Article(id=1209927354458173923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927347319468160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1622304000000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-30, revisedDate=1625587200000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398760665, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1650384000000, pubDateStr=2022-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398760665, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398760665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398760665, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927347319468160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398758964, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563041616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616398758408595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927347319468160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616398758408596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927347319468160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=35, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927354806301181, articleId=1209927354458173923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of Hindered Phenol Antioxidants on Cross-linking Rheological Properties of Cross-linked Polyethylene Insulation Material, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The cross-linking rheological properties of the cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation material can reflect the premature cross-linking phenomenon and processing performance during the extrusion process. The hindered phenol antioxidant in the insulation material can not only inhibit the thermal oxidation and degradation during extrusion process, but also effectively capture free radicals to inhibit the cross-linking reaction, thereby improving the processing performance of the polyethylene melt. In this paper, insulation materials with different types and contents of hindered phenol antioxidants were prepared, the changes in the torque and temperature of the insulation material under shear at 140℃ were tested, the cross-linking rheological properties of insulating materials were studied, and the cross-linking degree and cross-linking by-products content of the insulating materials were characterized. The results show that the worse the ability of the insulating material to inhibit premature crosslinking, the more gel is produced, and the greater the equilibrium torque. The hindered phenol antioxidant can inhibit the premature cross-linking reaction, compared with the molecular weight and steric hindrance of hindered phenol antioxidant, the number of hydroxyl groups per unit mass is more closely related to the ability to inhibit premature crosslinking.

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交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘料的交联流变特性可以反映绝缘料挤出过程中的过早交联现象和加工性能。绝缘料中的受阻酚抗氧剂不仅可以抑制挤出过程中的热氧化和降解,还可以有效地捕获自由基来抑制交联反应,从而改善聚乙烯熔体的加工性能。通过制备不同受阻酚抗氧剂种类和不同含量的绝缘料,测试140℃下剪切作用中绝缘料的扭矩与温度的变化,研究绝缘料的交联流变特性,并表征了绝缘料的交联度和交联副产物含量。结果表明:绝缘料抑制过早交联的能力越差,产生的凝胶越多,平衡扭矩越大。受阻酚抗氧剂可以抑制过早交联反应,相比于抗氧剂的分子量和空间位阻,单位质量的羟基数目与抑制过早交联的能力关系更为密切。

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刘浩(1997-),男(汉族),山东临沂人,硕士生,主要从事高压交联聚乙烯绝缘料的研究;

李盛涛(1963-),男(汉族),四川邛崃人,教授,博士,主要从事电介质理论及其应用、电气功能材料及器件、极端条件下的绝缘材料和绝缘技术的研究。

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刘浩(1997-),男(汉族),山东临沂人,硕士生,主要从事高压交联聚乙烯绝缘料的研究;

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刘浩(1997-),男(汉族),山东临沂人,硕士生,主要从事高压交联聚乙烯绝缘料的研究;

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李盛涛(1963-),男(汉族),四川邛崃人,教授,博士,主要从事电介质理论及其应用、电气功能材料及器件、极端条件下的绝缘材料和绝缘技术的研究。

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李盛涛(1963-),男(汉族),四川邛崃人,教授,博士,主要从事电介质理论及其应用、电气功能材料及器件、极端条件下的绝缘材料和绝缘技术的研究。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927354458173923, language=CN, label=图7, caption=交联副产物含量随抗氧剂含量的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=DiJWi9sCCohWEKm9dF9c8Q==, figureFileBig=0W0xtLjXiu1NDZKAjLo/jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210892029844918630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927354458173923, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The torque change rate k1 of insulation materials with different antioxidant, figureFileSmall=krq1TmN9Y4nZhdu+SUTwHQ==, figureFileBig=QTJixfCH6Sd9GxYSvpZz/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210892029995913578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927354458173923, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同抗氧剂复配绝缘料的扭矩变化率k1, figureFileSmall=krq1TmN9Y4nZhdu+SUTwHQ==, figureFileBig=QTJixfCH6Sd9GxYSvpZz/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210892030142714223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927354458173923, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Change rate of torque for insulation materials at different stages, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘料k1/(N·m/min)k2/(N·m/min)
N3.01.0
A-0.21.40
A-0.40.40
A-0.600
B-0.22.12.0
B-0.41.50.8
B-0.60.90.3
C-0.22.11.7
C-0.41.91.3
C-0.61.40.5
D-0.23.60.6
D-0.42.61.5
D-0.61.71.3
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绝缘料在不同阶段的扭矩变化率

