Article(id=1209927807044555317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927804129514029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.04.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1681574400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-16, revisedDate=1684080000000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398868571, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1713542400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398868571, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398868571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398868571, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927804129514029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='129', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398867876, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563872818, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619885072282300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927804129514029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619885072282301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927804129514029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927807321379388, articleId=1209927807044555317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Thermal conductive and insulating nonwoven fabric composite film synergistically enhanced by boron nitride nanosheets and silver nanoparticles, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To meet the growing demand for high thermal conductive and electrically insulating composites, a silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) modified nonwoven fabric (AgNPs@NWF) was prepared by polydopamine (PDA) modification and in situ reduction process using PET nonwoven fabric (NWF) as a template. The continuous boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) thermal conductive network (BNNS@NWF) and AgNPs/BNNS synergistic thermal conductive network (AgNPs/BNNS@NWF) were constructed by adsorbing BNNS on the surfaces of NWF and AgNPs@NWF through the dispersion and interfacial bonding of nanocellulose through a cyclic impregnation adsorption and layer-by-layer assembly process. BNNS-AgNPs/BNNS-BNNS sandwich-structured thermal conductive composite films were prepared by hot pressing process with BNNS@NWF as the surface layer and AgNPs/BNNS@NWF as the intermediate layer, and their microstructure, thermal conductivity, insulating properties, mechanical properties, and actual thermal management performance is characterized and tested. The results show that a synergistic three-dimensional thermal conductive network of AgNPs/BNNS was constructed in the composite films, at the same time the insulating properties are ensured. When the mass fraction of BNNS and AgNPs is 34.8% and 3.3%, the in-plane thermal conductivity of the composite films reaches 7.56 W/(m·K), the volume resistivity reaches 3.54×1013 Ω·cm, and the mechanical properties is good. The actual application test show that the composite films have good thermal management performance.

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为了应对高导热绝缘复合材料日益增长的需求,本研究以PET无纺布(NWF)为模板,经过聚多巴胺(PDA)改性和原位还原工艺得到银纳米粒子(AgNPs)修饰的NWF(AgNPs@NWF)。采用循环浸渍吸附-分层组装工艺,通过纳米纤维素的分散作用和界面结合作用将氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)分别吸附到NWF和AgNPs@NWF表面,构建连续的BNNS导热网络骨架(BNNS@NWF)和AgNPs/BNNS协同导热网络骨架(AgNPs/BNNS@NWF)。以BNNS@NWF为表面层,AgNPs/BNNS@NWF为中间层,热压制备了BNNS-AgNPs/BNNS-BNNS三明治结构导热复合薄膜,对复合薄膜进行微观结构表征并测试其导热性能、绝缘性能、力学性能以及实际热管理性能。结果表明:复合薄膜在形成 AgNPs/BNNS协同三维导热网络的同时也保证了绝缘性能。在BNNS和AgNPs的质量分数分别为34.8%和3.3%时,复合薄膜的面内导热系数达到7.56 W/(m·K),体积电阻率达到3.54×1013 Ω·cm,同时具有良好的力学性能,实际应用场景的测试证明该复合薄膜具有良好的热管理性能。

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马传国(1978-),男(汉族),山东聊城人,教授,博士,主要从事高分子复合材料及功能材料的研究。
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宋沐原(1998-),男(满族),辽宁沈阳人,硕士生,主要从事功能高分子复合材料的研究。

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宋沐原(1998-),男(满族),辽宁沈阳人,硕士生,主要从事功能高分子复合材料的研究。

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宋沐原(1998-),男(满族),辽宁沈阳人,硕士生,主要从事功能高分子复合材料的研究。

