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The EVA material was modified by electron beam melting irradiation, and the effects of different irradiation does on gel content, mechanical properties, volume resistivity, dielectric properties, breakdown characteristics and molecular structure of EVA samples were studied. The results show that the gel content of EVA sample first increases and then decreases with the increase of irradiation dose. When the irradiation dose is 100 kGy, the gel content reaches 95.7%. Irradiation can reduce the elongation at break of EVA samples, while the tensile strength first increases and then decreases with the increase of irradiation dose. After irradiation, the insulating properties of EVA samples improve to varying degrees, with the increase of irradiation dose, the volume resistivity first increases and then decreases, the dielectric constant first decreases and then increases, and the electric strength first increases and then decreases.

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采用电子束熔融辐照的方法对EVA材料进行辐照改性,研究不同辐照剂量对EVA样品凝胶含量、力学性能、体积电阻率、介电性能、击穿特性和分子结构的影响。结果表明:EVA样品的凝胶含量随着辐照剂量的增加先升高后降低,在辐照剂量为100 kGy时,凝胶含量达到了95.7%;辐照会降低EVA样品的断裂伸长率,而拉伸强度随着辐照剂量的增加先升高后降低;辐照后EVA样品的绝缘性能均有不同程度的提高,随着辐照剂量的增加,体积电阻率先增大后减小,介电常数先减小后增大,电气强度先增大后减小。

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黄亚琼(1985-),女(汉族),湖北咸宁人,副教授,主要从事电子束辐照材料改性的研究。

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黄亚琼(1985-),女(汉族),湖北咸宁人,副教授,主要从事电子束辐照材料改性的研究。

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黄亚琼(1985-),女(汉族),湖北咸宁人,副教授,主要从事电子束辐照材料改性的研究。

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articleId=1209927723271713492, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Results of linear regression fitting for breakdown characteristics, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
辐照剂量/kGy形状参数尺度参数/(kV/mm)
047.475159.513
5043.861153.231
10044.503158.073
15043.790150.704
20032.508110.582
), ArticleFig(id=1217486325779973022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927723271713492, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

击穿特性线性回归拟合的结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
辐照剂量/kGy形状参数尺度参数/(kV/mm)
047.475159.513
5043.861153.231
10044.503158.073
15043.790150.704
20032.508110.582
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电子束熔融辐照对EVA绝缘性能的影响
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黄亚琼 1 , 李建喜 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(3): 36-41
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(3): 36-41
电子束熔融辐照对EVA绝缘性能的影响
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黄亚琼1, 李建喜2
作者信息
  • 1湖北科技学院 核技术与化学生物学院,湖北 咸宁 437000
  • 2中国科学院上海应用物理研究所,上海 201800
  • 黄亚琼(1985-),女(汉族),湖北咸宁人,副教授,主要从事电子束辐照材料改性的研究。

Effect of electron beam melting irradiation on insulating properties of EVA
Yaqiong HUANG1, Jianxi LI2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Nuclear Technology and Chemical Biology, Hubei University of Sscience and Technology, Xianning 437000, China
  • 2Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.03.005
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采用电子束熔融辐照的方法对EVA材料进行辐照改性,研究不同辐照剂量对EVA样品凝胶含量、力学性能、体积电阻率、介电性能、击穿特性和分子结构的影响。结果表明:EVA样品的凝胶含量随着辐照剂量的增加先升高后降低,在辐照剂量为100 kGy时,凝胶含量达到了95.7%;辐照会降低EVA样品的断裂伸长率,而拉伸强度随着辐照剂量的增加先升高后降低;辐照后EVA样品的绝缘性能均有不同程度的提高,随着辐照剂量的增加,体积电阻率先增大后减小,介电常数先减小后增大,电气强度先增大后减小。

EVA  /  电子束辐照  /  熔融  /  绝缘性能

The EVA material was modified by electron beam melting irradiation, and the effects of different irradiation does on gel content, mechanical properties, volume resistivity, dielectric properties, breakdown characteristics and molecular structure of EVA samples were studied. The results show that the gel content of EVA sample first increases and then decreases with the increase of irradiation dose. When the irradiation dose is 100 kGy, the gel content reaches 95.7%. Irradiation can reduce the elongation at break of EVA samples, while the tensile strength first increases and then decreases with the increase of irradiation dose. After irradiation, the insulating properties of EVA samples improve to varying degrees, with the increase of irradiation dose, the volume resistivity first increases and then decreases, the dielectric constant first decreases and then increases, and the electric strength first increases and then decreases.

