Article(id=1209927480576708653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927476046860302, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1625760000000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-09, revisedDate=1629820800000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398790735, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1652976000000, pubDateStr=2022-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398790735, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398790735, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398790735, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927476046860302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398789655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563075277, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616539955466501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927476046860302, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616539959660806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927476046860302, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927480840949810, articleId=1209927480576708653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on Diamine Containing Trimethyl Substituted Alicyclic Ring Based on Biomass Small Molecule and Its Polyimides, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A derived diamine monomer of 1,3-bis(4-aminobenzoyoloxymethyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentane (BABMT) was synthesized from a biomass small molecule natural-(D)-camphor. It was polymerized with aromatic structure dianhydrides (BPDA and ODPA) to prepare semi-alicyclic structure polyimide (PI) films, respectively, and their thermal properties, mechanical properties, optical properties, and solubility were compared with that of the wholly aromatic structure PI films prepared by alicyclic structure diamine (DMB) polymerizing with alicyclic structure dianhydrides (BPDA and ODPA), respectively. The results show that the semi-alicyclic structure PI films have good thermal properties, the glass transition temperature (Tg) is 281℃ and 236℃, respectively, and the 5% weight loss temperatures (Td5) is not lower than 390℃. At the same time, the semi-alicyclic structure PI films retain good mechanical properties, the tensile modulus is 2.13 GPa and 2.41 GPa, respectively, the tensile strength is 109 MPa and 97.9 MPa, respectively, and the elongation at break is 7.7% and 11%, respectively. Compared with the wholly aromatic structure PI films, the semi-alicyclic structure PI films show better transparency with the transmittance at 500 nm (T500) over 78%, and better solubility in common organic solvents. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction results show that all the semi-alicyclic structure PI films present amorphous structure, and their interchain spacing (d) are larger than that of the wholly aromatic PI films.

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以生物质小分子天然-(D)-樟脑为原料,合成了一种含脂环结构衍生二胺1,3-双(4-氨基苯甲酰氧基甲基)-1,2,2-三甲基环戊烷(BABMT),将其与两种芳香结构二酐(BPDA和ODPA)聚合制备半脂环结构聚酰亚胺(PI)膜,并与芳香结构二胺二甲基联苯二胺(DMB)与芳香结构二酐(BPDA和ODPA)制备的全芳香结构PI膜进行了热性能、力学性能、光学性能和溶解度的比较。结果表明:半脂环结构PI膜保持了良好的热性能,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)分别为281℃和236℃,5%失重温度(Td5)不低于390℃。半脂环结构PI膜同时也保持了良好的力学性能,拉伸模量分别为2 130 MPa和2 410 MPa,拉伸强度分别为109.0 MPa和97.9 MPa,断裂伸长率分别为7.7%和11.0%。与全芳香结构PI膜相比,半脂环结构PI膜具有更好的透明性,在500 nm处的透光率超过78%,此外,半脂环结构PI膜在普通有机溶剂中的溶解度优于全芳香结构PI膜。广角X射线衍射结果表明,半脂环结构PI膜均为无定形结构,而且其链间距大于全芳香族PI膜。

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刘峰(1974-),男(汉族),江西高安人,教授,研究方向为聚酰亚胺和有机硅材料。
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陈明新(1995-),男(汉族),江西赣州人,硕士生,研究方向为功能性聚酰亚胺材料。

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陈明新(1995-),男(汉族),江西赣州人,硕士生,研究方向为功能性聚酰亚胺材料。

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样品Tg/℃Tβ/℃Td5/℃Td10/℃700℃残留率/%拉伸模量/MPa拉伸强度/MPa断裂伸长率/%
PI-1326156488519675 740240.012.0
PI-2336153398407375 570191.017.0
PI-3281124390398362 130109.07.7
PI-423693390398182 41097.911.0
), ArticleFig(id=1210884596997157580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927480576708653, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PI膜的热性能和力学性能

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样品Tg/℃Tβ/℃Td5/℃Td10/℃700℃残留率/%拉伸模量/MPa拉伸强度/MPa断裂伸长率/%
PI-1326156488519675 740240.012.0
PI-2336153398407375 570191.017.0
PI-3281124390398362 130109.07.7
PI-423693390398182 41097.911.0
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样品λ截止波长/nm透射率/%膜厚度/μm
400 nm450 nm500 nm
PI-14190316346
PI-23943.6577343
PI-336327657842
PI-436345708138
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PI膜的UV-Vis光谱数据