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2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials Structure-effectiveness Relationship, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials Structure-effectiveness Relationship, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927807044555317, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Content of BNNS and AgNPs in the different composite films, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称BNNS质量分数/%AgNPs质量分数/%
A5B1019.66.3
A5B2027.34.9
A5B3034.83.3
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不同复合薄膜中BNNS与AgNPs的含量

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样品名称BNNS质量分数/%AgNPs质量分数/%
A5B1019.66.3
A5B2027.34.9
A5B3034.83.3
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AgNPs协同BNNS增强高导热绝缘无纺布复合薄膜
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宋沐原 1 , 李晓磊 1 , 迟洪涛 1 , 黄梅 1 , 陆绍宁 1, 2, 3 , 马传国 1, 2, 3
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(4): 28-35
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(4): 28-35
AgNPs协同BNNS增强高导热绝缘无纺布复合薄膜
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宋沐原1, 李晓磊1, 迟洪涛1, 黄梅1, 陆绍宁1, 2, 3, 马传国1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1桂林电子科技大学,材料科学与工程学院,广西 桂林 541004
  • 2桂林电子科技大学,广西电子信息材料构效关系重点试验室,广西 桂林 541004
  • 3桂林电子科技大学,电子信息材料与器件教育部工程研究中心,广西 桂林 541004
  • 宋沐原(1998-),男(满族),辽宁沈阳人,硕士生,主要从事功能高分子复合材料的研究。

通讯作者:

马传国(1978-),男(汉族),山东聊城人,教授,博士,主要从事高分子复合材料及功能材料的研究。
Thermal conductive and insulating nonwoven fabric composite film synergistically enhanced by boron nitride nanosheets and silver nanoparticles
Muyuan SONG1, Xiaolei LI1, Hongtao CHI1, Mei HUANG1, Shaoning LU1, 2, 3, Chuanguo MA1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
  • 2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials Structure-effectiveness Relationship, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
  • 3Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
出版时间: 2024-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.04.004
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为了应对高导热绝缘复合材料日益增长的需求,本研究以PET无纺布(NWF)为模板,经过聚多巴胺(PDA)改性和原位还原工艺得到银纳米粒子(AgNPs)修饰的NWF(AgNPs@NWF)。采用循环浸渍吸附-分层组装工艺,通过纳米纤维素的分散作用和界面结合作用将氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)分别吸附到NWF和AgNPs@NWF表面,构建连续的BNNS导热网络骨架(BNNS@NWF)和AgNPs/BNNS协同导热网络骨架(AgNPs/BNNS@NWF)。以BNNS@NWF为表面层,AgNPs/BNNS@NWF为中间层,热压制备了BNNS-AgNPs/BNNS-BNNS三明治结构导热复合薄膜,对复合薄膜进行微观结构表征并测试其导热性能、绝缘性能、力学性能以及实际热管理性能。结果表明:复合薄膜在形成 AgNPs/BNNS协同三维导热网络的同时也保证了绝缘性能。在BNNS和AgNPs的质量分数分别为34.8%和3.3%时,复合薄膜的面内导热系数达到7.56 W/(m·K),体积电阻率达到3.54×1013 Ω·cm,同时具有良好的力学性能,实际应用场景的测试证明该复合薄膜具有良好的热管理性能。

导热复合材料  /  氮化硼纳米片  /  银纳米粒子  /  三明治结构  /  导热性能

To meet the growing demand for high thermal conductive and electrically insulating composites, a silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) modified nonwoven fabric (AgNPs@NWF) was prepared by polydopamine (PDA) modification and in situ reduction process using PET nonwoven fabric (NWF) as a template. The continuous boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) thermal conductive network (BNNS@NWF) and AgNPs/BNNS synergistic thermal conductive network (AgNPs/BNNS@NWF) were constructed by adsorbing BNNS on the surfaces of NWF and AgNPs@NWF through the dispersion and interfacial bonding of nanocellulose through a cyclic impregnation adsorption and layer-by-layer assembly process. BNNS-AgNPs/BNNS-BNNS sandwich-structured thermal conductive composite films were prepared by hot pressing process with BNNS@NWF as the surface layer and AgNPs/BNNS@NWF as the intermediate layer, and their microstructure, thermal conductivity, insulating properties, mechanical properties, and actual thermal management performance is characterized and tested. The results show that a synergistic three-dimensional thermal conductive network of AgNPs/BNNS was constructed in the composite films, at the same time the insulating properties are ensured. When the mass fraction of BNNS and AgNPs is 34.8% and 3.3%, the in-plane thermal conductivity of the composite films reaches 7.56 W/(m·K), the volume resistivity reaches 3.54×1013 Ω·cm, and the mechanical properties is good. The actual application test show that the composite films have good thermal management performance.

