界面电-热-力场的影响
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张巍1, 韩圣斌1, 李秀峰1, 刘正第1, 魏凯2
作者信息
  • 1山东理工大学 电气与电子工程学院,山东 淄博 255000
  • 2山东七星电气科技发展有限公司,山东 淄博 255000
  • 张巍(1998-),男(汉族),山东威海人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

通讯作者:

李秀峰(1974-),女(汉族),山东青岛人,副教授,主要从事电缆料及电缆附件关键问题与技术、纳米复合电介质特性及应用的研究。
Effect of coating silicone grease on electrical-thermal-mechanical field at interface of 110 kV cable terminal joint under thermal ageing
Wei ZHANG1, Shengbin HAN1, Xiufeng LI1, Zhengdi LIU1, Kai WEI2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
  • 2Shandong Seven Star Electric Technology Development Co., Ltd., Zibo 255000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.06.012
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为了研究热老化条件下高压电缆终端接头内涂覆硅脂对交联聚乙烯绝缘/硅橡胶绝缘复合界面多物理场分布的影响,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了110 kV电缆终端接头电-热-力多物理场模型,仿真分析了热老化下涂覆硅脂前后复合界面电场、温度场以及应力场的分布。结果表明:界面涂覆硅脂后,增加了界面的密封性,使界面电场畸变程度减小,界面温升略微下降,但界面应力呈现不均匀分布。老化后,硅脂对硅橡胶的溶胀造成硅橡胶相对介电常数升高,界面电荷密度增大,电场强度进一步增大。温度升高加剧了硅脂对硅橡胶的渗透,使硅橡胶材料热导率降低,界面温度较老化前升高。老化后,涂覆硅脂的硅橡胶弹性模量大幅降低,界面应力进一步减小。

电缆终端接头  /  电-热-力  /  硅脂  /  绝缘老化

In order to study the effect of coating silicone grease on the distribution of multiple physical fields at the crosslinked polyethylene/silicone rubber composite interface under thermal ageing, the electrical-thermal-mechanical multi-physics field model of 110 kV cable terminal joints was established using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The distribution of electric field, temperature field, and stress field at the composite interface before and after coating silicone under thermal ageing was simulated. The results show that after coating with silicone grease, the sealing degree of the interface increases, which decreases the distortion degree of the electric field and leads to the slight decrease of the temperature rise of