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样品λ截止波长/nm透射率/%膜厚度/μm
400 nm450 nm500 nm
PI-14190316346
PI-23943.6577343
PI-336327657842
PI-436345708138
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样品CHCl2CHCl3DMFDMAcDMSOTHF丙酮2θ/(o)d
PI-1-------16.995.21
PI-2-------16.725.29
PI-3-------16.765.28
PI-4+++++++h16.035.52
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PI膜的溶解性和广角X射线衍射特性数据

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样品CHCl2CHCl3DMFDMAcDMSOTHF丙酮2θ/(o)d
PI-1-------16.995.21
PI-2-------16.725.29
PI-3-------16.765.28
PI-4+++++++h16.035.52
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基于生物质小分子的三甲基取代脂环结构衍生二胺及其聚酰亚胺材料研究
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陈明新 , 张颖娟 , 林子强 , 刘峰
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(5): 27-34
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(5): 27-34
基于生物质小分子的三甲基取代脂环结构衍生二胺及其聚酰亚胺材料研究
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陈明新, 张颖娟, 林子强, 刘峰
作者信息
  • 南昌大学 化学化工学院,江西 南昌 330031
  • 陈明新(1995-),男(汉族),江西赣州人,硕士生,研究方向为功能性聚酰亚胺材料。

通讯作者:

刘峰(1974-),男(汉族),江西高安人,教授,研究方向为聚酰亚胺和有机硅材料。
Study on Diamine Containing Trimethyl Substituted Alicyclic Ring Based on Biomass Small Molecule and Its Polyimides
Mingxin CHEN, Yingjuan ZHANG, Ziqiang LIN, Feng LIU
Affiliations
  • School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
出版时间: 2022-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.004
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以生物质小分子天然-(D)-樟脑为原料,合成了一种含脂环结构衍生二胺1,3-双(4-氨基苯甲酰氧基甲基)-1,2,2-三甲基环戊烷(BABMT),将其与两种芳香结构二酐(BPDA和ODPA)聚合制备半脂环结构聚酰亚胺(PI)膜,并与芳香结构二胺二甲基联苯二胺(DMB)与芳香结构二酐(BPDA和ODPA)制备的全芳香结构PI膜进行了热性能、力学性能、光学性能和溶解度的比较。结果表明:半脂环结构PI膜保持了良好的热性能,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)分别为281℃和236℃,5%失重温度(Td5)不低于390℃。半脂环结构PI膜同时也保持了良好的力学性能,拉伸模量分别为2 130 MPa和2 410 MPa,拉伸强度分别为109.0 MPa和97.9 MPa,断裂伸长率分别为7.7%和11.0%。与全芳香结构PI膜相比,半脂环结构PI膜具有更好的透明性,在500 nm处的透光率超过78%,此外,半脂环结构PI膜在普通有机溶剂中的溶解度优于全芳香结构PI膜。广角X射线衍射结果表明,半脂环结构PI膜均为无定形结构,而且其链间距大于全芳香族PI膜。

聚酰亚胺  /  脂环结构衍生二胺  /  天然-(D)-樟脑  /  溶解度  /  透明性

A derived diamine monomer of 1,3-bis(4-aminobenzoyoloxymethyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentane (BABMT) was synthesized from a biomass small molecule natural-(D)-camphor. It was polymerized with aromatic structure dianhydrides (BPDA and ODPA) to prepare semi-alicyclic structure polyimide (PI) films, respectively, and their thermal properties, mechanical properties, optical properties, and solubility were compared with that of the wholly aromatic structure PI films prepared by alicyclic structure diamine (DMB) polymerizing with alicyclic structure dianhydrides (BPDA and ODPA), respectively. The results show that the semi-alicyclic structure PI films have good thermal properties, the glass transition temperature (Tg) is 281℃ and 236℃, respectively, and the 5% weight loss temperatures (Td5) is not lower than 390℃. At the same time, the semi-alicyclic structure PI films retain good mechanical properties, the tensile modulus is 2.13 GPa and 2.41 GPa, respectively, the tensile strength is 109 MPa and 97.9 MPa, respectively, and the elongation at break is 7.7% and 11%, respectively. Compared with the wholly aromatic structure PI films, the semi-alicyclic structure PI films show better transparency with the transmittance at 500 nm (T500) over 78%, and better solubility in common organic solvents. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction results show that all the semi-alicyclic structure PI films present amorphous structure, and their interchain spacing (d) are larger than that of the wholly aromatic PI films.