thermal conductive composites  /  boron nitride nanosheets  /  silver nanoparticles  /  sandwich structure  /  thermal conductivity
宋沐原, 李晓磊, 迟洪涛, 黄梅, 陆绍宁, 马传国. AgNPs协同BNNS增强高导热绝缘无纺布复合薄膜. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (4) : 28 -35 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.04.004
Muyuan SONG, Xiaolei LI, Hongtao CHI, Mei HUANG, Shaoning LU, Chuanguo MA. Thermal conductive and insulating nonwoven fabric composite film synergistically enhanced by boron nitride nanosheets and silver nanoparticles[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (4) : 28 -35 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.04.004
随着5G时代的到来,电子元器件向微型化、集成化和高功率化方向发展,产生的高温对电子器件易造成不良影响,因此开发具有优异导热性能、绝缘性能和力学性能等综合性能的新型热界面材料(TIMs)的需求日益迫切[1-3]。聚合物基导热复合材料(TCPC)因其质量轻、易加工、耐腐蚀等优点成为目前研究的热点[4]。对于TCPC,构建连续的三维填料互联网络被证明是最有效提高导热性能的策略[5]。目前,研究者已经提出了静电纺丝[6]、冷冻干燥[7]、空间限域网络强制组装[8]、磁场取向[9]等方法构建三维填料网络,但这些方法存在工艺复杂、成本高及效率低等问题。通过定向模板法,使用预先构建的具有三维网络结构的骨架,例如海绵、纤维等,通过吸附、沉积、自组装等方式使导热填料沿三维骨架的结构进行有序排列,可以有效地构建三维互联的填料网络,实现复合材料良好的热管理能力[10-12]
降低界面热阻是提高复合材料导热性能的另一重要途径[13]。通过不同维度粒子间的杂化协同作用可以进一步提高三维填料网络的热传导效率[14-15]。银纳米粒子(AgNPs)由于其良好的导热性能与表面形貌,以及易于在界面进行原位还原的优势而被用于填料与基体的表面修饰,以达到与其他填料协同构建完整导热骨架、降低界面热阻的目的[16]。YUAN H等[17]通过在氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)表面还原修饰AgNPs,并与少量氧化石墨烯(GO)协同,提高了BNNS导热通路的连续性,减少了填料骨架的缺陷,制备的聚乙烯醇复合材料面内导热系数达到6.54 W/(m·K)。相比于单一填料,通过二维填料BNNS和零维填料AgNPs的尺寸配合与空间填充效应,使BNNS与AgNPs相互搭接,能够进一步改善界面,降低界面热阻,形成强化的协同导热通路。但是,简单的协同策略只能依赖于填料间的随机接触,从而限制了填料间协同作用对导热性能的提升。将定向模板法与填料协同策略相结合,使填料沿模板定向排列的同时进行协同,可以进一步构建完善的导热网络,减少导热网络骨架的缺陷。“三明治”结构复合薄膜由中间层和表面层组成,通过结构设计,在中间层构建高效的BNNS与AgNPs协同导热网络,在表面层构建低填充绝缘BNNS导热网络,通过热压使层与层之间紧密接触,能够在低填充下获得完整的三维导热网络的同时保证复合薄膜的绝缘性能。