the interface, but the stress of the interface distributes unevenly. After ageing, the swelling of silicone grease on silicone rubber increases the relative dielectric constant of silicone rubber, and the interfacial charge density, and causes the electric field strength increase further. The increase of temperature promotes the penetration of silicone grease to silicone rubber, which decreases the thermal conductivity of silicone rubbe and make the interface temperature higher than that before ageing. Under thermal ageing, the elastic modulus of the silicone rubber coating with silicone grease decreases significantly and the interfacial stress decreases further.

cable termination joints  /  electrical-thermal-mechanical  /  silicone grease  /  insulation ageing
张巍, 韩圣斌, 李秀峰, 刘正第, 魏凯. 热老化下涂覆硅脂对110 kV电缆终端接头界面电-热-力场的影响. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (6) : 76 -85 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.06.012
Wei ZHANG, Shengbin HAN, Xiufeng LI, Zhengdi LIU, Kai WEI. Effect of coating silicone grease on electrical-thermal-mechanical field at interface of 110 kV cable terminal joint under thermal ageing[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (6) : 76 -85 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.06.012
电缆附件在电力输配电系统中扮演着衔接、过渡等重要角色,是保证电力系统正常运行不可或缺的重要组成部分。电缆附件包含电缆中间接头和电缆终端接头,由于其内部使用多层固体介质绝缘结构[1-2],实际运行过程中在电、热、力和环境因素的共同作用下,电缆本体交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘和附件硅橡胶(SR)绝缘逐渐发生老化[3],导致复合界面处的电气、力学等性能下降,影响电缆的可靠运行。
目前,国内外学者针对电缆终端XLPE和SR复合界面的电场、温度场以及力学特性展开了大量研究。昝海斌等[4]分析了高压电缆终端接头在绝缘层和应力锥界面出现气泡和水珠缺陷时的电场分布特性,结果表明复合绝缘界面出现气泡和水珠时会使界面电场发生畸变,严重时可导致绝缘层发生局部放电。谢晨等[5]通过改变应力锥处绝缘部分和导电部分的分配比例以及金属应力曲率,采用电流-温度-电压仿真法对电缆终端电场进行优化,提高了电缆终端的可靠性。孟春玲等[6]基于弹性力学理论和试验,建立110 kV预制式电缆终端接头界面压力的仿真模型,发现界面压力与应力锥弹性模量呈正相关。王磊等[7]建立了电缆接头沿电缆方向的纵向剖面模型,研究电缆接头温度场分布,通过对模型施加相应的热载荷,发现电缆接头温度与导体间的接触压力成反比,与电缆导电线芯中的电流成正比。