polyimides  /  diamine containing alicyclic ring  /  natural-(D)-camphor  /  solubility  /  transparency
陈明新, 张颖娟, 林子强, 刘峰. 基于生物质小分子的三甲基取代脂环结构衍生二胺及其聚酰亚胺材料研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (5) : 27 -34 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.004
Mingxin CHEN, Yingjuan ZHANG, Ziqiang LIN, Feng LIU. Study on Diamine Containing Trimethyl Substituted Alicyclic Ring Based on Biomass Small Molecule and Its Polyimides[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (5) : 27 -34 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.004
聚酰亚胺(PI)作为一类重要的高性能聚合物,由于其优异的热稳定性、化学稳定性、力学性能、电学性能等,以膜、纤维和复合材料等形式在微电子、光电子、航空航天等领域得到广泛的应用[1-4]。然而,传统的芳香族聚酰亚胺聚合物主链之间存在强相互作用,分子链紧密堆积,导致材料在完全亚胺化状态下难熔、难溶,此外,芳香族聚酰亚胺固有的分子内/分子间电荷转移络合物(CTC)会导致材料的颜色较深和介电常数较高等[5-6],限制了材料的进一步应用。为了克服这些问题,研究人员致力于在保持PI膜原有的优良热性能和力学性能的前提下,改善材料的加工性和光学性能,合成可溶及透明的PI膜[7-15]。主要通过弱化CTC效应并减少链堆积的结构修饰来提升PI膜的光学和介电性能,采用的手段包括将柔性基团(醚、硫醚键)、大体积基团(三氟甲基、多取代烷基和cardo结构)、不对称单元引入主链或侧基[16-27]。通过结构修饰降低聚合物的主链刚性,抑制链间相互作用,减少链堆积,以此来提高PI膜的溶解性和透明性。此外,异构结构的引入可增加主链的扭曲,增大链间距离,降低聚合物链旋转所需的能量,从而降低材料的玻璃化转变温度或熔融温度,并提高其加工成型性能[28-30]
近年来,在PI膜主链中加入脂环单元引起了广泛的关注[31-36]。引入脂环结构可消除芳香共轭结构的影响,抑制CTC的相互作用,从而提高PI膜的透明性和溶解性[37-40]。本研究介绍一种来自生物质小分子化合物天然-(D)-樟脑的新型三甲基取代脂环结构衍生的二胺单体的合成,基于该二胺和芳香结构二酐制备得到半脂环结构PI膜,与全芳香结构PI膜在热性能、力学性能、光学性能和溶解度等方面进行比较。
天然-(D)-樟脑((1R)-(+)-樟脑,纯度>98%),伊诺凯试剂有限公司;3,3′-二甲基-4,4′-二氨基联苯(DMB)(纯度>98%)、3,3′,4,4′-二苯甲酮四甲酸二酐(ODPA)(纯度>98%)、3,3′,4,4′-联苯四羧酸二酐(BPDA)(纯度>97%),上海贤鼎生物科技有限公司;三乙胺(分析纯)、对硝基苯甲酰氯、水合肼(浓度为85%)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)均为分析纯,国药试剂有限公司。
核磁共振NMR仪,Bruker AVANCE 500 MHz,瑞士Bruker公司;红外光谱仪,TJ290-20A型,天津精拓仪器科技有限公司;熔点仪,SGW-X4型,上海精细科学仪器有限公司;X射线衍射仪,SmartLab9KW型,日本理学公司;多样品热重分析仪,TGA 4000型,美国沃特斯公司;紫外可见分光光度计,V-T2N型,北京屹谱仪器有限公司。
红外光谱:采用红外光谱仪测试材料的分子结构,KBr压片;核磁氢谱:采用核磁共振NMR仪进行测试,用氘代DMSO或氘代氯仿作为溶剂,TMS内标;熔点:采用熔点仪进行测试,升温速率为20℃/min;热重分析:采用热重分析仪进行测试,温度为25~700℃,升温速率为10°/min,氮气氛围,氮气流速为80 mL/min;X-射线衍射:采用X-射线衍射仪进行测试,管电流为30 mA,管电压为40 kV,射线源为CuKa,波长为0.154 056 nm,扫描速率为16℃/min,扫描范围为10°~60°。