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)作为常见的工程塑料,具有良好的力学性能和热稳定性,同时电绝缘性能优良。使用PET作为基体制备高导热TIMs,能够满足TIMs在长时间高温的实际使用场景下对其综合性能的要求,解决TIMs难以同时具备高导热性能、绝缘性能、力学性能的问题。PET无纺布(NWF)由于其特殊的长程连续且无规则排布的纤维结构而适合被用作构建三维导热网络的模板。结合三明治结构的构建,可以在中间层构建杂化协同导热网络的同时在表面层构建绝缘导热网络,以保证复合材料的绝缘性能。
本研究将定向模板法与填料协同策略相结合,在NWF纤维表面原位还原AgNPs进行表面修饰,通过循环浸渍吸附的工艺,利用纳米纤维素(CNFs)的界面结合作用将BNNS分层组装到纤维表面,得到AgNPs与BNNS协同的导热网络骨架(AgNPs/BNNS@NWF),在使AgNPs沿纤维定向排列的同时与BNNS进行协同。进一步热压构建以BNNS为导热网络骨架,BNNS@NWF为表面绝缘导热层, AgNPs/BNNS@NWF为中间高导热层的BNNS-AgNPs/BNNS-BNNS三明治结构导热复合薄膜,对复合薄膜的导热性能、绝缘性能、力学性能和热管理性能进行测试,为开发新型TIMs提供了新颖的思路。
六方氮化硼(h-BN),粒径为5~10 μm,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;羧基化纤维素纳米纤维(CNFs),直径为4~10 nm,长度为1~3 μm,桂林奇宏科技有限公司;异丙醇、无水乙醇、盐酸多巴胺(DA·HCL),均为分析纯,阿拉丁科技有限公司;硝酸银(AgNO3)、硼氢化钠(NaBH4),均为分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司;三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris),分析纯,天津市光复精细化工研究所;PET水刺无纺布,面密度约为5 mg/cm2,纤维直径约为10 μm,来自清风牌清洁湿巾。
使用超声辅助液相剥离的方法制备BNNS[18]。将3 g h-BN分散到100 mL去离子水与异丙醇体积比为1∶1的混合溶液中,超声分散处理6 h,离心并干燥收集BNNS。分别取不同质量的BNNS于100 mL去离子水中超声分散1 h,加入300 mg CNFs,在2 000 r/min下高速搅拌15 min得到质量浓度分别为10、20、30 mg/mL的BNNS/CNFs分散液。
将500 mg盐酸多巴胺(DA·HCL)加入100 mL去离子水中,使用浓度为1.2 mol/L的Tris缓冲液调节pH值至8.5。将NWF使用乙醇溶液反复超声清洗5次,裁剪成4 cm×4 cm的正方形,放入DA溶液中,在60℃水浴中加热并缓慢搅拌12 h,取出后使用去离子水反复冲洗以去除杂质,干燥得到聚多巴胺表面修饰的NWF(PDA@NWF)。
将不同质量的AgNO3溶解在100 mL去离子水中得到质量浓度分别为1、3、5、7 mg/mL的AgNO3溶液。将PDA@NWF分别放入不同浓度的AgNO3溶液中,缓慢搅拌1 h,接着以5 mL/min的速度分别滴入20 mL浓度分别为1.2、3.6、6.0、8.4 mg/mL的NaBH4溶液,继续搅拌1 h后取出,使用去离子水反复冲洗以去除杂质,烘干得到表面AgNPs修饰的Ax@NWF导热骨架,其中x为所用AgNO3溶液的浓度值,未经过AgNPs修饰的PDA@NWF命名为A0@NWF,以此类推。
最后,将Ax@NWF分别在不同浓度的BNNS/CNFs分散液中浸渍10 s,取出后使用红外加热灯辐照烘干,将烘干后的样品再次浸渍并烘干,如此循环浸渍3次得到AxBy@NWF导热骨架,其中y为BNNS/CNFs分散液的浓度值。