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绝缘料k1/(N·m/min)k2/(N·m/min)
N3.01.0
A-0.21.40
A-0.40.40
A-0.600
B-0.22.12.0
B-0.41.50.8
B-0.60.90.3
C-0.22.11.7
C-0.41.91.3
C-0.61.40.5
D-0.23.60.6
D-0.42.61.5
D-0.61.71.3
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受阻酚抗氧剂对交联聚乙烯绝缘料交联流变特性的影响
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刘浩 1 , 王诗航 1 , 张媛媛 1 , 李盛涛 1 , 高云 2 , 汪胜和 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022,55(4): 35-41
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2022, 55(4): 35-41
受阻酚抗氧剂对交联聚乙烯绝缘料交联流变特性的影响
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刘浩1, 王诗航1, 张媛媛1, 李盛涛1, 高云2, 汪胜和2
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2国网安徽省电力有限公司,安徽 合肥 230061
  • 刘浩(1997-),男(汉族),山东临沂人,硕士生,主要从事高压交联聚乙烯绝缘料的研究;

    李盛涛(1963-),男(汉族),四川邛崃人,教授,博士,主要从事电介质理论及其应用、电气功能材料及器件、极端条件下的绝缘材料和绝缘技术的研究。

Effect of Hindered Phenol Antioxidants on Cross-linking Rheological Properties of Cross-linked Polyethylene Insulation Material
Hao LIU1, Shihang WANG1, Yuanyuan ZHANG1, Shengtao LI1, Yun GAO2, Shenghe WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiao tong University, Xi′an 710049, China
  • 2State Grid Anhui Electric Power Company, Hefei 230061, China
出版时间: 2022-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.005
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交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘料的交联流变特性可以反映绝缘料挤出过程中的过早交联现象和加工性能。绝缘料中的受阻酚抗氧剂不仅可以抑制挤出过程中的热氧化和降解,还可以有效地捕获自由基来抑制交联反应,从而改善聚乙烯熔体的加工性能。通过制备不同受阻酚抗氧剂种类和不同含量的绝缘料,测试140℃下剪切作用中绝缘料的扭矩与温度的变化,研究绝缘料的交联流变特性,并表征了绝缘料的交联度和交联副产物含量。结果表明:绝缘料抑制过早交联的能力越差,产生的凝胶越多,平衡扭矩越大。受阻酚抗氧剂可以抑制过早交联反应,相比于抗氧剂的分子量和空间位阻,单位质量的羟基数目与抑制过早交联的能力关系更为密切。

高压电缆绝缘料  /  交联聚乙烯  /  受阻酚抗氧剂  /  交联反应  /  流变特性

The cross-linking rheological properties of the cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation material can reflect the premature cross-linking phenomenon and processing performance during the extrusion process. The hindered phenol antioxidant in the insulation material can not only inhibit the thermal oxidation and degradation during extrusion process, but also effectively capture free radicals to inhibit the cross-linking reaction, thereby improving the processing performance of the polyethylene melt. In this paper, insulation materials with different types and contents of hindered phenol antioxidants were prepared, the changes in the torque and temperature of the insulation material under shear at 140℃ were tested, the cross-linking rheological properties of insulating materials were studied, and the cross-linking degree and cross-linking by-products content of the insulating materials were characterized. The results show that the worse the ability of the insulating material to inhibit premature crosslinking, the more gel is produced, and the greater the equilibrium torque. The hindered phenol antioxidant can inhibit the premature cross-linking reaction, compared with the molecular weight and steric hindrance of hindered phenol antioxidant, the number of hydroxyl groups per unit mass is more closely related to the ability to inhibit premature crosslinking.