硅橡胶预制式电缆附件在实际运行时,为了增加电缆本体与附件界面处的密封度[8-9],通常会在界面处涂覆一层硅脂[10]。而在电缆附件的长期运行过程中,硅脂会逐渐渗入硅橡胶中引起溶胀[11],导致硅橡胶的体积电阻率下降。文献[12-13]表明涂覆硅脂的XLPE/SR界面会出现显著的空间电荷特性变化,并且硅橡胶的力学性能也会发生劣化。而对电缆本体XLPE绝缘层和接头内硅橡胶绝缘界面涂覆硅脂发生老化后,电缆终端接头界面处电场、温度场以及界面应力的影响报道较少。
本文使用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,建立110 kV电缆终端接头仿真模型,研究涂覆硅脂老化前后对电缆终端接头XLPE/SR复合界面电场、温度场、界面应力分布的影响规律。
XLPE试样制备:选用南京中超新材料股份有限公司生产的XLPE绝缘料,使用平板硫化机在175℃、15 MPa的条件下压制成若干个厚度约为 1 mm的试片。
SR试样制备:选用山东七星电气科技发展有限公司提供的SR生胶,使用平板硫化机在135℃、15 MPa的条件下模压12 min,冷却3 min后取出,制得若干个厚度为1 mm的试样。
在制备好的交联聚乙烯试样表面均匀涂覆一层硅脂,然后将硅橡胶试样平铺在涂覆硅脂后的交联聚乙烯试样表面上,用质量为10 kg的铁板施加压力,并将其放入135℃热老化箱中加速老化168 h。
采用固体绝缘材料电容量及介损测量装置(QS87型,上海杨高电器有限公司)对各试样的介电常数进行测试。实验电压为1 kV,试样直径为50 mm,厚度为1 mm。
采用三电极系统(高阻计为ZC36型,上海第六电表厂有限公司),在23℃下测量各试样的体积电阻率(其倒数为体积电导率)。实验电压为1 kV,试样直径为50 mm,厚度为1 mm。
采用激光闪射导热仪(LFA 467 HyperFlash型,德国耐驰公司)分别测量涂覆硅脂老化前后XLPE和SR的导热系数,测量电压为250 V,脉冲宽度为400 ns。
使用冲压机按照GB/T 1040—2018和GB/T 528—2009分别将交联聚乙烯和硅橡胶试样裁剪成5型哑铃状试样和Ⅱ型哑铃状试样。采用万能试验机(UTM2103型,深圳三思纵横公司)按照上述标准分别对XLPE和SR试样的弹性模量进行测定,XLPE和SR的拉伸速度分别设定为250 mm/min和500 mm/min。每组试样各测5次,并求取平均值作为测试结果。试样的弹性模量计算公式为式(1)
E=ΔσΔε
式(1)中:E为聚合物的弹性模量;ΔσΔε分别为拉伸时的应力值和应变值。
采用原子力显微镜(WY-6800-AFM型,微仪光电(天津)有限公司)对XLPE材料表面粗糙度进行观测。在接触模式下扫描范围是10 μm×10 μm,垂直分辨率为0.03 nm,水平分辨率为0.2 nm,扫描点为512×512。
各试样的体积电导率、相对介电常数、导热系数、弹性模量测试数据列于表1中。XLPE试样表面粗糙度参数如表2所示。
本文使用YJLW03-1×800 mm2型110 kV电压等级XLPE绝缘电缆作为研究对象,尺寸参数如表3所示。为了下文计算方便,将电缆终端结构图简化,其剖视图如图1所示。表4为电力电缆仿真参数[14]
静电场是存在于静止电荷周围、不随时间变化的电场。工频交流电气设备中,不同电位导体间的电位差随时间的变化比较缓慢,导体间距离远小于相应电磁场的波长,所以在任一瞬间工频交流电气设备中的电场可近似视作为静电场[15-17],其基本方程为式(2)
H=J+Dt;B=0E=J+Bt;D=ρ
对于各向同性电介质,有式(3)~(4)。
J=γE
D=ε0εrE
式(2)~(4)中:J表示电流密度;H表示磁场强度;B表示磁感应强度;D表示电感应强度矢量;E表示电场强度;ρ表示电荷密度;γ表示电导率;ε0表示真空介电常数;εr表示相对介电常数。
温度场控制方程如式(5)所示
ρCpuT=(kT)+Q
式(5)中:Cp表示恒压热容;ρ表示材料密度;k表示导热系数;u表示位移;T表示温度;Q为热源。
电缆终端产热方式主要考虑导体的焦耳热以及绝缘损耗产热[18]
对于单芯电缆,导体产热率如式(6)所示。
Q=I2R/S
式(6)中:Q为单位时间内单位长度导体产生的热量;I为通过导体的电流;R为单位长度导体的交流电阻;S为导电线芯的截面积。
绝缘损耗产热功率如式(7)所示。
P=U2ωCtanδ