固定以A0B10@NWF为上下表面层,AxBy@NWF为中间层,在150℃、20 MPa压力下层叠热压5 min,得到AxBy三明治结构复合薄膜。以A5B10三明治结构复合薄膜为例,它是指以A5B10 @NWF导热骨架为中间层,A0B10@NWF为上下表面层制得的三明治结构复合薄膜。通过称重法获得AgNPs与BNNS的填料含量,对于同一复合薄膜进行多次称重计算后取平均值。
使用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM,Quanta FEG 450型,美国FEI公司)观测复合薄膜表面与截面的微观形貌与内部结构。使用能谱仪(EDS,XMAX-20型,英国Oxford公司)观察Ag与B元素的分布状态。使用热常数分析仪(TPS2500s型,瑞典Hot Disk AB公司)根据瞬态平面源法(ISO 22007-2:2022)在室温下对不同复合薄膜的圆形样品(直径为20 mm,厚度为400 μm)进行面内导热系数测试。使用绝缘电阻测试仪(CHT3530型,常州市和普电子科技有限公司)根据ASTM D257-2007在室温下对不同复合薄膜样品进行绝缘电阻测试。为了方便测试,制备了更大尺寸的样品,裁剪成尺寸为50 mm × 50 mm、厚度为400 μm的正方形,施加100 V的电压进行体积电阻率测试。使用万能拉伸试验机(SPL-10KN型,日本SHIMADZU公司)对复合薄膜的拉伸强度进行测试,根据ISO 527-3:2018制备哑铃型试样,拉伸速率为1 mm/min。使用红外热成像仪(E50型,德国FLIR公司)记录LED芯片在工作过程中的表面温度变化情况,以测试不同样品在实际应用过程中的热管理能力。
NWF经PDA表面改性以及原位还原AgNPs后的SEM图像如图1所示。
图1可以看出,NWF表面光滑,具有长程连续的纤维结构,如图1(a)所示。经过多巴胺原位自聚合后,NWF表面形成了一层致密的聚多巴胺层,PDA层紧密贴附在NWF纤维表面。多巴胺的自聚会在物质表面形成PDA薄膜,通过静电吸引提供丰富的-OH和-NH2基团来锚定前体Ag+[19],使其能够在NaBH4的还原作用下在PDA层表面原位还原形成AgNPs,得到AgNPs@NWF骨架。当AgNO3浓度为1 mg/mL时,NWF表面修饰有少量AgNPs。随着AgNO3浓度的增加,NWF表面修饰的AgNPs逐渐增多,当AgNO3浓度为5 mg/mL时,AgNPs沿纤维紧密排布,如图1(e)所示。AgNPs的分布放大图以及Ag元素的EDS能谱如图1(g)(h)所示,可以清楚地看到Ag元素沿纤维均匀分布,并且产生了极少量的团聚体,证明了AgNPs在NWF纤维表面的成功还原,形成了沿纤维路径的强化导热通路。当AgNO3浓度为7 mg/mL时,过量的Ag+导致AgNPs形成了大量的团聚体,如图1(f)所示,团聚后的 AgNPs尺寸增大,密集程度降低,导致声子匹配程度降低,不利于与BNNS产生协同作用,因此,当AgNO3浓度超过5 mg/mL后,复合薄膜导热性能的提升会受到限制。
使用超声辅助液相剥离法制备了具有片层状结构的BNNS,并利用CNFs对BNNS进行高速分散得到BNNS/CNFs分散液。在AgNPs@NWF纤维表面引入BNNS,密集的BNNS能够对AgNPs进行搭接,从而进一步降低BNNS间的接触热阻,降低声子散射程度。构建AgNPs/BNNS杂化导热通路,相比于单纯的BNNS导热路径能够提高声子的传输速度,形成优化的协同杂化三维导热网络,从而提高复合薄膜的面内导热性能。在AgNO3浓度为5 mg/mL时,改变BNNS/CNFs分散液浓度,固定循环吸附次数为3次,研究BNNS浓度对AgNPs/BNNS@ NWF杂化骨架形貌的影响,各样品的SEM图像如图2所示。
