Article(id=1209927807430431294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927804129514029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.04.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1681142400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-11, revisedDate=1688659200000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398868663, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398868663, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398868663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398868663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927804129514029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='129', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398867876, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563872818, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619885072282300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927804129514029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619885072282301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927804129514029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=100, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927807673700932, articleId=1209927807430431294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on different scales of defects in XLPE based on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is subject to various environmental or human factors during production, laying, and operation, which can generate structural defects at different scales and affect the electrical performance of XLPE. In this paper, the molecular defects, aggregated structural defects, and macroscopic air gap defects in XLPE power cables were reconstructed and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and transmission and reflection modules of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The results show that the amplitude and phase information of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy exhibit sensitive to the structural changes of polar molecules and aggregates, respectively. The location and size of hidden air gap defects can be accurately identified and calculated by the combined technique of transmission and reflection modules of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, realizing the nondestructive detection of defects at different scales.

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交联聚乙烯(XLPE)在生产、敷设、运行过程中会受到多种因素影响,产生不同尺度的结构缺陷,进而影响XLPE的电气性能。本文对XLPE电力电缆中常见的分子缺陷、聚集态结构缺陷与宏观气隙缺陷进行了重构,并结合X射线衍射测试(XRD)与太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)的透射和反射模块对3种尺度的缺陷进行表征。结果表明:太赫兹时域光谱的电压幅值、相位信息分别表现出关于极性分子与聚集态结构变化的敏感特性;通过太赫兹时域光谱透射与反射模块的联用技术,可精准识别并计算出内部气隙缺陷的位置及尺寸,实现对不同尺度缺陷的无损检测。

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冯阳(1992-),女(汉族),江苏南通人,博士生,研究方向为新型储能聚合物电介质、高性能高分子介电材料、高分子介电材料服役特性;
李盛涛(1963-),男(汉族),四川邛崃人,教授,主要从事电介质理论及其应用、电气功能材料及器件、极端条件下的绝缘材料和绝缘技术的研究。
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廉泽(1991-),男(汉族),山西运城人,博士,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、太赫兹技术在电气工程中的应用。

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廉泽(1991-),男(汉族),山西运城人,博士,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、太赫兹技术在电气工程中的应用。

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廉泽(1991-),男(汉族),山西运城人,博士,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、太赫兹技术在电气工程中的应用。

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时间/天(110)晶面衍射峰(200)晶面衍射峰
衍射角2θ/(°)晶面间距/nm衍射角2θ/(°)晶面间距/nm
021.400 90.414 923.651 20.375 9
321.409 90.414 723.701 20.375 1
621.450 90.413 923.751 20.374 3
1821.400 90.414 923.701 20.375 1
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不同热处理时间XLPE试样的晶面参数

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时间/天(110)晶面衍射峰(200)晶面衍射峰
衍射角2θ/(°)晶面间距/nm衍射角2θ/(°)晶面间距/nm
021.400 90.414 923.651 20.375 9
321.409 90.414 723.701 20.375 1
621.450 90.413 923.751 20.374 3
1821.400 90.414 923.701 20.375 1
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基于太赫兹时域光谱的XLPE不同尺度缺陷研究
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廉泽 1 , 李新禹 2 , 俞华 1 , 冯阳 2 , 李盛涛 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024,57(4): 100-108
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024, 57(4): 100-108
基于太赫兹时域光谱的XLPE不同尺度缺陷研究
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廉泽1, 李新禹2, 俞华1, 冯阳2, 李盛涛2
作者信息
  • 1国网山西省电力公司电力科学研究院,山西 太原 030001
  • 2西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 廉泽(1991-),男(汉族),山西运城人,博士,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、太赫兹技术在电气工程中的应用。

通讯作者:

冯阳(1992-),女(汉族),江苏南通人,博士生,研究方向为新型储能聚合物电介质、高性能高分子介电材料、高分子介电材料服役特性;
李盛涛(1963-),男(汉族),四川邛崃人,教授,主要从事电介质理论及其应用、电气功能材料及器件、极端条件下的绝缘材料和绝缘技术的研究。
Study on different scales of defects in XLPE based on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Ze LIAN1, Xinyu LI2, Hua YU1, Yang FENG2, Shengtao LI2
Affiliations
  • 1Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Corporation, Taiyuan 030001, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2024-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.04.014
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交联聚乙烯(XLPE)在生产、敷设、运行过程中会受到多种因素影响,产生不同尺度的结构缺陷,进而影响XLPE的电气性能。本文对XLPE电力电缆中常见的分子缺陷、聚集态结构缺陷与宏观气隙缺陷进行了重构,并结合X射线衍射测试(XRD)与太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)的透射和反射模块对3种尺度的缺陷进行表征。结果表明:太赫兹时域光谱的电压幅值、相位信息分别表现出关于极性分子与聚集态结构变化的敏感特性;通过太赫兹时域光谱透射与反射模块的联用技术,可精准识别并计算出内部气隙缺陷的位置及尺寸,实现对不同尺度缺陷的无损检测。

交联聚乙烯  /  太赫兹时域光谱  /  缺陷  /  无损检测

Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is subject to various environmental or human factors during production, laying, and operation, which can generate structural defects at different scales and affect the electrical performance of XLPE. In this paper, the molecular defects, aggregated structural defects, and macroscopic air gap defects in XLPE power cables were reconstructed and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and transmission and reflection modules of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The results show that the amplitude and phase information of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy exhibit sensitive to the structural changes of polar molecules and aggregates, respectively. The location and size of hidden air gap defects can be accurately identified and calculated by the combined technique of transmission and reflection modules of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, realizing the nondestructive detection of defects at different scales.

cross-linked polyethylene  /  terahertz time domain spectroscopy  /  defects  /  nondestructive testing
廉泽, 李新禹, 俞华, 冯阳, 李盛涛. 基于太赫兹时域光谱的XLPE不同尺度缺陷研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (4) : 100 -108 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.04.014