式(7)中:U表示施加在电介质的电压;P表示绝缘损耗发热功率;C表示电介质电容;ω表示角频率;tanδ表示介质损耗因数。
应力场控制方程如式(8)所示。
s+Fv=0                      s=s0+C:(εte-εin-εth)C=C(e,v)                          εte=(u+(u)T)/2          εth=α(T)(T-Tref)          
式(8)中:s表示应力状态量;Fv表示连续分布在构件内部各点处的力;s0表示应力张量的初始值;εte表示物体内部各点相对于初始状态的变形量;εth表示应变阈值;εin表示应变张量的初始值;e表示杨氏模量;υ表示横向应变系数;u表示物体内各点相对于参考位置的位移量;α表示热膨胀系数;Tref表示应变参考温度。
根据高压电缆接头实际运行条件,电场的初始条件为:将电缆线芯导体的电位设置为64 kV,频率设置为50 Hz;边界条件为:绝缘屏蔽层与接地部位为0电位。温度场的初始条件为:将接头外部环境温度设置为293.15 K即20℃;边界条件为:将接头与空气接触的屏蔽层的对流换热参数h取5.6 W/(m2·K)[14]。应力场的初始条件为:电缆附件与主绝缘结合界面的初始面压取0.25 MPa[19],远离电缆接头处忽略轴向传热,即该处轴向位移分量为0;边界条件为:接头表面的约束条件为没有任意位移与外施压力,即设置为自由[14]
将模型进行简化网格剖分处理,简化后的示意图如图2所示。取值位置以界面应力锥根部处为起点,沿轴向长度210 mm绘制界面陷阱能级、电荷密度、电场、温度场以及应力场的分布曲线。
电缆附件为固-固(XLPE/SR)绝缘结构,固体介质表面并非绝对光滑,其接触界面存在微米级空腔[20]。由于空腔中的气隙和固体绝缘介电常数不同,在界面空腔与固体绝缘交界处极易引发电场畸变,导致绝缘劣化。因此,通过涂覆硅脂减小界面空腔尺寸或将其有效填充,提高电缆附件的界面电气性能。
采用表2交联聚乙烯表面粗糙度参数和文献[21]中界面接触理论的力学模型,计算轮廓峰值高度的标准偏差(σ[22]、空腔的曲率半径(βm[22]、表面密度(η[23]、真实界面与参考界面接触面积的比值(Are/Aa[24],计算公式如式(9)~(12)所示。将其计算结果代入式(13)中,计算界面空腔的平均直径d
σ=0.35W2+Sw2
βm=A2+Sa216R
η=1.2D2,  D=1/AR
Are/Aa3.2PaE'σ/βm
d=2Aa-Arenπ                                  n=1.21ηAaPa(ησβm)E'σ/βm0.88
式(9)~(13)中:WSw分别是表面轮廓高度的平均值和均方根;ASa分别为表面轮廓宽度的平均值和均方根;R为表面轮廓基本单元高度的平均值;Are/Aa为真实界面与参考界面接触面积的比值;Pa为界面的接触压力;E′为交联聚乙烯和硅橡胶复合弹性模量。
上述计算所得界面空腔参数值如表5所示。
为探究界面存在气隙空腔涂覆硅脂对XLPE/SR界面电-热-力场分布的影响,根据表5界面空腔参数值,在XLPE和SR界面处构建空腔,相邻空腔之间存在连接区,连接距离和空腔直径相同,均为130 μm,其示意图以及界面处电场、温度和应力分布曲线取值位置如图3所示。涂覆硅脂前、后的界面电场分布以及温度分布曲线如图4所示。涂覆硅脂区域的应力分布曲线如图5所示。
图4(a)可以看出,界面存在空腔时电场强度最高达到5.98 kV/mm,且畸变严重。而填充硅脂后,界面电场畸变程度下降,场强降低至3.72 kV/mm。当界面存在微小气隙时,交联聚乙烯与硅橡胶界面无法紧密贴合,形成半实半空的接触形态[20],在此种形态下,空腔的存在会使界面电场强度发生畸变。而界面涂覆硅脂后,由于硅脂是由聚二甲基硅氧烷与白炭黑混合而成[25],具有较高的润滑性和密封性,减小了空腔的数量及尺寸,提高了界面的气密性,改善了电场分布。
图4(b)可知,与未涂覆硅脂相比,在轴向距离小于175 mm范围内,空腔填充硅脂后的界面温度出现略微下降;当轴向距离大于175 mm,涂覆硅脂前后界面处温度无明显变化。可见,涂覆硅脂对界面处温度影响较小。