图2可以看到,随着BNNS浓度的增加,纤维表面吸附的BNNS逐渐增多。当BNNS浓度为10 mg/mL时,如图2(a)所示,BNNS与纤维表面紧密贴合,起到了对AgNPs的桥接作用,同时BNNS之间也能够产生接触,此时BNNS对AgNPs的搭接作用最为突出。但由于BNNS含量较低,导热路径不够完善,可能会限制声子的高速传输。当BNNS浓度为20 mg/mL时,如图2(b)所示,纤维表面吸附的BNNS含量增加,已经可以对AgNPs进行有效地搭接,同时BNNS之间相互接触,共同形成了AgNPs/BNNS与BNNS/BNNS双重导热通路,可以进一步降低界面热阻,提高声子的传输速度。当BNNS浓度为30 mg/mL时,Ag元素与B元素在AgNPs/BNNS@NWF骨架纤维表面的分布如图2(e)(f)所示,可以发现Ag元素在纤维表面分布均匀,B元素对应的纤维表面吸附的BNNS也在大部分区域分布均匀,证明了BNNS对AgNPs的搭接作用。当BNNS浓度为30 mg/mL时,如图2(c)所示,BNNS在CNFs的作用下紧密包裹在AgNPs@NWF纤维表面,形成了完善的导热通路。此时BNNS已经将AgNPs完全覆盖,而BNNS也因此对AgNPs产生了完整的搭接作用。从形貌上分析,BNNS对AgNPs的搭接以及BNNS对纤维间的界面填充作用使得BNNS对导热性能的提升起到了主导作用。不同复合薄膜的BNNS与AgNPs含量如表1所示。
表1可以看出,随着BNNS分散液浓度提升,复合薄膜BNNS含量逐渐提高,而AgNPs含量则随BNNS含量上升而逐渐降低。其中A5B30复合薄膜中的BNNS质量分数为34.8%,AgNPs质量分数为3.3%。
A5B30三明治结构复合薄膜的截面形貌如图3所示。从图3(a)可以看到,复合薄膜经过热压后,不同层在CNFs的界面结合作用以及机械互锁作用下紧密贴合,NWF的部分纤维结构得到保留。同时,在压力作用下,纤维间紧密接触,增加了不同纤维表面上BNNS的接触面积,起到了降低界面热阻的作用。表面层放大图像如图3(b)所示,使用10 mg/mL的BNNS/CNFs分散液循环浸渍3次后,纤维表面的BNNS通过循环吸附组装到NWF表面,相互搭接形成导热网络。
中间层放大图像如图3(c)所示,可以看出BNNS沿NWF纤维表面定向排布,同时对AgNPs实现进一步搭接,能够起到桥梁的作用[17],不同形貌填料的协同作用使得中间层成为高导热层,声子得以快速传输。从其对应的EDS能谱图3(e)图3(f)可以看出,B和Ag元素沿纤维方向均匀分布,证明了杂化协同导热通路的成功构建。当热量在复合薄膜表面积聚时,首先通过表面层的BNNS/BNNS单导热通路传输至中间层,进一步通过AgNPs/BNNS和BNNS/BNNS的双重协同导热通路进行高速传输。同时,表面层作为绝缘层,中间层作为高导热层的三明治结构也保证了复合薄膜的绝缘性能。
当BNNS/CNF3分散液浓度为10 mg/mL时,复合薄膜面内导热系数随中间层还原使用的AgNO3溶液浓度的变化如图4所示。循环浸渍3次后BNNS通过CNFs自组装到NWF纤维表面,形成了连续导热通路,并通过三层热压构建了三维导热网络。从图4可以看出,未引入AgNPs时,复合薄膜的导热系数为1.23 W/(m·K)。随着AgNO3浓度增加,NWF纤维表面的AgNPs含量逐渐增加,AgNPs的引入起到了对NWF纤维的修饰作用,得益于零维导热填料与二维导热填料的协同作用,BNNS对AgNPs起到了搭接作用,而BNNS自身也相互搭接,使得复合薄膜的面内导热系数提升。当AgNO3浓度为5 mg/mL时,NWF纤维表面AgNPs均匀分布,此时良好的形貌和结构最有利于BNNS的吸附和搭接,因此当BNNS含量一定时,5 mg/mL的AgNO3对复合薄膜的导热系数提升最大。
AgNPs对AxB10复合薄膜导热增强系数(TCE)的影响如图5所示,计算过程如式(1)所示。
TCE(AxB10)=
