Article(id=1209927483957317752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927476046860302, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1626192000000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-14, revisedDate=1628697600000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398791541, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1652976000000, pubDateStr=2022-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398791541, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398791541, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398791541, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927476046860302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398789655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563075277, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616539955466501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927476046860302, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616539959660806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927476046860302, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=49, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927484292862085, articleId=1209927483957317752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and Dielectric/Energy Storage Characteristics of Surface Modified Polypropylene Film, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the capacitance and energy density of polypropylene film, the mixed slurry of high dielectric constant nanoparticles and acrylate binder was used to modify the surface of polypropylene film. By comparing with the properties of polypropylene film before modification, the effects of base film stretching technology, surface modification temperature, and high dielectric nanoparticles size on the properties of the modified polypropylene film were discussed. The results show that after modification, the dielectric constant of polypropylene film increases from 2.20 to 2.89 at 1 kHz, and the energy storage density increases from 2.56 J/cm3 to 3.29 J/cm3 under 500 kV/mm of electric field, which increases by 28.5%. At the same time, the modified polypropylene film maintains stable dielectric properties in the range of 20-120℃, and the variation range of dielectric constant is less than 6.9% under 1 kHz. The solution method used to modify polypropylene film in this study is simple and easy, and is feasible for large-scale preparation, which has a certain reference value for the large-scale preparation of dielectric materials with high energy storage density.

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为了提高聚丙烯薄膜的电容量和能量密度,采用高介电常数纳米颗粒与丙烯酸酯类粘结剂的混合浆料对聚丙烯薄膜进行表面改性,与改性前聚丙烯薄膜的性能作对比分析,探讨了基膜拉伸工艺、表面改性温度、高介电纳米颗粒尺寸3个因素对改性聚丙烯薄膜性能的影响。结果表明:改性后,1 kHz下聚丙烯薄膜的介电常数从2.20增大到2.89,500 kV/mm电场下储能密度从2.56 J/cm3增加到3.29 J/cm3,提升了28.5%。同时,改性后的聚丙烯薄膜在20~120℃区间内保持着稳定的介电性能,其1 kHz下的介电常数变化幅度小于6.9%。本研究采用简单易行的溶液法对聚丙烯薄膜进行改性,具备规模化制备的可行性,对实现高储能密度电介质材料的规模化制备具有一定的参考价值。

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党智敏(1969-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,教授,主要从事先进能源电工材料与器件的研究。
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平江波(1993-),男(汉族),山西长治人,硕士生,主要从事储能聚合物薄膜表面改性的研究。

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平江波(1993-),男(汉族),山西长治人,硕士生,主要从事储能聚合物薄膜表面改性的研究。

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平江波(1993-),男(汉族),山西长治人,硕士生,主要从事储能聚合物薄膜表面改性的研究。

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表面改性聚丙烯薄膜的制备与介电/储能特性研究
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平江波 , 冯启琨 , 郑明胜 , 裴家耀 , 党智敏
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(5): 49-55
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(5): 49-55
表面改性聚丙烯薄膜的制备与介电/储能特性研究
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平江波, 冯启琨, 郑明胜, 裴家耀, 党智敏
作者信息
  • 清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系 电力系统及发电设备控制和仿真国家重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 平江波(1993-),男(汉族),山西长治人,硕士生,主要从事储能聚合物薄膜表面改性的研究。

通讯作者:

党智敏(1969-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,教授,主要从事先进能源电工材料与器件的研究。
Preparation and Dielectric/Energy Storage Characteristics of Surface Modified Polypropylene Film
Jiangbo PING, Qikun FENG, Mingsheng ZHENG, Jiayao PEI, Zhimin DANG
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Power System and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2022-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.007
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为了提高聚丙烯薄膜的电容量和能量密度,采用高介电常数纳米颗粒与丙烯酸酯类粘结剂的混合浆料对聚丙烯薄膜进行表面改性,与改性前聚丙烯薄膜的性能作对比分析,探讨了基膜拉伸工艺、表面改性温度、高介电纳米颗粒尺寸3个因素对改性聚丙烯薄膜性能的影响。结果表明:改性后,1 kHz下聚丙烯薄膜的介电常数从2.20增大到2.89,500 kV/mm电场下储能密度从2.56 J/cm3增加到3.29 J/cm3,提升了28.5%。同时,改性后的聚丙烯薄膜在20~120℃区间内保持着稳定的介电性能,其1 kHz下的介电常数变化幅度小于6.9%。本研究采用简单易行的溶液法对聚丙烯薄膜进行改性,具备规模化制备的可行性,对实现高储能密度电介质材料的规模化制备具有一定的参考价值。