Ze LIAN, Xinyu LI, Hua YU, Yang FENG, Shengtao LI. Study on different scales of defects in XLPE based on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (4) : 100 -108 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.04.014
交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)以其优异的电气、力学性能被广泛应用于中高压电力电缆[1]。但XLPE在生产、敷设、运行过程中受到多种环境或人为因素影响,导致产生不同尺度的结构缺陷[2-3]。大量研究表明,缺陷是导致绝缘性能差异的重要原因[4-5]。因此,亟需开发并形成一种能够检测XLPE中各个尺度缺陷的技术手段。
目前关于缺陷的研究,文献[5]将其尺寸划分为3个尺度:纳米尺度、微米尺度、毫米尺度。其中,纳米尺度缺陷主要包含生产、服役过程中的小分子物质与极性基团。针对纳米尺度缺陷,范路等[6]利用气相色谱-质谱对XLPE绝缘层中交联副产物的种类和含量进行了测定;钟琼霞等[7]研究了交联副产物对XLPE空间电荷行为的影响;李加才等[8]通过分子模拟研究了交联剂和抗氧剂对低密度聚乙烯绝缘料熔体黏弹特性的影响。微米尺度缺陷主要包含不完善的球晶、结晶区/无定形区界面和结晶区/真空界面等聚集态结构缺陷。OUYANG B H等[9]研究指出,XLPE在长期运行过程中可能会由于热的作用引发球晶破损。ZHANG Z P等[10]研究发现预交联XLPE试样具有较低的结晶度与交联度,导致击穿场强降低;LI K L等[11]研究发现XLPE在水树老化过程中,结晶度逐渐降低,且通过扫描电子显微镜观察到微米级别的裂纹。毫米尺度缺陷包含生产过程中引入的气泡、固体杂质颗粒以及服役过程产生的刀痕与气隙等宏观缺陷。邓繁盛等[12]研究发现电缆终端复合界面存在金属微粒时,界面缺陷区域的电场、温度场以及应力场存在不同程度的畸变。王伟等[13]基于激光超声技术实现了对盆式绝缘子气泡、裂纹等缺陷的识别。然而,目前缺陷检测方法普遍存在以下3个问题:①需要高电压、强电流的实验环境,较为危险;②无法满足对XLPE电缆大规模无损检测的要求;③缺乏一种能够有效辨别各个尺度缺陷的有效手段[14]
本文分别重构XLPE的分子、聚集态结构与宏观缺陷,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)测试的透射、反射模块表征XLPE电缆在生产、敷设、运行过程中的常见缺陷,探究太赫兹时域光谱对电介质缺陷的无损检测效果。
图1(a)(b)分别为太赫兹时域光谱的透射模式与反射模式原理图。从图1可以看出,太赫兹时域光谱系统主要由飞秒激光器、太赫兹辐射装置、太赫兹探测装置、时间延迟控制系统以及各种光学透镜组成。其基本工作原理为:飞秒激光器产生的飞秒激光通过分光棱镜分光后分为两路,一路作为泵浦激光,一路作为探测激光。泵浦激光经透镜聚焦到光电导天线上产生太赫兹波。产生的太赫兹波通过离轴偏光镜组成的光学系统后,与探测光汇合,被探测光探测并记录下来。通过控制高精度的电动平移台构成的时间延迟系统来调节泵浦脉冲和探测脉冲之间的时间延迟,最终可以探测出太赫兹波的整个时域波形。透射模式与反射模式的主要区别在于二者由离轴偏光镜构成的光学系统有所不同。
太赫兹时域光谱系统检测的是穿透试样后的太赫兹波脉冲信号,对穿透试样的太赫兹信号与参考信号进行快速傅里叶变换(FFT),经过计算后可以得到试样在太赫兹频段的介电特性。图2为太赫兹波E0(ω)通过复折射率为n^s(ω)、厚度为l的电介质试样的传播路径。一部分入射波在试样界面Γ1发生一次反射得到反射波Er1(ω),另一部分在界面Γ1发生折射后经过界面Γ2反射,再从界面Γ1折射出试样,得到反射波Er2(ω),依次将后续多次反射波记为Ern(ω)
测试过程中,控制太赫兹波法向入射,保证环境湿度小于3%,可以假定空间中n^0(ω)=1,则Et(ω)可由式(1)表达[15]
Et(ω)=E0(ω)ττ'exp(-jn^s(ω)ωlc)1+ρ'2exp(-2jn^s(ω)ωlc)+ρ'4exp(-4jn^s(ω)ωlc)+=ττ'exp(-jn^s(ω)ωlc)FP(ω)E0(ω)
式(1)中:ω为角频率;j为虚数单位。由空间传输到介质表面的波的复透射系数与复反射系数分别为τ=2/(1+n^s)ρ=(1-n^s)/(1+n^s);同理,由介质传输到空间的波的复透射系数与复反射系数分别为τ'=2n^s/(1+n^s)ρ'=(n^s-1)/(n^s+1)c为真空中的光速;FP(ω)表示样品内多次反射产生的法布里-珀罗效应,表达式如式(2)所示[16]
FP(ω)=1+ρ'2exp(-2jn^s(ω)ωlc)+ρ'4exp(-4jn^s(ω)ωlc)+=m=0ρ'2exp(-2jn^s(ω)ωlc)m=1-ρ'2exp(-2jn^s(ω)ωlc)
由于太赫兹时域光谱仪的器件回波会对图像分辨率产生影响,且太赫兹波经过多次反射将产生较大衰减,因此高次回波通常不是研究重点。实际操作时,可以通过控制时域时间窗口以保证测试过程中不出现反射现象。这种测试条件下,太赫兹波通过试样后的信号可以表示为Es(ω),如式(3)所示。