high-voltage cable insulation material  /  cross-linked polyethylene  /  hindered phenol antioxidant  /  cross-linking reaction  /  rheological properties
刘浩, 王诗航, 张媛媛, 李盛涛, 高云, 汪胜和. 受阻酚抗氧剂对交联聚乙烯绝缘料交联流变特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (4) : 35 -41 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.005
Hao LIU, Shihang WANG, Yuanyuan ZHANG, Shengtao LI, Yun GAO, Shenghe WANG. Effect of Hindered Phenol Antioxidants on Cross-linking Rheological Properties of Cross-linked Polyethylene Insulation Material[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (4) : 35 -41 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.005
高压电缆用交联聚乙烯是采用过氧化物交联技术将聚乙烯从线性链状高分子热塑性材料改变为分子链交叉联结的立体网状结构热固性材料,不仅保持了聚乙烯交联前极好的化学稳定性和优异的介电性能,而且热力学性能也有了明显的提升。
高压电缆用交联聚乙烯绝缘料的复配体系由低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、抗氧剂和过氧化物交联剂(过氧化二异丙苯,DCP)组成[1-2]。交联剂的分解速率会随着温度的升高而加快,在绝缘料长时间连续挤出过程中,一些低流速或者停滞点会有局部过热现象,造成挤出温度高于DCP的分解温度,会使得绝缘料过早交联。过早交联不仅会改变熔体流变特性,增加挤出的不稳定性,而且还会产生凝胶堵塞挤出滤网,影响电缆生产效率,最终导致成缆绝缘内部的不均匀性和缺陷。为了避免绝缘料在挤出过程中因温度过高导致过早交联,保证绝缘料良好的加工性能和成缆的绝缘性能,温度不宜过高,又要保证挤出效率,因此挤出过程的温度一般在120℃左右[3]
为了保证电缆绝缘最终的高交联度以满足良好的热力学性能要求,需要足够的交联剂用量,然而过多的交联剂会导致绝缘料在挤出过程的过早交联,因此需要在绝缘料中加入受阻酚抗氧剂作为加工稳定剂。受阻酚抗氧剂不仅可以抑制挤出过程中的热氧化、热降解,其酚羟基官能团还可以提供氢原子,捕获因过氧化物自由基夺氢形成的聚合物自由基,阻止聚合物自由基相互偶合形成交联网络,抑制绝缘料在挤出过程中的过早交联[4]。W VOIGT[3]研究发现,新型低熔点的液体受阻酚抗氧剂对交联抑制的效果明显,原因是低熔点的受阻酚抗氧剂在聚乙烯基体中的分散性较好,受阻酚抗氧剂挥发损失明显降低,与交联剂的协同作用良好。B GUSTAFSSON等[5]研究了受阻酚抗氧剂的空间位阻大小对绝缘料过早交联的抑制效果,发现空间位阻越小抑制效果越好。ZHANG X H等[6]证明了在动态振荡剪切流变测试中,低熔点和低分子量的抗氧剂具有更好的抑制过早交联的能力。一些国内外学者还研究了带有不饱和双键等官能团的新型添加助剂对过早交联的抑制作用和交联反应效率的提升作用[7-11]