λ(AxB10)-λ(A0B10)λ(A0B10)×100%
式(1)中,λ(AxB10)λ(A0B10)分别为AxB10、A0B10复合薄膜的面内导热系数。
图5可以看出,随着AgNO3浓度从1 mg/mL提高到5 mg/mL,复合薄膜的TCE从26%提高到206.5%,继续提升AgNO3浓度,TCE下降。通过图1(e)(f)的SEM图像可以观察到,当AgNO3浓度从5 mg/mL提高到7 mg/mL时,纤维表面的AgNPs明显产生了团聚效应,AgNPs尺寸增大,与BNNS尺寸失配,同时密度减小,不利于协同导热网络的构建。因此,5 mg/mL为AgNPs原位修饰NWF表面的最佳浓度,这一点在微观形貌分析中也得到了证实。
为了进一步探究BNNS对复合薄膜导热性能的影响,测试了A0By与A5By复合薄膜的面内导热系数,结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,A0By复合薄膜的面内导热系数随着BNNS/CNFs分散液浓度的提高而逐渐提升,这是由于BNNS在循环吸附自组装过程中在NWF表面形成了连续的导热通路,构建了三维导热网络,BNNS含量的提升使A0By中间层的导热网络趋于完善。对于A5By复合薄膜,AgNPs的引入使得导热系数得到大幅提升,其中当BNNS/CNF分散液为10 mg/mL时,A5B10复合薄膜的面内导热系数比A0B10提高了2.54 W/(m·K)。随着BNNS含量的逐渐增加,AgNPs对复合薄膜导热系数的提升作用逐渐减弱,这是由于随着中间层BNNS含量增加以及BNNS导热通路的完善,BNNS逐渐起到提升导热性能的主导作用。
A0By与A5By复合薄膜的体积电阻率随BNNS/CNFs分散液浓度的变化如图7所示。从图7可以发现,A5By复合薄膜的体积电阻率相对于A0By有所下降,这是由于导电AgNPs粒子的引入虽然提高了导热性能,但同时也为电荷的传输提供了路径。BNNS作为绝缘填料,在对AgNPs进行搭接的同时也起到抑制电荷载流子迁移的作用,同时三明治结构上下表面层的绝缘作用也进一步保证了复合薄膜的绝缘性能。随着BNNS/CNFs分散液浓度的提高,中间层BNNS的吸附量逐渐提升,得益于完整的BNNS网络的构建,A0By与A5By复合薄膜的体积电阻率均得到提高,其中A5B30复合薄膜的体积电阻率达到3.54×1013 Ω·cm。值得注意的是,所有复合薄膜的体积电阻率均超过了绝缘标准(1×109 Ω·cm)[21],满足热界面材料对绝缘性能的要求。在复合薄膜中,AgNPs与BNNS相互协同降低了界面热阻,改善的界面提高了复合材料的导热性能,BNNS与AgNPs界面作用的增强也使复合材料的介电常数进一步提高,而AgNPs的加入对复合材料的介质损耗有一定的抑制作用[20]。因此,AgNPs的加入可能会对复合材料的介电性能有一定的提升。
热界面材料的力学性能与其作为热界面与散热器之间的介质使用寿命密切相关[21]。不同复合薄膜的拉伸强度如图8所示。从图8可以看出,NWF的拉伸强度仅为4.51 MPa。随着BNNS/CNFs分散液浓度的提高,A5By复合薄膜的拉伸强度逐渐提升,这是由于BNNS作为刚性粒子在CNFs的界面结合作用下分层吸附到NWF纤维表面,在NWF表面形成了均匀的包覆层,进而对中间层的纤维起到了增强的作用。当纤维受到拉伸应力时,纤维表面的BNNS通过CNFs的界面吸附作用阻止裂纹的扩展,同时在BNNS与AgNPs的共同作用下纤维表面变得粗糙,进而阻止了纤维的滑移。随着BNNS/CNFs分散液浓度的提高,BNNS的吸附率逐渐升高,使得复合薄膜的拉伸强度得到了提升。同时,得益于三明治结构的构建和NWF纤维结构的保留,复合薄膜在受到拉伸时单一层的裂纹不会扩展到相邻层,进一步提高了复合薄膜的拉伸强度。其中A5B30复合薄膜的拉伸强度达到19.45 MPa,相比于NWF提高了331.3%,满足热界面材料对拉伸强度的要求。