Es(ω)=η4n^s(ω)n^s(ω)+12exp(-jn^s(ω)ωlc)E0(ω)
式(3)中,η为样品周围空间的透射系数,在没有试样的时候,参考信号Eref(ω)式(4)所示。
Eref(ω)=ηexp(-jωlc)E0(ω)
结合式(3)~(4),试样的传递函数H(ω)式(5)所示。
H(ω)=Es(ω)/Eref(ω)=4ns(ω)ns(ω)+12exp[-κs(ω)ωlc]exp-jns(ω)-1ωlc
式(5)中:ns(ω)为介质的折射率;κs(ω)为介质的消光系数。由式(5)进一步得到介质的折射率、消光系数,分别如式(6)~(7)所示[17]
ns(ω)=1-cωlϕ(ω)
κs(ω)=cωlln4ns(ω)ns(ω)+12-lnA(ω)
式(6)~(7)中:ϕ(ω)为传递函数的幅角;A(ω)为传递函数的幅值。
根据复介电常数与复折射率的关系,可以得到介质的介电常数实部与虚部,分别如式(8)式(9)所示。
ε'(ω)=ns2(ω)-κs2(ω)
ε(ω)=2ns(ω)κs(ω)
本文分子缺陷试样采用浸泡法制备,制备流程如下:将未服役的220 kV电缆环向切片成长度和宽度均约为0.5 mm的片状XLPE试样,并分别置于常见的交联副产物枯基醇(Aladdin公司,浓度为99%)、苯乙酮(Aladdin公司,浓度为99%)液体以及水中[18],如图3所示。为了使小分子物质更充分浸入XLPE中,将浸泡装置置于40℃恒温箱中(枯基醇、苯乙酮的熔点均为30℃左右),浸泡时间为15天,得到含有不同分子缺陷的XLPE试样[19]
聚集态结构缺陷试样制备流程如下:将片状XLPE试样置于绝缘油中,采用恒温烘箱进行真空热处理,热处理温度为120℃,时间分别为0、3、6、18天,最终得到4种不同聚集态结构的XLPE试样。
宏观缺陷试样制备流程如下:将未服役的220 kV电缆轴向切片成厚度为5.35 mm的块状试样,将钢针的针尖段垂直插入试样深度约为1.502 mm的位置,制作直径约为0.25 mm、长度约为10 mm的针孔型缺陷,得到气隙缺陷试样如图4所示。
采用大恒光电公司生产的CIP-TDS型太赫兹时域光谱仪系统进行试验。太赫兹发射端采用低温生长GaAs光导天线,探测器采用ZnTe晶体。采用波长为800 nm、脉冲宽度为80 fs、重复频率为80 MHz的锁模蓝宝石激光器产生和检测太赫兹波。太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)的带宽为3.5 THz,对应动态范围为55 dB。测试在透射与反射模块下进行,全程保证湿度低于3%,激光源功率偏差在3%以内。为减小误差,测试前后采样两次,结果取平均值。
X射线衍射分析(XRD)是分析材料结晶特性的一种有效手段。采用德国Bruker D8 ADVANCE型XRD衍射仪对XLPE试样进行XRD扫描,测试工作电压为40 kV,工作电流为40 kA,扫描角度范围为15°~30°,步长为0.05°。
图5为含不同分子缺陷XLPE试样的太赫兹时域光谱。从图5中可以看出,相较于参考信号ref,无缺陷XLPE试样的太赫兹时域光谱电压幅值略有降低,这是因为XLPE为非极性聚合物,属于典型的太赫兹透明材料,在太赫兹频段表现出较高的透过率和极低的吸收率[20]。同时,相较于参考信号ref无缺陷XLPE试样的太赫兹时域光谱相位向右移动,这是因为XLPE的折射率约为1.5,大于真空折射率,造成太赫兹波在试样中的传输速率减慢,导致其到达太赫兹波探测器所需时间较长,最终表现为信号相位向右移动。
虽然不同试样的太赫兹时域光谱相位总体略有右移,但差别不大。这是因为太赫兹频段在1011~1013 Hz内,极化形式主要为电子位移极化,水、枯基醇、苯乙酮在该频段内均无法发生转向极化,导致上述典型杂质与XLPE在高频介电常数上的差异较小[21]。此外,纳米尺度缺陷试样中仅含有极少量的水、枯基醇和苯乙酮,因此介电常数实部的变化较小,最终太赫兹时域光谱表现出很小的相位偏移。
进一步观察图5,相比于无缺陷XLPE试样,含有分子缺陷试样的太赫兹时域光谱电压幅值明显降低。不同于XLPE,水、枯基醇与苯乙酮均属于极性物质,在太赫兹频段具有较强的吸收,因而含有分子缺陷试样出现太赫兹波电压幅值降低的现象。观察不同缺陷试样幅值的差异,发现含有苯乙酮缺陷的XLPE试样电压幅值下降相比其他两种缺陷更为明显,这可能与XLPE中极性物质的含量及其本身在太赫兹频段的吸收特性相关。
图6为不同聚集态结构XLPE试样的太赫兹时域光谱图。从图6可以看出,热处理前期,XLPE试样的电压幅值略微升高。这是因为短时热处理消耗了XLPE试样内部的交联副产物,导致试样对太赫兹波的吸收降低。在热处理后期,电压幅值整体变化较小,说明交联副产物的残余量差距很小[7]。与分子缺陷试样区别较大的是,随着热处理时间的增加,不同聚集态结构XLPE试样太赫兹时域光谱的相位整体向左偏移,这归因于热处理后XLPE试样晶体结构的变化导致试样折射率发生变化。
由于热处理的温度为120℃,高于XLPE的熔融温度,导致热处理前后试样的厚度存在一定差异,厚度差异也会影响太赫兹时域光谱图。为排除厚度变化带来的影响,根据1.2节内容,计算得到与厚度无关的介电常数。图7为不同聚集态结构XLPE试样在太赫兹频段的介电常数实部。从图7可以明显看出,在热处理的前期,XLPE试样的介电常数实部升高,随着热处理天数的增加,介电常数实部逐渐降低。由于热处理环境无氧气参与,XLPE氧化所造成的影响几乎可以忽略,介电常数实部随热处理天数变化的现象主要与试样结晶特性的变化相关[22-23]