EVA  /  electron beam irradiation  /  melting  /  insulating properties
黄亚琼, 李建喜. 电子束熔融辐照对EVA绝缘性能的影响. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (3) : 36 -41 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.03.005
Yaqiong HUANG, Jianxi LI. Effect of electron beam melting irradiation on insulating properties of EVA[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (3) : 36 -41 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.03.005
绝缘材料用于隔离带电或不同电位的导体,使电流能沿着特定方向流动,这类材料主要由聚合物构成。相对于无机绝缘材料而言,高分子绝缘材料具有质量轻、原料来源广泛、加工成型方便、耐化学腐蚀和综合性能优异等多种优点,因此在电气及电子工业领域被广泛应用[1-2]。乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)是一种优异的高分子绝缘材料,它具有优良的耐化学腐蚀性、耐候性、抗冲击性、柔韧性以及良好的绝缘性能和易加工性等特点,在多个领域都得到了广泛的应用[3-4]。由于不同使用场景对材料的要求各异,需要对EVA材料进行改性以达到使用要求[5]
通过辐射交联进行改性,是电力电缆应用中常用的方法之一。辐射交联原理是聚合物材料在高辐射能量下,产生自由基,从而形成化学键,使聚合物的分子结构从线性大分子变成三维网状结构[6]。这种改性方法可以使材料具有耐热性、耐化学性、耐辐射性、高阻燃性和高强度等特点[7]。文鑫等[8]采用γ射线对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)进行辐射交联改性,结果发现辐照后,材料的熔点和结晶度提高,热稳定性提升,凝胶含量最高可达89%,分子链运动能力下降,抗蠕变性也提高了近40%。林先凯等[9]通过电子束辐射对尼龙66复合材料进行交联改性,结果表明在辐射剂量为100 kGy时,复合材料的凝胶含量达到84%。虽然辐射交联降低了尼龙66复合材料结晶的完善性和结晶程度,但复合材料的吸水率降低了31.7%,拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别提高了9.5%、8.5%和9.2%,电绝缘性能也得到提高。佟楠楠等[10]采用高能电子束辐射制备了丁腈/聚氯乙烯硫化胶,结果发现随着辐照剂量的增大,硫化胶的交联程度提高,断裂截面更加平滑,玻璃化转变温度向高温区移动,结晶度提高。当辐照剂量为150 kGy时,硫化胶的综合性能最优,凝胶含量为97.2%,交联密度为2.12×10-3 mol/g。
与常温下的辐照交联不同,高温熔融状态下的辐照能够降低材料的凝胶点、增强网络紧密程度,并易于形成均相网络,提高交联效率[11]。同时,在高温熔融状态下进行辐照交联可以显著提高部分聚合物材料的力学性能和绝缘性能等,使得这些材料能够实现交联。这种方法为聚合物材料在新领域的应用提供了新的途径[12]。目前,EVA材料主要应用于电缆料的屏蔽料和阻燃料方面,而应用于绝缘料方面的研究相对较少。本文采用电子束熔融辐照的方法对EVA进行交联,研究不同辐照剂量对其绝缘性能的影响,并探究其绝缘性能变化的机理。
乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA),型号为2803,注塑级,VA含量为28%,熔融指数为6,中石化燕山石化公司。