以天然樟脑为原料,制备脂环结构二胺单体1,3-双(4-氨基苯甲酰氧基甲基)-1,2,2-三甲基环戊烷(BABMT)的总合成路线如图1所示。
将19.0 g(1R)-(+)-樟脑(0.125 mol)、1.05 g FeSO4·7H2O(3.8 mmol)、180 mL HNO3(65%~68%)和85 mL水的混合物置于烧瓶中在100~105℃下回流3 d,然后冷却至室温。过滤收集白色固体沉淀物,用水洗涤两次[41],得到12.2 g白色粉末,收率为49%,熔点为181~183℃,α=+54.90°。IR:3 419 cm-1(O-H伸缩);2 976 cm-1、2 892 cm-1(C-H伸缩);1 706 cm-1(-C=O伸缩);1 276 cm-1(C-O伸缩)。1HNMR(400 MHz,d6-DMSO,δ):0.75(s,3H);1.13(s,3H);1.19(S,3H);1.36(m,1H);1.73(m,1H);1.97(m,1H);2.35(m,1H);2.74(t,1H);12.16(s,2H)。
将2.0 g氢化铝锂(52.6 mmol)和30 mL无水乙醚置于250 mL装有回流冷凝器的三颈烧瓶中,于冰浴下滴加溶有3.0 g TCDA(15 mmol)的40 mL THF溶液。反应30 min后,移去冰浴,将白色浆液在室温下搅拌5 h。向反应混合物中小心滴加NaOH水溶液,形成的白色浆液用布氏漏斗过滤。收集有机相,旋蒸除去溶剂,得到粗产物(1S,3R)-(+)-顺-1,2,2-三甲基环戊烷-1,3-二甲醇(TCDM),将其用二氯甲烷/正己烷重结晶,得到1.8 g白色结晶固体,产率为71%,熔点为137~139℃,α=+41.85°。IR:3 355 cm-1(O-H伸缩);2 958 cm-1、2 875 cm-1(C-H伸缩);1 235 cm-1(C-O伸缩)。1HNMR(400 MHz,CDCl3δ):0.80(S,3H);1.04(S,6H);1.62(m,1H);1.97(m,2H);2.12(m,2H);3.49(m,2H);3.53(m,1H));3.61(m,1H);3.75(m,1H)。
N2气氛下,在装有磁力搅拌器、回流冷凝器和滴液漏斗的三颈圆底烧瓶中,向9.28 g对氯硝基苯(0.05 mol)和30 mL N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)的混合液中滴加含3.44 g TCDM(0.02 mol)的DMAc溶液,将该混合物在室温搅拌1 h,然后缓慢加热至90℃并持续3 h。向混合物中倒入500 mL蒸馏水中,收集红棕色沉淀物,用乙醇洗涤后,再用DMAc与H2O体积比为2∶1的混合溶剂重结晶,得到纯化固体,产率为83%,熔点为159~161℃。IR:3 112 cm-1(Ar-H伸缩);2 972 cm-1、2 876 cm-1(C-H伸缩);1 715 cm-1(-C=O伸缩);1 526 cm-1(-NO2非对称伸缩);1 348 cm-1(-NO2对称伸缩);1 284 cm-1(C-N伸缩)。1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl3):0.96(3H,s,CH3);1.16(6H,s,CH3);1.77~1.85(1H,m,CH);2.01~2.09(2H,m,CH2);2.45~2.48(2H,m,CH2);4.25~4.34(2H,m,CH2);4.42~4.46(2H,m,CH2);7.25(4H,m,CH);8.19(4H,m,CH)。