由于交联剂与抗氧剂存在相互作用的矛盾机制[12-13],要在不影响DCP交联效率的前提下抑制过早交联,选择合适的受阻酚抗氧剂的种类和添加量尤为重要。基于目前关于受阻酚抗氧剂的分子量和分子结构与过早交联抑制作用的相关研究不足,本研究选取了4种类型的受阻酚抗氧剂,在3种不同含量下与低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、DCP复配,制备了交联聚乙烯绝缘料,通过对比分析交联过程中的流变特性,研究受不同阻酚抗氧剂对高压交联聚乙烯电缆料过早交联抑制能力的影响。
基料LDPE;交联剂DCP;受阻酚抗氧剂A、B、C、D,其中抗氧剂A为双酚类抗氧剂,抗氧剂B、C为多酚类抗氧剂,抗氧剂D为单酚类抗氧剂,4种抗氧剂的分子量为300~1 500。
使用密炼机在温度为120℃、转速为30 r/min的条件下将LDPE与DCP、受阻酚抗氧剂熔融共混15 min,DCP添加量均为1.8份,抗氧剂添加量分别为0.2、0.4、0.6份。
添加1.8份的DCP,不加抗氧剂的复配绝缘料命名为绝缘料N。其余绝缘料根据受阻酚抗氧剂的类型和含量命名,例如复配0.2份抗氧剂A的绝缘料命名为A-0.2。
采用转矩流变仪测试绝缘料在140℃剪切作用下的扭矩和料温的变化。根据GB/T 16584—1996测试,称取40 g绝缘料试样放入转矩流变仪模腔,在温度为140℃、转速为60 r/min条件下对绝缘料进行流变测试,记录扭矩、料温与时间的关系。当绝缘料开始硫化交联,试样剪切模量增大,当流变仪记录的扭矩上升到最大值并趋于稳定时,得到扭矩与时间的关系曲线,停止剪切,打开模腔,取出过早交联料块。
采用凝胶含量表征绝缘料的交联程度。首先将过早交联料块置于平板硫化机,控制平板温度为120℃,将过早交联料块压制成片,样片厚度约为0.5 mm。
凝胶含量按JB/T 10437—2004测试。将过早交联样片剪成尺寸为0.5 mm×0.5 mm×0.5 mm的颗粒,取0.5 g颗粒试样置于质量为W1的不锈钢丝网方形袋中,封口后称重为W2,接着将装有试样的方形袋放入磨口瓶,倒入二甲苯后置于110℃的真空干燥箱内放置24 h。完成后倒出二甲苯废液,打开磨口瓶瓶盖,置于110℃真空干燥箱内真空干燥24 h,取出方形袋称重为W3。试样凝胶含量计算公式如式(1)所示。
=W3-W1W2-W1×100%
称取适量过早交联料块放入直径为25 mm、厚度为1 mm的模具中,将模具置于平板硫化机,控制平板温度为120℃,将过早交联料块压制成片。
使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(IR Prestige-21型,日本岛津公司)对过早交联样片交联副产物含量进行测试,透射模式,分辨率为4 cm-1,扫描范围为4 000~400 cm-1
图1为绝缘料N在140℃下测试中扭矩和料温在30 min内随时间变化的曲线图。从图1可以看出,流变特性可以分为3个阶段。第Ⅰ阶段,绝缘料倒入流变仪腔体后,首先发生熔融吸热,料温明显下降。完全熔融后,扭矩在第Ⅰ阶段存在最小值,这个阶段称为塑化过程。第Ⅱ阶段,由于剪切热作用使得料温持续升高,绝缘料出现过早交联现象,扭矩逐渐升高,直到上升速率变缓,进入第Ⅲ阶段。原因是DCP受热分解产生的过氧化物自由基夺取聚合物分子链的氢原子形成聚合物自由基,促进分子链交联网络结构的形成,熔体黏度变大,扭矩升高。扭矩上升的过程中斜率越大说明过早交联反应的速率越大,绝缘料过早交联现象更加明显。随后在转子的剪切作用下,交联产生的凝胶从大颗粒变为小颗粒,即交联聚乙烯(XLPE)体系在一定程度上会转化为非连续相的交联树脂颗粒,熔体黏度的增大趋势减缓甚至减小,导致扭矩上升缓慢甚至小幅度下降[14]。第Ⅲ阶段,持续进行的交联反应增大了XLPE体系的交联度,熔体黏度增大,扭矩继续上升。交联反应放热会使得料温继续升高,促进DCP的分解,从而加剧绝缘料的过早交联,随着DCP的持续消耗,自由基的浓度逐渐减少,交联反应速率放缓,扭矩升高到达平台,此时的扭矩即为平衡扭矩,料温也逐渐趋于稳定。这里选取扭矩曲线第Ⅱ和第Ⅲ阶段中间位置的斜率作为扭矩变化率,分别为k1k2