为研究热处理时间对XLPE聚集态结构的影响,采用XRD测试并表征了XLPE试样的结晶特性,结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,XLPE试样存在两个明显的晶区衍射峰,位于21.5°与24°附近,分别代表XLPE的(110)晶面与(200)晶面[24]
布拉格方程被广泛用于计算XLPE试样的晶面间距,如式(10)所示。
2dsinθ=nλ
式(10)中:d为晶面间距;λ为X射线的波长;n为衍射级数;2θ为衍射角度。
根据式(10)计算不同热处理时间XLPE试样的晶体参数,结果在表1中列出。从表1可以发现,当热处理时间小于6天时,(110)晶面与(200)晶面间距不断减小,表明此阶段XLPE晶体结构趋于完善。但当热处理时间达到18天,晶面间距开始增大,说明XLPE晶格中缺陷增多,致使晶格扩张,晶体结构趋于松散,晶体结构完整性遭到破坏。
基于XRD的结果,通过式(11)计算出XLPE的结晶度。
x=A(110)+A(200)A+A(110)+A(200)×100%
式(11)中:A(110)表示(110)晶面衍射峰面积;A(200)表示(200)晶面衍射峰面积;A表示无定形衍射区面积。
根据式(11)计算得到XLPE试样结晶度随热处理时间变化的曲线如图9所示。由图9可知,结晶度与晶面间距的变化趋势一致,进一步说明在热处理前期,XLPE晶体结构重新排列而发生重结晶,导致结晶度增大[25]。但在热处理后期,XLPE的片晶会受到垂直于片晶方向膨胀力的作用,导致片晶分子链弯曲断裂,进而导致结晶度降低[26]
提取0.5 THz下XLPE试样的介电常数实部,并将其与结晶度进行线性拟合,拟合的相关系数R2为0.945,结果如图10所示。从图10可以看出,结晶度越大,XLPE试样的介电常数实部越大。在太赫兹频段范围内,XLPE试样的介电常数实部主要由电子位移极化贡献。由于晶相堆积密度比非晶相大,在单位体积内,晶相中参与电子位移极化的原子数更多。因此,结晶度较高的XLPE试样表现出更高的介电常数[22,27]。上述结果表明,太赫兹时域光谱对于XLPE聚集态结构变化具有较强的敏感性,可用于检测XLPE中聚集态结构缺陷的变化。
图11为含有气隙缺陷XLPE试样的太赫兹时域光谱透射图。从图11可以发现,相较于无缺陷试样,含有气隙缺陷试样的太赫兹时域光谱电压幅值显著衰减。这是因为缺陷处的分界面较为粗糙,太赫兹波将在分界面上反射,导致能量损耗,进而降低了太赫兹时域光谱的电压幅值。同时,从图11还可以发现,含有气隙缺陷的XLPE试样的波形相位相对无缺陷XLPE试样左移。缺陷位置的气隙折射率与真空折射率相当,在光程不变的前提下,太赫兹波在含有气隙缺陷的XLPE试样内速度相对较快,信号也能够较早被探测器接收,这是造成太赫兹波相位左移的原因。值得注意的是,约26 ps、32 ps位置出现的回波为系统器件回波,无具体意义,一般在数据处理时将其截断。
进一步地,根据太赫兹时域光谱信号的相位信息,通过多层介质的等效介电常数模型,计算气隙的尺寸大小[28]。针对图11的信息,采用1.2节的处理方式,获得太赫兹时域光谱的频域图如图12所示。从图12可以发现,含有气隙缺陷的XLPE试样与正常试样的介电常数实部均随频率升高而略微降低。
选取图12中2 THz处的介电常数作为对比数据,用于分析气隙尺寸和深度:XLPE试样的介电常数εs=2.293,含有气隙缺陷的XLPE试样介电常数εe=2.229。
多层介质等效介电常数由式(12)给出[28-29]
εe=i=1nτiεi2
式(12)中:εe为等效介电常数实部;εi为第i层介质的介电常数实部;τi为第i层介质厚度占比,可以表示为式(13)
τi=hii=1nhi
式(13)中,hi为第i层介质的厚度。实际含有气隙缺陷的XLPE试样可以看作总厚度为H的三层介质模型,如图13所示。以此为基础,将式(13)代入式(12),则εeh2可以分别表示为式(14)式(15)
εe=h1εs+h2ε0+h3εsH2=(H-h2)εs+h2ε0H2
h2=(εs-εe)(εs-ε0)H
根据式(15)可以计算出h2≈0.221 mm,与实际缺陷尺寸直径0.25 mm相近,说明太赫兹时域光谱透射模块能较好地确定隐藏气隙的尺寸信息。
进一步分析含气隙缺陷XLPE试样的深度位置信息。观察图13可知,太赫兹时域光谱透射模式中太赫兹波是由试样的一个界面入射,并从另一个界面射出,因而理论上应当存在多次回波信号E1(ω)E2(ω)E3(ω)Ei(ω)。然而,在实际测试中,试样的多次回波信号在反射中被大幅削弱,且图8中系统器件的回波也将干扰试样的反射回波。同时,含气隙的多层结构特征,导致无法根据探测到的试样回波信号确定反射信号的界面归属。本文首次采用太赫兹时域光谱反射模块解决上述问题。