将4.0 g二硝基化合物BNBMT(6.5 mmol)和0.12g Pd/C(5%)溶于装有80 mL无水乙醇的三颈圆底烧瓶中,加热至80℃,然后滴加25 mL水合肼(85%),并将混合物回流12 h。趁热过滤、旋蒸得到粗品二胺,使用乙醇重结晶,得到纯化二胺,收率为92%,熔点为163~164℃。IR:3 455 cm-1(N-H非对称伸缩);3 357 cm-1(N-H对称伸缩);2 971 cm-1(C-H伸缩);1 686 cm-1(C=O伸缩);1 636、1 579、1 516 cm-1(Ar-H弯曲);1 391 cm-1(CH3弯曲);1 284 cm-1(C-N伸缩)。1HNMR(400 MHz,CDCl3):1.11~1.16(6H,s,CH3);1.71~1.79(1H,m,CH);1.95~2.04(2H,m,CH2);2.36~2.41(2H,m,CH2);4.06~4.14(4H,s,NH2);4.17~4.22(2H,m,CH2);4.28~4.33(2H,m,CH2);6.63~6.65(4H,m,CH);7.83~7.85(4H,m,CH)。
采用两步法合成PI膜,以PI-4(ODPA+BABMT)为例子来说明。N2气氛下,将1.640 9 g BABMT(4.0 mmol)和1.240 8 g ODPA (4.0 mmol)溶于装有16 mL DMAc的三颈圆底烧瓶中,在室温下搅拌8 h,得到粘稠状聚酰胺酸(PAA)溶液,将所得PAA涂覆在干净的玻璃板上,在80℃下放置8 h,然后按100℃/1 h+150℃/1 h+200℃/1 h+280℃/2 h的程序升温完成热亚胺化[42]。PI-1(BPDA+DMB),PI-2(ODPA+DMB)和PI-3(BPDA+BABMT)膜的制备采用上述相似工艺。图2为PI膜的合成路线。
图1可知,BABMT是通过四步反应合成的,将天然-(D)-樟脑氧化为二酸,即(1S,3R)-(+)-顺-1,2,2-三甲基环戊烷-1,3-二羧酸(TCDA),还原为二醇,即(1S,3R)-(+)-顺-1,2,2-三甲基环戊烷-1,3-二甲醇(TCDM),酯化生成二硝基化合物即1,3-双(4-硝基苯甲酰氧亚甲基)-1,2,2-三甲基环戊烷(BNBMT),还原得到最终含有1,2,2-三甲基-环戊基结构的手性二胺单体(BABMT)。图3为各步中间体和目标二胺的红外光谱图。图4为二硝基化合物BNBMT和二胺BABMT的1H NMR谱图。BABMT的FTIR光谱在3 455 cm-1和3 357 cm-1处的N-H伸缩振动特征吸收峰,BAMBT的1H NMR谱在4.06~4.14处的氨基质子信号表明,成功合成了含脂环的二胺。
图5为各PI膜材料的TGA曲线,热性能和力学性能相关数据总结在表1中。从表1可以看出,PI膜的5%失重温度(Td5)和10%失重温度(Td10)分别位于390~488℃和398~519℃范围内。从图5也可以看出,与全芳香结构PI膜(PI-1和PI-2)相比,半脂环结构的PI膜(PI-3和PI-4)热稳定性有所降低。这可能是由于PI-3和PI-4中大量的脂环基团赋予了聚合物主链更大的灵活性,导致聚合物的热稳定性较低[43-44]。但半脂环结构的PI-3和PI-4仍保持良好的热稳定性,Td5Td10均不低于390℃,Td5仅比全芳香结构的PI-2膜低8℃。这表明1,2,2-三甲基环戊基结构的存在,使聚合物链具有一定的刚性,维持了材料的热稳定性。与PI-2膜相比,PI-1膜具有更加优异的热稳定性,可能是因为BPDA中二甲基取代的联苯基结构比ODPA中二苯醚结构的刚性更大[45-46]
表1还可以看出,PI膜的拉伸模量为2 130~5 740 MPa,拉伸强度为97.9~240.0 MPa,断裂伸长率为7.7%~12.0%。由于二胺BABMT包含三甲基取代的脂环单元,为聚合物主链提供了高度不规则的结构,抑制了分子链间电荷转移复合物的形成,降低了PI分子链间的相互作用,导致PI-3和PI-4膜的断裂伸长率、拉伸模量和拉伸强度更低。
4种PI膜的动态力学分析(DMA)测量结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,所有的PI膜在剪切损耗模量(E″)和tanδ曲线上都出现了两种弛豫。高温区的驰豫属于PI膜的玻璃化转变,PI膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)范围为236~336℃。低温区存在的驰豫,如PI-4的tanδE″曲线在93℃左右出现了一个β宽峰,通常归因于二胺组分中苯基的旋转或振动。表1总结了4种PI膜的玻璃化转变温度和β弛豫温度(Tβ)。PI膜的β弛豫与DMB中扭曲的二甲基联苯结构相关,也与材料主链的刚性相关联,主链刚性越强,驰豫效应也越强,如全芳香结构的PI-1和PI-2膜的DMA谱图中β峰非常明显,相比之下,半脂环结构的PI-3和PI-4膜的β弛豫受到抑制。