分别使用A0B10、A0B30、A5B30作为LED芯片(1 W)的热界面材料(TIMs),将TIMs置于LED芯片与散热片之间并固定,使用红外热成像仪记录LED芯片工作180 s内的表面最高温度,其温度变化曲线如图9所示,LED芯片的红外热成像图如图10所示,样品尺寸均为40 mm×40 mm,LED芯片直径为20 mm。从图9可以看出,使用A0B10复合薄膜作为TIMs时,LED芯片温度上升速度最快,这是由于BNNS虽然构建了部分导热通路,但未能形成完整的高效导热网络。而A0B30复合薄膜由于构建了完整的BNNS导热网络和BNNS产生的搭接作用使热管理性能得到提升,所以其LED芯片的升温速度相比A0B10复合薄膜有所降低。使用A5B30复合薄膜作为TIMs时,LED芯片的升温速度最慢,这是由于AgNPs与BNNS的双重搭接作用使得A5B30的热管理能力相比A0B30得到进一步提升,证明了A5B30复合薄膜具有优秀的热管理能力,满足TIMs的使用要求。
(1)以BNNS@NWF为表面层,AgNPs/BNNS @NWF为中间层制备了三明治结构复合薄膜,构建了AgNPs/BNNS协同导热通路。AgNPs的引入使得复合薄膜的面内导热系数得到提升,在AgNO3浓度为5 mg/mL时,A5B10复合薄膜的面内导热系数达到3.77 W/(m·K),此时复合薄膜的TCE达到最高,为206.5%。继续增加AgNO3浓度,复合薄膜的导热性能降低。
(2)随着BNNS/CNFs分散液浓度的提高,复合薄膜的面内导热系数得到提升,在34.8%的BNNS和3.3%的AgNPs含量下,A5B30复合薄膜的面内导热系数达到7.56 W/(m·K)。
(3)得益于BNNS对AgNPs的载流子抑制作用以及特殊三明治结构的构建,A5B30复合薄膜具有良好的绝缘性能,体积电阻率达到3.54×1013 Ω·cm。得益于BNNS和CNFs对NWF的增强作用以及三明治结构的构建,A5B30复合薄膜的拉伸强度达到19.45 MPa,同时该复合薄膜具有优异的热管理能力。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12262007)
  • 广西壮族自治区大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202110595242)
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2024年第57卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.04.004
  • 接收时间:2023-04-16
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-16
  • 修回日期:2023-05-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12262007)
广西壮族自治区大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202110595242)
作者信息
    1桂林电子科技大学,材料科学与工程学院,广西 桂林 541004
    2桂林电子科技大学,广西电子信息材料构效关系重点试验室,广西 桂林 541004
    3桂林电子科技大学,电子信息材料与器件教育部工程研究中心,广西 桂林 541004

通讯作者:

马传国(1978-),男(汉族),山东聊城人,教授,博士,主要从事高分子复合材料及功能材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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