图14为含有气隙缺陷XLPE试样的太赫兹时域光谱反射图(对图像进行了适当偏移)。从图14可以看出,参考ref信号与有无气隙缺陷试样的信号主波波峰位置均在5.206 ps左右,且由于XLPE透过性强、反射率低,导致参考信号的电压幅值约为试样电压幅值的7倍[30]。对比有无气隙缺陷XLPE试样的太赫兹电压幅值,可以发现二者的主波电压幅值几乎相同,但含有气隙缺陷的XLPE试样在延迟时间为18.946 ps时出现了明显的二次回波反射信号,无缺陷XLPE试样中并未观测到这一现象。结果表明,太赫兹波在穿透XLPE试样后,于气隙表面发生了二次反射并最终作为回波被太赫兹探测器收集,证明了反射模块检测气隙缺陷的可行性。
图15为太赫兹波在含有气隙缺陷XLPE试样中的反射模型,为直观描述,将太赫兹波直接在XLPE表面的反射路径与在气隙表面的反射路径分别标记为路径1与路径2。首先,根据透射模式测出的XLPE试样介电常数εs、真空介电常数ε0与入射角θ1,通过式(16)~(17)计算太赫兹波在XLPE试样表面的反射角与折射角θ2θ3
θ1=θ2=45°
sinθ3sinθ1=n0nsε0εs
式(17)中,n0ns分别为真空折射率与XLPE试样的折射率。
进一步,将εs=2.293与ε0=1代入式(17),得到θ3的表达式如式(18)所示。
θ3=arcsin(ε0εssinθ1)
根据路径1与路径2的不同,可以计算出二者的时间差Δt,如式(19)所示。
Δt=t2-t1
式(19)中:t1表示路径1所需时间;t2表示路径2所需时间。考虑到太赫兹波在真空与试样中传播速度的差异,需要将两种路径分为多段进行计算,如式(20)所示。
Δt=2L1'cns+L2'+L3'+L4'cn0-L1+L2+L3cn0
式(20)中:n0=1,L1L2L3图15中路径1的太赫兹波行进中产生的光程;L1′、L2′、L3′、L4′为图15中路径2的太赫兹波行进中产生的光程。消去路径中消耗时间相同的空间路程,可得到式(21)
Δt=2L1'cns+ΔL2cn0-ΔL1cn0-ΔL3cn0
由于控制入射波为x轴正方向入射,且反设镜1摆放位置与x轴夹角θ0为22.5°,因此有ΔL1=ΔL2,代入式(21),得到式(22)
Δt=2L1'cns-ΔL3cn0=2hnsccosθ3-2htanθ3cosθ2n0c=h(2nsccosθ3-2tanθ3cosθ2n0c)
式(22)中,h为气隙深度,则h可表示为式(23)
h=Δt2nsccosθ1-2tanθ3cosθ2n0c
结合图14缺陷回波相位信息,可以计算出两种光程时间差Δt(单位为ps),如式(24)所示。
Δt=18.94667-5.206566=13.750104
将式(16)、(18)、(24)代入式(23),得到h≈1.539 mm,与实际气隙深度1.502 mm比较,误差仅为3.7%。结果表明,太赫兹时域光谱不仅能够确定XLPE中气隙的尺寸大小,而且能够完成对隐藏缺陷深度的精准定位。
本文对XLPE电力电缆生产、运行中常见的3种缺陷进行了重构,结合XRD与THZ-TDS的透射、反射模式表征了XLPE缺陷试样的微观结构,阐述了太赫兹时域光谱与XLPE分子缺陷、聚集态结构缺陷、宏观气隙缺陷之间的关联,得到如下主要结论:
(1)分子缺陷:含水、枯基醇、苯乙酮缺陷XLPE试样的太赫兹时域光谱幅值下降明显,但相位变化较小,这主要由极性物质对太赫兹波的强吸收引起。
(2)聚集态结构缺陷:真空热处理导致试样聚集态改变,结晶度先增大后减小。区别于含分子缺陷XLPE试样,不同结晶度XLPE试样的太赫兹时域光谱呈现出明显的相位偏移,而幅值变化较小,且太赫兹频段介电常数实部与结晶度近似呈线性关系。
(3)宏观缺陷:在太赫兹时域光谱透射模块中,缺陷试样的主波相位左移;在反射模块中,约18.946 ps处存在源于气隙与试样界面处的二次回波信号。基于主波、回波的相位信息,本文构建了针对含有气隙XLPE试样的太赫兹透射与反射理论模型,实现了XLPE试样内部隐藏气隙缺陷的尺寸测定与深度定位。
  • 国网山西省电力公司电力科学研究院项目(SGSXDK00SPJS2200142)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.04.014
  • 接收时间:2023-04-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-11
  • 修回日期:2023-07-07
基金
国网山西省电力公司电力科学研究院项目(SGSXDK00SPJS2200142)
作者信息
    1国网山西省电力公司电力科学研究院,山西 太原 030001
    2西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

冯阳(1992-),女(汉族),江苏南通人,博士生,研究方向为新型储能聚合物电介质、高性能高分子介电材料、高分子介电材料服役特性;
李盛涛(1963-),男(汉族),四川邛崃人,教授,主要从事电介质理论及其应用、电气功能材料及器件、极端条件下的绝缘材料和绝缘技术的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.04.014
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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