压片机,型号为YST-100T,东莞市锡华检测仪器有限公司;电子加速器,能量为1.5 MeV,中国科学院上海应用物理研究所;微机控制电子万能试验机,型号为ETM-A,深圳万测试验设备有限公司;高阻计,型号为ZC-36,上海第六电表厂有限公司;介质谱分析仪,型号为IDAX300,美国Megger公司;交流介质强度试验仪,型号为ADT-5/50,上海蓝波高电压技术设备有限公司;傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR),型号为Tensor II,德国布鲁克公司。
将EVA在双辊机上开炼10 min,温度为105℃。然后在平板硫化机上压片,温度为120℃,预压 5 min,热压5 min,得到厚度为1 mm的样品。最后在120℃(EVA处于熔融状态)下空气氛围中进行电子束辐照,剂量分别为0、50、100、150、200 kGy,剂量率为20 000 kGy/h。
(1)凝胶含量:将辐照后的EVA样片剪碎,置于滤纸包中,在索氏抽提器中用二甲苯抽提72 h;凝胶含量用剩余质量与原始质量的百分比表示。
(2)拉伸测试:将样品制成尺寸为4.0 mm×7.5 mm的哑铃型,采用电子万能试验机按照GB/T 1040—1992进行测试,拉伸速率为250 mm/min,每个样品测试5次,结果取平均值。
(3)体积电阻率测试:将样品制成厚度为1 mm、直径适合的圆形片材,根据GB/T 1410—2006相关要求采用高阻计进行测试,测试温度为25℃,测试电压为1 000 V。
(4)介电频域谱测试:根据GB/T 1409—2006相关要求进行测试,测试温度为25℃,频率为0.01~1 000 Hz。
(5)电气强度:将样品制成直径适合的圆形片材,采用交流介质强度试验仪进行测试。
(6)FTIR测试:将样品放到傅里叶红外变换光谱仪上,采用反射法进行测试,扫描次数为16次,分辨率为4 cm-1
在电子束高温辐照过程中,EVA样品会同时经历交联和降解两种现象。当交联效应占据主导地位时,EVA样品在高温辐照交联后内部会形成稳定的三维网络结构,难以被甲苯等有机溶剂分解。为了研究高温条件下不同辐照剂量对EVA样品交联程度的影响,本文对比了EVA样品的凝胶含量实验结果,如图1所示。
图1可以看出,随着辐射剂量的逐渐增加,凝胶含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势。当辐照剂量为100 kGy时,凝胶含量达到了95.7%,而未辐照的EVA样品凝胶含量仅为0.4%。这说明在辐照过程中,EVA样品的交联程度显著提高。然而,当辐照剂量超过100 kGy时,凝胶含量随着辐照剂量的增加而逐步降低,这是因为过高的辐照剂量使降解反应变得更为明显,导致形成的三维网络结构逐渐瓦解和断裂。另外,与EVA相关的研究[13]对比表明,在高温熔融状态下进行辐照,达到凝胶含量峰值所需的辐照剂量仅为100 kGy,而在常温条件下进行辐照,需要添加交联助剂并将辐照剂量提高到150 kGy才能达到90%以上的凝胶含量。这一显著差异主要源于高温熔融状态下EVA分子链运动速度加快,增加了自由基之间的碰撞概率,从而加速了样品交联过程,使得在辐照剂量相对较低的情况下交联程度迅速提升。
图2为在高温下不同辐照剂量对EVA样品力学性能的影响。从图2可以看出,随着辐照剂量的增加,EVA样品的断裂伸长率逐步降低。当辐照剂量达到50 kGy时,断裂伸长率从787%下降至578%,下降了26.6%。这表明在较低辐照剂量下,高温熔融状态的EVA样品能够迅速交联,形成网络结构,分子链的运动受到明显限制,导致断裂伸长率显著降低。然而,随着辐照剂量的进一步增加,断裂伸长率下降趋势明显减缓。这意味着在辐照剂量为50~100 kGy时,较完整的交联结构已经形成,继续辐照导致断裂伸长率的下降是由于辐照降解引起的网络结构被破坏[14]。此外,拉伸强度的变化趋势与凝胶含量的趋势类似。当辐照剂量达到100 kGy时,拉伸强度上升至32.1 MPa,相较于未交联样品提高了47.3%。这表明交联结构的形成有助于力量传递并阻止裂纹产生,从而使得拉伸强度显著增加。然而,继续辐照会导致拉伸强度迅速下降,这主要归因于辐照降解的影响。