4种PI膜的UV-Vis光谱如图7所示,相关数据汇总在表2中。从图7表2可以看出,PI膜的截止波长范围为363~419 nm,500 nm波长处的透射率为63%~81%。全芳香结构PI-1膜和PI-2膜表现出强的吸收性,截止波长分别为419 nm和394 nm。PI-2膜的截止波长比PI-1膜的截止波长小25 nm,这是因为与柔性二苯醚结构的ODPA相比,PI-1膜主链中BPDA组分的联苯结构更倾向于形成离域π键,导致PI-1膜显色。半脂环结构的PI-3膜和PI-4膜显示出比PI-1膜和PI-2膜更高的透明度,在500 nm波长处的透射率分别为78%和81%,高于PI-1膜和PI-2膜的63%和73%。这是由于在半脂环结构PI膜的聚合物主链中引入了脂环基团打破了共轭作用,使电子供体段(二胺)和电子受体段(二酐)之间的分子间电荷转移络合物(CTC)形成的机会减少。
图8为4种PI膜的广角X射线衍射曲线图。结合图8通过布拉格方程可以计算聚合物链间距(d),如式(1)所示。
2dsinθ=
式(1)中:θ对应于最大强度衍射峰的衍射角;λ为X射线的波长(λ=1.54);n为衍射级数(n=1)。
链间距可以表征聚合物中分子链的缠结程度[47],当d值增大时,分子链间作用力减弱,分子链缠结减少,容易溶剂化,使聚合物的溶解度增加。4种PI膜的θd值见表3
图8可以看出,4种PI膜的X射线衍射曲线显示出较宽缓的衍射条纹,表明4种PI膜为无定形结构。PI膜的X射线衍射图也与其透明性相关,例如由于存在柔性的二苯醚结构(ODPA)和三甲基取代脂环结构(BABMT),PI-4膜显示出最大的d值(5.52 Å),这也表明PI-4膜材料分子链内和链间的相互作用比较小,主链的堆积较松散,与其高光学透明性相符。相比之下,全芳香结构的PI-1和PI-2显示出较小的d值,与它们较低的透明性相符。
表3也列出了PI膜的溶解性。从表3可以看出,随着聚合物主链柔性的增加和d值的增大,PI膜的溶解性随之增强。例如,PI-4膜具有最大的d值,在室温下可溶于大部分溶剂。在PI膜中引入脂环基团之所以可以改善材料的溶解度,是因为这些大的基团会降低PI膜主链的立体规整性,导致链间相互作用减小,溶剂可以更容易地在聚合物链间扩散并溶解聚合物。
以生物质小分子化合物天然-(D)-樟脑为原料,合成了一种三甲基取代脂环结构衍生的二胺单体1,3-双(4-氨基苯甲酰氧基甲基)-1,2,2-三甲基环戊烷(BABMT),由BABMT制备的半脂环结构PI膜既保留了传统PI膜良好的热力学性能,同时由于脂环结构的引入,削弱了芳香结构的共轭影响,抑制了PI膜中CTC作用的形成。因此,半脂环结构PI膜还表现出优异的光学性能以及溶解性能,进一步扩展了PI膜在微电子、柔性穿戴设备以及显示器领域的应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52073136)
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2022年第55卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.004
  • 接收时间:2021-07-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-09
  • 修回日期:2021-08-25
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52073136)
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    南昌大学 化学化工学院,江西 南昌 330031

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刘峰(1974-),男(汉族),江西高安人,教授,研究方向为聚酰亚胺和有机硅材料。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.05.004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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