聚丙烯  /  薄膜电容器  /  表面改性  /  高储能密度  /  工业规模化

In order to improve the capacitance and energy density of polypropylene film, the mixed slurry of high dielectric constant nanoparticles and acrylate binder was used to modify the surface of polypropylene film. By comparing with the properties of polypropylene film before modification, the effects of base film stretching technology, surface modification temperature, and high dielectric nanoparticles size on the properties of the modified polypropylene film were discussed. The results show that after modification, the dielectric constant of polypropylene film increases from 2.20 to 2.89 at 1 kHz, and the energy storage density increases from 2.56 J/cm3 to 3.29 J/cm3 under 500 kV/mm of electric field, which increases by 28.5%. At the same time, the modified polypropylene film maintains stable dielectric properties in the range of 20-120℃, and the variation range of dielectric constant is less than 6.9% under 1 kHz. The solution method used to modify polypropylene film in this study is simple and easy, and is feasible for large-scale preparation, which has a certain reference value for the large-scale preparation of dielectric materials with high energy storage density.

polypropylene  /  film capacitor  /  surface modification  /  high energy storage density  /  industrial scale
平江波, 冯启琨, 郑明胜, 裴家耀, 党智敏. 表面改性聚丙烯薄膜的制备与介电/储能特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (5) : 49 -55 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.007
Jiangbo PING, Qikun FENG, Mingsheng ZHENG, Jiayao PEI, Zhimin DANG. Preparation and Dielectric/Energy Storage Characteristics of Surface Modified Polypropylene Film[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (5) : 49 -55 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.007
电能因具有清洁、便利、易调控等优点在人们的生产和生活中发挥着不可替代的作用。由于电能的生产与使用是即时完成的,对电能储存装置的研究与应用也应运而生。