体积电阻率是反映电介质材料绝缘性能的重要参数之一。图3为不同辐照剂量对EVA样品体积电阻率的影响。从图3可以看出,EVA样品的体积电阻率随着辐照剂量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在辐照剂量达到100 kGy时,体积电阻率达到最大值,为1.8×1013 Ω·m,这个变化趋势与样品凝胶含量的变化趋势一致。这是因为在载流子浓度差别不大的情况下,交联程度的提高会使分子链的活动性降低,自由体积减少,使得载流子的迁移率下降,从而导致材料的体积电阻率增大。
材料本身的能量损耗也是评价电介质材料绝缘性能的一个重要因素,一般采用绝缘材料的介质损耗因数tanδ来反映电介质材料在电场中的能量损耗。这在电气工程上也有很重要的实用意义,尤其是当电介质材料在高频高电压下工作时,tanδ过大会引起电介质材料发热,从而引起材料的老化甚至击穿。因此,研究不同频率下材料tanδ的变化规律,能够体现材料绝缘性能的优劣。图4(a)为不同辐照剂量EVA样品的tanδ随电场频率的变化曲线。从图4(a)可以看出,随着电场频率的增加,EVA样品的tanδ先迅速降低然后趋于平缓;当电场频率进一步增加时,tanδ缓慢增大。在整个测试频率范围内,100 kGy剂量下辐照的EVA样品介质损耗都有较好的表现。当介质材料处于电场中时,由于受到电场的作用,材料内部的空间电荷发生变化从而产生极化,而引起介质损耗的极化主要是弛豫极化。当外电场的频率较低时,材料的极化程度非常显著,此时发生的介质损耗较大,测得的tanδ较大;当外电场的频率比较高时,极化跟不上外电场的频率变化,产生极化滞后的现象,出现弛豫极化损耗,介质损耗增大,导致tanδ缓慢增大[15]
聚合物在电场中的极化特性与其本身极性密切相关,通过测量聚合物的介电常数,可以判断高分子绝缘材料的极性大小。图4(b)为不同辐照剂量EVA样品的介电常数随电场频率的变化曲线。从图4(b)可以看出,同一样品的介电常数随电场频率升高而略有降低;随着辐照剂量的增加,介电常数先下降后上升,并在辐照剂量为100 kGy时,介电常数达到最小值。这一变化趋势与材料交联程度的变化一致,即交联程度越高,材料极性越低。这种现象主要是因为聚合物在交联过程中会阻碍分子极性取向。当EVA样品的交联程度提高时,分子极性取向趋势降低,从而导致材料的介电常数减小。
当施加在绝缘材料上的电场强度高于某临界值时,绝缘材料会失去绝缘性能,这种现象称为击穿。电介质的击穿存在一定概率分布,一般采用Weibull分布进行击穿数据的统计分析,得到击穿数据的概率分布曲线。电气强度的概率分布函数可以由式(1)表示。
PfEb;α, β=1-exp-(Ebα)β
式(1)中:Eb为样品电气强度的实验值(kV/mm);α为为尺度参数,是实验样品的特征电气强度 (kV/mm);β为形状参数,代表击穿数据的分散性;Pf为概率分布函数,可以表示为式(2)[16]
Pfi, n=i-0.44n+0.25×100%
式(2)中,in分别为样本序号和样本数量。
式(1)取两次对数,可得到式(3)
ln(ln(1/(1-Pf(Eb,α,β))))=βlnEb-βlnα