图2为不同抗氧剂种类和不同含量复配的绝缘料扭矩和料温随时间变化的曲线图。从图2中可以看出,不同抗氧剂复配的绝缘料在交联过程中表现出不同的流变特性,随着抗氧剂含量的增加,扭矩变化率和平衡扭矩的变化程度不同。抗氧剂A复配的绝缘料随着抗氧剂含量的增加,扭矩变化率和平衡扭矩明显降低,特别是在0.6份的抗氧剂含量下,在第Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段甚至没有扭矩上升的现象,料温也在160℃以下。抗氧剂C、D复配的绝缘料随着抗氧剂含量的增加,扭矩变化率有所减缓,平衡扭矩和最终料温的变化不大。
4种复配绝缘料在第Ⅱ阶段的料温基本相同,在150℃左右,扭矩变化率却相差很大,说明第Ⅱ阶段不同抗氧剂捕获自由基的能力不同,造成了过早交联现象的差异,料温对第Ⅱ阶段过早交联的影响不大。复配绝缘料的料温在第Ⅲ阶段出现明显差异,可以认为是交联反应放热的程度不同造成了料温的差异。
表1为绝缘料在不同阶段的扭矩变化率,扭矩变化率可以反映熔体黏度增大的速度,也可以在一定程度上反映交联反应的速率。从表1可以看出,抗氧剂B、C的扭矩变化率在第Ⅱ阶段随着含量的增加差异不明显,而在第Ⅲ阶段的差异明显(如图2(b)(c)所示),原因可能是抗氧剂B、C的分子量和空间位阻较大,第Ⅱ阶段在聚乙烯熔体中扩散速率较低,不能有效地捕获自由基,而第Ⅲ阶段料温升高后聚乙烯熔体的自由体积扩大,抗氧剂在熔体中的扩散速率增大,捕获自由基的效率提升。
图3为不同抗氧剂在相同含量下复配的绝缘料扭矩随时间变化的曲线图。从图3可以看出,在相同的含量下,抗氧剂A具有更加明显的抑制过早交联的效果。当抗氧剂的添加量在0.2份时,除了抗氧剂A,其余抗氧剂对过早交联的抑制不太明显,最终的平衡扭矩相同,其中抗氧剂D扭矩变化率最大。随着抗氧剂含量的增加,不同抗氧剂对抑制绝缘料过早交联能力的影响程度明显不同,从扭矩变化率的角度来看(表1),减缓效果由好到坏依次为抗氧剂A、抗氧剂B、抗氧剂C、抗氧剂D。
图4为过早交联试样的凝胶含量随着抗氧剂含量的变化曲线。从图4可以看出,抗氧剂A试样的凝胶含量随着抗氧剂含量的增加明显的减少,其余抗氧剂复配的试样凝胶含量随着抗氧剂含量的增加变化不大,说明抗氧剂A抑制过早交联过程中凝胶产生的作用十分明显。但是考虑到交联剂与抗氧剂的负协同作用[15],绝缘料中的抗氧剂含量不宜过高,过多的抗氧剂会影响绝缘料最终的交联度,从而难以满足电缆绝缘热力学性能的要求。
图5为不同绝缘料过早交联试样的凝胶含量与平衡扭矩的关系图。凝胶含量表征的是聚合物化学交联形成的不溶和不熔的交联网络部分,可以用来表征绝缘料交联试样的交联度。扭矩的大小可以反映聚合物分子链物理缠结和化学交联的程度,化学交联点越多,分子链相互作用力变大,熔体黏度增大,平衡扭矩就会升高。
图5可以看出,抗氧剂A复配绝缘料抑制过早交联的能力更强,其过早交联试样凝胶含量和平衡扭矩明显更低,其他抗氧剂抑制过早交联能力较差,过早交联试样的凝胶含量和平衡扭矩偏高。此外,通过曲线拟合可以看出凝胶含量与平衡扭矩呈指数关系,平衡扭矩随着过早交联试样凝胶含量的增加而增大,尤其是当凝胶含量过高时,平衡扭矩显著上升,因此绝缘料挤出加工性能的好坏与过早交联程度密切相关,过早交联导致的凝胶增多会使得熔体扭矩过高,挤出加工性能变差。
DCP分解导致的交联反应会产生交联副产物,主要为苯乙酮、枯基醇、α-甲基苯乙烯,其红外光谱特征吸收峰分别在1 693、3 370、1 600 cm-1[16]。为了判断不同试样过早交联程度与交联副产物含量的关系,测试了过早交联试样的红外光谱。图6为复配绝缘料A-0.2与LDPE的红外光谱对比图。
图6可以看出,过早交联试样在1 600 cm-1和1 693 cm-1的特征峰高于LDPE,3 370 cm-1处的枯基醇特征峰与LDPE相差不大。为了定量分析不同试样的交联副产物含量,苯乙酮和α-甲基苯乙烯的含量用特征峰峰值与内标峰2 019 cm-1峰值的比值来表征。