与常见的化学储能器件如蓄电池、超级电容器相比,薄膜电容器由于可以直接储存电场能,不涉及能量形式的转化(不同于电池充放电时的化学反应),在功率密度方面具有十分突出的优势,同时薄膜电容器具有损耗低、耐受场强高、运行可靠性高等优点,在电力、新能源汽车、脉冲电磁系统等领域得到了广泛的应用[1-6]。近年来随着新能源产业的蓬勃发展,薄膜电容器的市场规模日益扩大[7]。薄膜电容器主要包括聚酯薄膜电容器和聚丙烯薄膜电容器两大类,其中使用双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)薄膜蒸镀金属后卷绕制成的薄膜电容器因具有低成本、低损耗、自愈性能良好的优异特性而占据了大部分市场[8]。但是,聚丙烯薄膜电容器较低的能量密度使其体积往往较大,不利于在电动汽车、电磁脉冲装置等对空间严格限制的领域使用。因此,提高聚丙烯薄膜的能量密度,进而提高电容器的储能密度或减小电容器的体积,可拓宽薄膜电容器的应用场景,创造可观的经济效益[9-11]
常见的用于制备薄膜的高分子材料介电常数较低,提高其介电常数的方法一般是在制备过程中掺杂改性纳米颗粒以提高材料整体的介电性能。所用填料从形态上可分为零维颗粒状、一维线状和二维片状,从材料特性上主要包括高介电陶瓷(如钛酸钡、钛酸锶钡等)、高导电材料(如银、碳纤维)[12-14]。ZHANG M S等[13]将三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)包覆钛酸钡(BT)的核壳结构纳米颗粒通过熔融共混法分散到聚丙烯中,制得了介电常数高达5.8(1 000 Hz下)的聚丙烯基纳米复合材料(聚丙烯在1 000 Hz下介电常数约为2.2)。除了常见的填料-基体共混结构的复合薄膜,研究者还提出了多层复合薄膜的结构。WANG Y等[15]通过溶液流延法将不同BT含量的三层钛酸钡/聚偏氟乙烯(BT/PVDF)复合薄膜组合成三明治结构的复合薄膜,其储能密度达到了18.8 J/cm3。工业化电介质薄膜的生产均采用熔融挤出再经吹塑或者拉伸等工序制备,有机-无机共混材料因两相结合性问题不能承受吹塑或拉伸工序而难以成膜[15-16],因此目前难以实现工业化大规模生产。
对薄膜表面进行改性处理也是制备复合薄膜材料常见的思路[17-20]。本研究从低成本、易操作、可大批量生产的目标出发,对现有商用的BOPP薄膜进行规模化表面高介电性能强化,通过研究表面改性聚丙烯薄膜的介电谱、电气强度、储能密度、SEM形貌等,分析研究基膜拉伸工艺、表面改性温度、高介电纳米颗粒尺寸3个因素对改性聚丙烯薄膜性能的影响规律。
本研究共制备了6种样品,样品1、2是分别以A公司的异步双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜、同步双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜为基膜,使用相同的浆液(高介电常数纳米颗粒与有机胶的混合物)进行表面处理得到的改性薄膜,分别记作1-A-YB、2-A-TB。其余4种样品均以B公司的异步双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜为基膜,根据高介电常数无机纳米颗粒尺寸(L代表大粒径、缺省表示普通粒径)、表面改性工艺的环境温度(M60、M70代表60℃、70℃),分别记作3-B(纯BOPP薄膜)、4-B-M60、5-B-M70、6-B-M60-L(6-B-M60-L表示6号样品是以B公司的异步双向拉伸薄膜为基膜,在60℃下使用大粒径纳米颗粒的混合物作浆液得到)。
改性处理主要步骤为:用刮刀处理浆料,热风干燥,整个过程为连续化工作,可进行规模化工业生产。上述样品除样品6-B-M60-L外,其余表面处理的样品均使用普通粒径的高介电常数纳米颗粒。高介电常数纳米颗粒为麦克林试剂厂生产的粒径约100 nm和200 nm的钛酸钡颗粒,呈白色粉末状。
使用美国Agilent公司的4294A型阻抗测试仪测试薄膜的介电常数和介质损耗因数,测试温度分别为20、40、60、80、100、120℃,频率为103~106 Hz,施加电压为方均根值为0.5 V的电压。
使用北京北广精仪仪器设备有限公司的BDJC-50 kV型电压击穿试验仪进行测试,加压速率为500 V/s,击穿判据为漏电流值达到4 mA。
使用德国Zeiss公司的Zeiss Merlin场发射扫描电镜观测样品的表面形貌与断面形貌,放大倍数为1万倍和5万倍。
试验平台由美国TREK公司的609B型功率放大器、美国RADIANT公司的Precision 10 kV HVI-SC型高压发生器和Precision Multiferroic Ⅱ型铁电测试仪、电极等固定架组成,施加电压为三角波电压,频率为100 Hz。