式(3)可以看到,等式的左边项与电气强度的对数存在线性关系,将实际测试得到的电气强度数据经式(2)式(3)处理后进行绘图,得到不同辐照剂量EVA样品电气强度的Weibull统计分布如图5所示,拟合得到的形状参数和尺度参数列于表1中。从图5可以看出,辐照剂量为100 kGy时,样品的电气强度最大;另外,辐照后EVA样品的电气强度,都会有不同程度的增大,但总体上并不是辐照剂量越大电气强度越大:辐照剂量在0~100 kGy范围内随着辐照剂量的增加,电气强度不断增大;当辐照剂量大于100 kGy时,电气强度反而随着辐照剂量的增加而减小。这个趋势与EVA样品交联程度的变化相吻合。因为在相同且适当的外部条件下,绝缘材料的电气强度主要取决于内部结构,与外界因素关联较小。此时,固体绝缘材料的击穿类型主要为电击穿。在强电场影响下,绝缘材料内部的电质点剧烈运动,产生碰撞电离,破坏了分子结构,增加了电导,最终导致击穿[17]。由于交联处理过程使EVA样品发生交联和降解,改变了其内部结构,较高的交联度使得破坏分子结构需要更高的外部电压,表现为更大的电气强度。
此外,绝缘材料电气强度的分散性也是击穿特性的一个重要方面。从电气强度的Weibull分布中可以得到材料的形状参数(如表1所示),它决定了试样电气强度数据的分散性。形状参数越大,电气强度数据分散性越小[18]。从表1可以看出,经过辐照处理后,EVA样品的电气强度分散性略有降低,但总体保持良好水平。然而,当辐照剂量达到200 kGy后,电气强度分散性开始变差。这是因为在辐照过程中,材料在交联的同时也发生降解,导致内部产生小分子物质,增加了击穿发生的随机性。在经历200 kGy辐照后,材料降解更为明显,因此电气强度分散性明显下降。
通过红外光谱图可以分析熔融辐照对EVA样品分子结构的影响,图6为不同辐照剂量下EVA样品的红外光谱图。
图6(a)可以看出,EVA样品的典型特征峰,包括波数为2 930 cm-1的甲基特征峰、2 860 cm-1的亚甲基特征峰、1 740 cm-1的羰基伸缩振动峰以及1 240 cm-1的酯基不对称伸缩振动峰[19]。在辐照作用下,1 265 cm-1处出现新的吸收峰,这可能是由环状振动吸收引起。在低辐照剂量(50~100 kGy)作用下,吸收峰强度随辐照剂量的增加而增强。当辐照剂量超过100 kGy时,该吸收峰强度减弱。这可能是由于EVA分子链较长,熔融状态下的EVA分子链活跃,分子链间和分子链本身首尾碰撞概率相较常温固态下大幅增加。在高能电子束辐照下,分子间发生交联,分子内伴随形成环,而辐照剂量过高时,环状结构被破坏。进一步观察波数2 900~2 940 cm-1范围(如图6(b)所示),可以看出随着辐照剂量的增大,2 916 cm-1处吸收峰的半峰宽先增大后减小,这可能是分子链交联引起的[20]
(1)EVA样品的凝胶含量随着辐照剂量的增加先升高后降低,在辐照剂量为100 kGy时,凝胶含量达到最高。
(2)电子束辐照会降低EVA样品的断裂伸长率,而拉伸强度随着辐照剂量的增加先升高后降低,其变化趋势与凝胶含量的变化一致。
(3)在电子束辐照的作用下,EVA样品的体积电阻率先增大后减小,介电常数先减小后增大,电气强度先增大后减小,而介质损耗因数变化不大,在辐照剂量为100 kGy时,EVA材料的体积电阻率达到最大值。
  • 湖北科技学院校级基金项目(2021-22X05)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.03.005
  • 接收时间:2023-03-22
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-22
  • 修回日期:2023-05-19
基金
湖北科技学院校级基金项目(2021-22X05)
作者信息
    1湖北科技学院 核技术与化学生物学院,湖北 咸宁 437000
    2中国科学院上海应用物理研究所,上海 201800
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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