图5(a)可以看出,界面含有空腔时,存在3种界面结合区,分别为XLPE/SR/硅脂交界处、空腔内部区域以及XLPE/SR交界面。不同界面结合区的应力呈现不均匀分布,XLPE/SR/硅脂三者交界处的应力最大,若空腔内部为纯硅脂区域,其应力最小,XLPE/SR界面应力介于两者之间。由于XLPE/SR/硅脂三者形成三层复合界面,XLPE/SR形成双层复合界面,其交界面都会受到安装附件初始面压的影响,复合材料间相互挤压产生的应力存在差异,导致三层复合介质的界面压力比双层复合介质更大。而纯硅脂区域内部未和其他材料形成界面,各部位弹性模量一致,受到挤压程度较小,所以其应力分布均匀且较小。
电缆附件在长期运行过程中,硅脂扩散进入硅橡胶内部,破坏硅橡胶与白炭黑之间的物理交联结构和硅橡胶本身的化学交联结构[26],加速绝缘的老化,会对复合界面的电气强度、温度和应力分布造成影响。为了进一步探究涂覆硅脂对XLPE/SR界面老化特性的影响,对电缆终端复合界面进行电-热-力场仿真分析。
高压电缆终端接头界面电场分布不均匀,易发生局部电场畸变,而电场畸变主要受界面电荷分布的影响[27]。与直流电场下不同,空间电荷在交流电场下的积聚是一个长期过程,这个过程也是绝缘材料的劣化过程[28]。在这个过程中,电荷不断地注入、抽出,同时带电载流子被电缆绝缘内部存在的陷阱捕获[29],导致空间电荷积聚。为了研究XLPE/SR界面电荷运输机理,通过电荷被捕获概率和载流子迁移率探究界面电荷的迁移过程。
电荷从被捕获的陷阱中脱陷的概率如式(14)所示[30]
n=Bexp-EtkBT-eλE(x)2kBT
式(14)中:B为常数;Et为陷阱能级;kB为玻尔兹曼常数;T为温度;e为电子电荷量;λ为陷阱间平均距离;E(x)为外施电场强度;x指陷阱所处的坐标位置。
载流子的迁移率如式(15)所示[31]
μ=2λvEexp (-ϕkBT)sinh (eEλ2kBT)
式(15)中:v为声子频率;ϕ为相邻陷阱间的势垒。
式(14)可知,电荷的脱陷概率与电场强度成正比,与陷阱能级成反比。因此,电场强度越高,电荷从深能级陷阱脱陷的概率越大。由式(15)可见,相邻陷阱间的势垒越大,载流子的迁移速率越小。应力锥根部处由于自身几何结构的影响,电场强度较大[32],无论正电荷或负电荷,较易从入陷的陷阱中脱陷,但电荷在电场强度增大方向迁移途径的陷阱能级较深[33],电荷在深陷阱间跳跃传递时迁移速率缓慢,容易出现积聚现象。由3.1节界面电场分布可知,随着轴向距离的增加,电场强度逐渐减小,电荷从陷阱中脱陷的概率有所降低,而电荷沿电场强度减小方向迁移途径的陷阱能级相对较浅[33],因此,电荷向电场减小方向移动的迁移率大于向电场增大方向移动的迁移率,减小了界面电荷的积累。
在电缆附件运行中,XLPE/SR界面涂覆硅脂可以有效提高界面的击穿强度[34],但随着硅脂对硅橡胶的溶胀作用,XLPE/SR界面的绝缘强度降低[35]。为了模拟硅橡胶涂覆硅脂对电缆终端XLPE/SR界面电场强度的影响,通过改变涂覆硅脂老化前后绝缘材料的相对介电常数和体积电导率来表征界面的电场强度变化[36]。110 kV电缆终端电场分布情况如图6所示。未涂覆和涂覆硅脂老化前后XLPE与SR界面电场强度变化曲线如图7所示。
图67可以看出,随着轴向距离的增加, XLPE/SR界面的电场强度呈现“阶梯状”下降分布,第一阶段电场强度下降至2 kV/mm左右,而第二阶段电场强度下降较快,降至0.5 kV/mm以下。应力锥根部处的高场强加大了此处的深陷阱能级[33],载流子在此处的迁移速率减慢,会发生电荷积聚现象。另外,交联聚乙烯在长时间交流电压作用下,内部会积聚不随交流相位变化的非交变电荷[37],此类电荷消散缓慢,在电场作用下非交变电荷向应力锥根部区域迁移[29],引起界面电荷积聚。因此,另一阶段电场强度下降速率缓慢。而第二阶段,随着界面距离的增加,电场线逐渐稀疏,对电荷的束缚力减小[14],电荷容易扩散,导致衰减速度较快,电荷积聚密度较小,电场强度相对较低。
图7还可以看出,老化前,涂覆硅脂后的界面电场强度小于未涂覆硅脂时的电场强度。硅脂以Si-O键和CH3基为主,是非极性绝缘膏体,硅脂的涂覆会填充XLPE/SR固体界面的微小气隙,形成交联聚乙烯/硅脂/硅橡胶三层微界面,改善了介电常数的非连续性,使电场畸变程度减小。
老化后,未涂覆硅脂的界面电场强度小幅上升,最高达到2.70 kV/mm。老化过程中,交联聚乙烯和硅橡胶分子链结构发生断裂[38],生成游离基和小分子短链,可供极化分子数量增多,相对介电常数增大。若小分子和游离基发生聚集,易形成空间电荷[3],界面电场强度发生畸变。