试验平台由美国KEITHLEY公司的2290-10型10 kV电压源、2635B SYSTEM Source Meter型电流表和电极组成。初始场强为10 kV/mm,步长为15 kV/mm,终止场强为295 kV/mm,每个场强下保持900 s。
使用美国INSTRON公司的3343型材料试验机进行测试,试验所用胶带为美国3M公司的思高透明胶带。
测试介电谱、电气强度、极化回线与储能密度、电导率的样品表面均溅射金属电极,所用仪器为北京博远微纳科技公的ETD-900M型磁控溅射仪,溅射电极为金电极,面积为0.13 cm2[21]
介电常数与介质损耗因数是考察材料介电性能的重要参数,前者是决定介电材料储能密度的参数之一,后者是衡量介电材料工作效率的重要参数。图1为常温下改性薄膜的介电性能测试结果。由图1可知,以样品3-B(纯聚丙烯薄膜)为参照,经过高介电纳米颗粒表面处理的5种样品介电常数均得到了提高,说明高介电层表面处理可以提高介质材料的介电常数。同时也可看出,高介电层改性薄膜的介质损耗因数相比样品3-B均有一定程度的增大,这是由于改性层中高介电纳米颗粒与有机胶以及改性层与聚丙烯薄膜表面发生了界面极化导致的[9,22]
6组样品的介电常数均随频率升高而略有降低,介质损耗因数均随频率升高而略微增大。这是由于随着电场频率的升高,介质内部的偶极子翻转速度逐渐滞后于电场变化速度,宏观表现为介电常数的降低。同时,偶极子偏转需要克服周围分子的阻力,故介质损耗因数随偏转次数的增加而增大。
图1(a)可以看出,经同步拉伸和异步拉伸工艺得到的聚丙烯薄膜介电常数、介质损耗因数差别微小,可以认为两种双向拉伸工艺对聚丙烯薄膜介电性能的影响可以忽略[23]
图1(b)可知,1 kHz下样品5-B-M70介电常数为2.89,相比于样品3-B(2.20)提高了31.8%,这是由于较高的温度使得纳米颗粒与有机胶的结合更加紧密,两者间的空隙减少,意味着低介电常数部分(空气)的含量减少,从而提高了改性层的介电常数,因此改性层对基膜的改性效果更加明显[22]
图1(c)可知,在103 Hz下,样品4-B-M60和6-B-M60-L的介电常数接近,初步认为在本研究所用的高介电纳米颗粒的尺寸范围内,其尺寸变化对改性薄膜的介电常数影响不明显。
测试了样品在不同温度下的介电频谱,并将电场频率为1 kHz时的介电常数和介质损耗因数整理如图2所示。从图2可以看出,随着测试温度升高,介质材料的介电常数呈现非单调性变化,这是由于测试温度升高,介质内部偶极子翻转难度降低,但同时分子无规则运动加剧,两种效应共同作用的结果。此外,除样品3-B外,在其余5类改性薄膜样品中,样品6-B-M60-L的介电常数变化幅度最小,随着测试温度从20℃升高到120℃,介电常数从2.71减小到2.55,减小幅度为5.9%。样品1-A-YB和2-A-TB的介电常数均减小约0.3,样品4-B-M60的介电常数从2.70减小到2.52,减小幅度为6.7%,样品5-B-M70介电常数从2.89减小到2.69,减小幅度为6.9%。总体而言,除3-B样品外,其余5类改性薄膜样品的介电常数-温度特性非常接近。从图2还可以看出,5种改性薄膜样品的介质损耗因数相近,且处于较低数值范围内。
介电材料的电气强度是决定其用作电容器时的最大放电能量密度,也是决定其额定运行工况的重要参考因素。本研究运用两参数Weibull分布模型分析了6种样品的耐压性能,结果如图3所示,纵坐标数值为0时对应的横坐标数值记作Eb(击穿概率为0.632时的场强值)。拟合直线的斜率(即形状参数β)可表征击穿数据的集中程度,斜率越大代表数据集中度越高[24]。从图3可以看出,相比于样品3-B,5种表面改性薄膜样品的电气强度均有所下降,下降幅度相当,这是由于改性层主要成分为高介电无机纳米颗粒,无机陶瓷颗粒的耐受场强虽然与其晶型、颗粒尺寸等多种因素有关,但其远低于聚丙烯薄膜的电气强度[25]。此外,从图3(a)中拟合直线的斜率可知,2-A-TB样品电气强度数据拟合直线的斜率比1-A-YB的大,即其Weibull分布的形状参数β比1-A-YB样品的大。这是由于同步拉伸成型工艺生产的薄膜厚度均匀性相对较差,导致电气强度值的分散性较大[26]
对比样品4-B-M60和6-B-M60-L的介电常数、介质损耗因数、电气强度发现,这两种样品的介电性能接近,对这两种样品的表面和断面形貌进行分析,结果如图4所示。从图4(a)(b)(e)(f)可以看出,无论是表面还是断面,两种尺寸的高介电纳米颗粒在改性薄膜中均达到了良好的分散效果,无明显团聚现象发生。从图4(c)(d)可以看到,两种尺寸的纳米颗粒改性层厚度均匀,且改性层与BOPP基膜粘接良好。此外,样品4-B-M60和6-B-M60-L的形貌没有明显差别,说明在本研究所用的纳米颗粒的粒径变化对改性薄膜的结构影响不明显。