图7为交联副产物苯乙酮和α-甲基苯乙烯的含量随抗氧剂含量的变化曲线。
图7可知,随着抗氧剂含量的增加,苯乙酮和α-甲基苯乙烯的含量都有着不同程度的下降,说明抗氧剂抑制了过早交联,减少了交联副产物的生成。尽管电缆在投入使用前要进行脱气处理,但是仍然无法完全去除其中的杂质,会对绝缘料成缆后的绝缘性能造成不利的影响[16],因此抑制过早交联可以减少交联副产物的生成,提高电缆的纯净度。
不同受阻酚抗氧剂对过早交联的抑制程度不同,推测与受阻酚抗氧剂的分子量和分子结构有关。抗氧剂A的熔点较高,但是其复配绝缘料在转矩测试过程中料温并未到达其熔点,绝缘料仍然能够明显抑制过早交联,抗氧剂A是在未熔融状态下参与自由基的反应,说明高熔点的抗氧剂在转子剪切的作用下也可以有较好的抑制过早交联的能力。
扭矩变化率k1可以很好地反映绝缘料在转子剪切作用下过早交联的程度,不同抗氧剂复配绝缘料的扭矩变化率k1图8所示。
相同含量下抗氧剂的官能团数目与分子量和单分子的羟基数量有关,羟基官能团数量越多,捕获自由基的效率越高。分子量由小到大排序依次为抗氧剂A、D、B、C。按照每克抗氧剂羟基的摩尔数,从大到小排序依次为抗氧剂A、B、C、D。从图8可以看出,随着单位质量羟基数的增多,扭矩变化率k1减小,说明抗氧剂抑制过早交联的能力越强。抗氧剂A在单位质量下的羟基官能团数目最多,而且其空间位阻较小[5],因此抑制过早交联的能力最强。虽然抗氧剂B与抗氧剂C单位质量下的羟基数量相差不大,但是抗氧剂B的分子量比抗氧剂C小,在熔体中扩散能力更强,所以抑制过早交联的能力更强。抗氧剂D单位质量下的羟基数量最少,所以在较高含量下减缓扭矩变化率的作用才更加明显。
(1)绝缘料在140℃转子剪切作用下的扭矩变化是多阶段的,受剪切热作用,料温升高出现的过早交联导致扭矩上升;交联反应放热又会使得料温继续升高,从而导致扭矩继续上升,过早交联的程度进一步增大。
(2)绝缘料在挤出过程中过早交联产生的凝胶含量与平衡扭矩呈指数关系,凝胶含量越高,平衡扭矩越大,因此绝缘料凝胶含量过高的过早交联程度严重影响挤出加工性能。
(3)受阻酚抗氧剂单位质量羟基数目是影响过早交联抑制作用的主要因素。单位质量羟基数与分子量和分子结构有关,羟基数目越多,提供的氢原子越多,可以有效提高抑制过早交联的能力。此外,分子量和空间位阻越小,抗氧剂在聚乙烯熔体中的扩散能力越强,抑制过早交联的能力越强。
  • 国家电网有限公司总部管理科技项目(SGAH0000KJJS1900436)
  • 智能电网联合基金重点支持项目(U2066204)
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2022年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.005
  • 接收时间:2021-05-30
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-30
  • 修回日期:2021-07-07
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国家电网有限公司总部管理科技项目(SGAH0000KJJS1900436)
智能电网联合基金重点支持项目(U2066204)
作者信息
    1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    2国网安徽省电力有限公司,安徽 合肥 230061
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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