涂覆硅脂老化后复合界面上最大电场强度继续增大,高达3.19 kV/mm。在此条件下,两种材料的相对介电常数和体积电导率会发生变化(如表1所示),进而影响界面的电荷密度,其关系表达式如式(16)所示[39]
σ=ε0(γ1ε2-γ2ε1)d1γ2+d2γ1U0
式(16)中:σ为界面的电荷密度;ε0为真空介电常数;γ1γ2分别为XLPE和SR的体积电导率;ε1ε2分别为XLPE和SR的相对介电常数;d1d2分别为XLPE和SR的厚度;U0为两层介质上的电压。
由于硅脂和硅橡胶都属于以硅氧键为主链的聚有机硅氧烷[19],老化过程中,硅脂不断渗透到硅橡胶中去,引入了大量与硅橡胶主链结构相似的短链,这些短链分子对硅橡胶自由体积的填充使硅橡胶体积增大,发生溶胀[26],导致硅橡胶单位体积内可极化分子数增多[40],极化程度增大,硅橡胶的相对介电常数ε2增大。由于硅脂对XLPE几乎不发生溶胀[41],近似认为XLPE的厚度d1基本不变,而硅脂对SR的溶胀作用会导致硅橡胶体积增大,使其厚度产生变化。当厚度变化小于等于0.5 mm,界面电荷密度仅增大了0.85%,硅橡胶的厚度d2变化对界面电荷密度的影响甚微。可见,界面两种材料的相对介电常数和电导率的变化对电荷密度占据主导因素。将表1中未涂覆硅脂和涂覆硅脂老化后两种介质的电导率和相对介电常数分别代入式(16),发现涂覆硅脂老化后界面的电荷密度增大了73.2%,因此涂覆硅脂老化后界面电场强度最大。
110 kV电缆终端温度场分布如图8所示,未涂覆和涂覆硅脂老化前后XLPE与SR复合界面温度变化曲线如图9所示。
图8可以看出,对于标称截面积为800 mm2的110 kV交联聚乙烯电缆而言,当达到额定载流量1 200 A时,导电线芯运行温度为75.0℃,温度自导电线芯沿径向距离逐渐降低,符合热传导定律。XLPE/SR界面温度最高出现在应力锥根部,高达56.0℃。这是由于应力锥根部处电荷密度较大,电荷积聚使介质电容增大[14],由式(7)可知,绝缘损耗的发热功率与介质电容成正比,导致此处温度较高。随着轴向距离的增加,电场强度下降较快,电荷逐渐扩散,界面温度下降较快。
图9可以看出,在老化前,未涂覆硅脂的XLPE/SR界面温度最高为55.2℃。从径向传热的角度来看,由于XLPE与SR间的不完全接触或者存在微小的间隙,使界面留有空气层,而空气的导热系数较小,热量在XLPE和SR界面之间的传导速度相对较慢,温度较高。从轴向传热的角度来看,硅橡胶的热量主要靠“声子”进行传导,即晶体网格或交联网络振动的定向传递[42]。而硅橡胶材料分子链间空隙较大,空间网格传递振动的能力有限,导热性能受到其掺杂的白炭黑颗粒所形成的附聚体的尺寸影响较大[43]。白炭黑颗粒间传递振动的效率更高,使介质的整体热扩散能力略微提升,因此,界面轴向温度范围介于41.1~55.2℃。涂覆硅脂后,界面温度出现略微下降。这是由于此时硅脂充当导热媒介,代替原有的空气层,导热系数变大[14],径向热量传输更加顺畅,使界面温度出现略微降低。同时,沿轴向方向硅脂填了充空气层,也可有效降低界面热阻[44],加快轴向方向的传热速率,因此界面温度值较未涂覆硅脂时降低。
老化后,未涂覆硅脂的试样,XLPE/SR界面温度上升了2.1℃左右。这与XLPE和SR导热系数的变化密切相关。由表1试样的导热数据可知,相比于老化前,老化后未涂覆硅脂的试样,交联聚乙烯的导热系数升高0.01 W/(m·K),而硅橡胶的导热系数下降了0.03 W/(m·K),热量自XLPE向SR传输效率较低,界面径向传热受阻,温度升高。另外,热老化会对硅橡胶内部交联网络的结构造成一定影响。老化后,硅橡胶Si-O键发生断裂[45],白炭黑颗粒与硅橡胶基体粘附力逐渐减小,白炭黑颗粒自由度提升,增加了空间网格多方向的振动,硅橡胶内交联网络定向传递效率下降,导热能力降低,界面轴向传热速率缓慢,热量在界面发生滞留,界面温度升高。
涂覆硅脂老化后,界面温度再次升高,最高达到57.9℃。一方面,热老化的作用加剧了硅脂对硅橡胶的渗透,硅橡胶体积膨胀,改变了硅橡胶的表面轮廓,导致硅橡胶表面粗糙度增加[46],材料热导率变小,界面处再次出现空气层,界面径向传热能力降低,温度升高。另一方面,硅脂对硅橡胶的溶胀作用加速了硅橡胶的老化,导致硅橡胶的交联结构破坏严重[26],白炭黑颗粒与硅橡胶基体的粘附力更弱,降低了硅橡胶交联网络定向传热的连续性,界面轴向传热效率降低,因此界面温度比未涂覆硅脂老化时进一步升高。