图5为改性薄膜在500 kV/mm下的电位移矢量-电场强度回线曲线。由图5可以看出,所有改性薄膜的电滞回线非常纤细,接近于纯聚丙烯薄膜,说明改性层厚度占比小,改性层中高介电的纳米颗粒对改性薄膜整体的非极性特性影响较弱。
图6为改性薄膜在500 kV/mm下的放电能量密度与充放电效率测试结果。从图6可以看出,在500 kV/mm场强下,5种改性薄膜的放电能量密度均得到了提升,其中样品5-B-M70的提升幅度最高,从样品3-B的2.56 J/cm3提高到3.29 J/cm3,提升了28.5%。此外,与样品4-B-M60相比,样品5-B-M70的放电能量密度也有所提升,说明当改性温度从60℃提高到70℃时,有利于提高薄膜的放电能量密度。5种改性薄膜样品的充放电效率与样品3-B(纯BOPP薄膜)接近,均保持在较高水平。
介质薄膜的电导率可以表征电容器运行状态下的漏导损耗,同时也可以反映介质材料承压状态下的发热问题。图7为改性薄膜的电导率-场强特性。由图7可知,改性薄膜与纯聚丙烯薄膜的电导率在同一个数量级内,说明改性聚丙烯薄膜在所测场强范围内的电导机理未发生改变,可认为改性处理对聚丙烯薄膜漏导损耗产生的影响可忽略[27-28]
介质材料在电场下的损耗包括极化损耗和漏导损耗两部分。极化损耗根据介质材料的剩余极化值(即电场升压再降压至零时的电位移矢量值,如图7中的插图所示)来判断。从插图中电场强度为零时的电位移矢量数据分析,所有样品的剩余极化值非常小,均小于0.05 μC/cm2,均可视作线性电介质材料,即极化损耗非常低。参考图7的电导率特性可知,6组样品之间的电导率非常接近,在测试电场范围内均保持在10-14数量级左右,因此样品在电场下产生的漏导损耗也非常接近,改性薄膜对充放电效率的影响很小。
涂层与基体的结合情况是影响薄膜卷绕制成电容器的关键性能,试验发现本研究改性薄膜可成功卷绕制成电容器,未见涂层有剥落情况。参考GB/T 28786—2012,使用动态拉伸仪通过胶带法测量涂层与基膜的结合力,测试结果如图8所示[29],其中,样品3-B的测量数据代表胶带(采用美国3M公司的思高600透明胶带)对基体薄膜的粘接力。从图8可知,由于使用了相同的粘接剂,且改性颗粒与粘接剂配比一致,故该批改性薄膜的涂层与基体粘接情况差别较小。
(1)高介电纳米改性处理可有效提高聚丙烯薄膜的介电常数,提高其在相同电场强度下的储能密度。
(2)在所用纳米颗粒尺寸范围内,其尺寸变化对改性薄膜的结构影响不明显,故可从成本出发考虑采取合适粒径的纳米颗粒。
(3)基于两种拉伸工艺得到的BOPP基膜的改性薄膜介电性能和储能性能有所差异。
(4)本研究设置的70℃改性温度制备的改性薄膜性能优于60℃的情况,考虑到商用聚丙烯薄膜使用温度的上限是85℃,因此改性处理时可适当提高温度以更好地提升放电能量密度。
本研究采用的提高电介质薄膜储能密度的方法具有工艺简单、成本低等可大规模推广的优势,对薄膜电容器行业具有较高的参考价值。但是使用高介电常数纳米颗粒不可避免地降低了材料的耐受场强,使得材料的最大放电能量密度受到影响。今后可以采用宽禁带材料,尝试提高BOPP改性材料的电气强度,以提高改性薄膜的最大放电能量密度,进一步拓宽改性能薄膜的应用场景。
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2022年第55卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.007
  • 接收时间:2021-07-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-14
  • 修回日期:2021-08-12
基金
国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5500-202058455A-0-0-00)
作者信息
    清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系 电力系统及发电设备控制和仿真国家重点实验室,北京 100084

通讯作者:

党智敏(1969-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,教授,主要从事先进能源电工材料与器件的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.007
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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