图10为110 kV电缆终端应力分布图。图11为未涂覆和涂覆硅脂老化前后XLPE与SR复合界面的应力变化曲线。从图1011可以看出,界面应力最大值出现在交联聚乙烯、应力锥和硅橡胶三者交界处,高达0.198 MPa,并且随着轴向距离的增加,界面应力呈现先降低后升高的分布规律。从表4可以看出,3种材料的弹性模量存在较大的差异,其形成的交界面受到硅橡胶的预扩张所产生的“抱紧力”的影响[47],导致界面处相互挤压,从而引起应力集中,导致应力锥根部处界面应力较大。在界面距离13 mm处形成XLPE/SR界面,由于此处电场强度较高,使绝缘损耗产热率增大,引起局部热点集中,温度升高,造成分子间热运动速率增大,作用力减弱,从而使XLPE和SR材料弹性模量降低,界面应力显著减小。随着轴向距离的增加,电场强度减小,电荷逐渐消散,使温度下降较快,此时,两种绝缘介质的分子热运动速率减缓,运动阻力升高,分子间作用力增强,导致界面应力随之增大。
老化前,与未涂覆硅脂相比,涂覆硅脂后的界面应力略有减小。虽然交联聚乙烯的弹性模量出现下降(如表1所示),但对界面应力的变化程度极小[48],故可忽略交联聚乙烯弹性模量的变化对界面应力的影响,而硅橡胶试样弹性模量大幅下降,其抵抗形变能力变弱,从而使电缆接头SR与XLPE之间的“抱紧程度”减小,导致界面应力略有减小。另外,由于硅脂分子具有较强的渗透性,能够渗透到XLPE/SR界面的微观孔隙和裂纹中,从而降低了应力集中的程度,使界面应力略有减小。
老化后,未涂覆硅脂试样界面应力减小,而涂覆硅脂试样界面应力进一步减小。根据表1数据可知,老化后,未涂覆硅脂的硅橡胶弹性模量降低了35.6%,而涂覆硅脂的硅橡胶弹性模量进一步下降了43.7%。由于界面应力与硅橡胶的弹性模量呈正相关[43],涂覆硅脂老化造成硅橡胶弹性模量的下降,从而导致界面应力明显降低。且老化过程中,硅橡胶发生氧化和裂解反应引起分子链断链,消除了链段运动的阻力[43],出现应力松弛现象,也进一步导致界面应力下降。随着硅脂对硅橡胶的渗透速率逐渐增大,使硅橡胶体积膨胀,分子间距离增加,分子链的热运动加剧,削弱了分子间作用力,宏观表现为橡胶弹性模量降低,界面应力明显下降。
(1)复合界面气隙空腔涂覆硅脂后,使界面电场畸变强度变小,界面温升略微降低。但涂覆硅脂后存在三种界面结合区,各界面结合区的应力呈现不均匀分布。
(2)涂覆硅脂硅脂填充了界面的空隙,使界面电场强度减小。但热老化后,温度升高加速了硅脂对硅橡胶的溶胀,单位体积内引入更多的可极化分子,硅橡胶的相对介电常数增大,使界面积聚更多电荷,界面电场强度增大。
(3)界面涂覆硅脂后,由于硅脂的导热系数较大,使界面热量传输速率较快,界面温度下降。热老化后,硅脂对硅橡胶的渗透速率加快,造成硅橡胶的交联结构被破坏,降低了交联网络传热的连续性,界面温度升高。
(4)局部电场强度增大、温度升高加剧了硅橡胶分子链的热运动,使分子间的作用力减弱,产生应力松弛现象,造成界面应力减小。老化后,涂覆硅脂试样界面应力进一步下降。可见,电缆附件界面涂覆硅脂可以解决界面密封不良的问题,改善了界面电场和温度畸变程度,但在热老化条件下,硅脂对硅橡胶的溶胀作用加速了硅橡胶的老化,导致界面电-热-力场畸变,劣化了界面性能。
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2024年第57卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.06.012
  • 接收时间:2023-09-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-27
  • 修回日期:2023-11-08
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淄博市张店区校城融合发展计划项目(2021JSCG0009)
作者信息
    1山东理工大学 电气与电子工程学院,山东 淄博 255000
    2山东七星电气科技发展有限公司,山东 淄博 255000

通讯作者:

李秀峰(1974-),女(汉族),山东青岛人,副教授,主要从事电缆料及电缆附件关键问题与技术、纳米复合电介质特性及应用的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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