Article(id=1209927353556406697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927347319468160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1629993600000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-27, revisedDate=1630512000000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398760451, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1650384000000, pubDateStr=2022-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398760451, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398760451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398760451, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927347319468160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398758964, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563041616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616398758408595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927347319468160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616398758408596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927347319468160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=103, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927353829036463, articleId=1209927353556406697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of Laser Cleaning on Adhesion of Aluminum Conductor for Insulation Coating, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of small adhesion on the surface of aluminum wire during insulating for conductor in transmission and transformation equipment, the adhesion mechanism of conductor insulation coating was described in detail, and the experimental theory and method of laser cleaning were analyzed. The effect of laser cleaning times on the roughness was studied by experiments, and then pull method and shear method for measuring adhesion were compared and analyzed. The results show that the surface roughness Ra decreases significantly after cleaning for many times, and the first cleaning efficiency is proportional to the coverage energy per pulse area. However, when Ra reaches to 2.5 μm, the cleaning effect begins to slow down. The reduction of roughness can effectively improve the adhesion of the insulating coating surface, the adhesion of epoxy resin and silicone rubber on aluminum plate begins to decrease again when the surface roughness Ra reaches to 4.5 μm and 4.0 μm, respectively.

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为解决输变电设备导体绝缘化时铝导线表面附着力较小问题,本文详细阐述导体绝缘化涂层的附着机理,对激光清洗实验理论及方法展开分析。通过实验研究激光清洗次数对粗糙度的影响,并对测量附着力的拉开法和剪切法进行对比分析。结果表明:多次清洗后金属表面粗糙度Ra明显降低,且第1次清洗效果与脉冲激光器单位区域覆盖能量成正比,但在Ra达到2.5 μm时,清洗效果开始减缓;粗糙度降低可有效提高绝缘涂层表面的附着力,当环氧树脂在铝板表面粗糙度Ra达到4.5 μm,硅橡胶在铝板表面粗糙度Ra达到4.0 μm时,附着力开始出现再次下降。

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袁田(1980-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压绝缘技术方向的研究。

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袁田(1980-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压绝缘技术方向的研究。

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袁田(1980-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压绝缘技术方向的研究。

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激光清洗对铝导体绝缘涂层附着力的影响研究
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袁田 , 王昱晴 , 龚宇佳 , 童悦 , 张锦
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2022,55(4): 103-108
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2022, 55(4): 103-108
激光清洗对铝导体绝缘涂层附着力的影响研究
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袁田, 王昱晴, 龚宇佳, 童悦, 张锦
作者信息
  • 中国电力科学研究院有限公司,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 袁田(1980-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压绝缘技术方向的研究。

Effect of Laser Cleaning on Adhesion of Aluminum Conductor for Insulation Coating
Tian YUAN, Yuqing WANG, Yujia GONG, Yue TONG, Jin ZHANG
Affiliations
  • China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2022-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.015
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为解决输变电设备导体绝缘化时铝导线表面附着力较小问题,本文详细阐述导体绝缘化涂层的附着机理,对激光清洗实验理论及方法展开分析。通过实验研究激光清洗次数对粗糙度的影响,并对测量附着力的拉开法和剪切法进行对比分析。结果表明:多次清洗后金属表面粗糙度Ra明显降低,且第1次清洗效果与脉冲激光器单位区域覆盖能量成正比,但在Ra达到2.5 μm时,清洗效果开始减缓;粗糙度降低可有效提高绝缘涂层表面的附着力,当环氧树脂在铝板表面粗糙度Ra达到4.5 μm,硅橡胶在铝板表面粗糙度Ra达到4.0 μm时,附着力开始出现再次下降。

附着力  /  激光清洗  /  膜层屈曲  /  绝缘涂层  /  金属导体

In order to solve the problem of small adhesion on the surface of aluminum wire during insulating for conductor in transmission and transformation equipment, the adhesion mechanism of conductor insulation coating was described in detail, and the experimental theory and method of laser cleaning were analyzed. The effect of laser cleaning times on the roughness was studied by experiments, and then pull method and shear method for measuring adhesion were compared and analyzed. The results show that the surface roughness Ra decreases significantly after cleaning for many times, and the first cleaning efficiency is proportional to the coverage energy per pulse area. However, when Ra reaches to 2.5 μm, the cleaning effect begins to slow down. The reduction of roughness can effectively improve the adhesion of the insulating coating surface, the adhesion of epoxy resin and silicone rubber on aluminum plate begins to decrease again when the surface roughness Ra reaches to 4.5 μm and 4.0 μm, respectively.

adhesion  /  laser cleaning  /  film buckling  /  insulating coating  /  metal conductor
袁田, 王昱晴, 龚宇佳, 童悦, 张锦. 激光清洗对铝导体绝缘涂层附着力的影响研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (4) : 103 -108 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.015
Tian YUAN, Yuqing WANG, Yujia GONG, Yue TONG, Jin ZHANG. Effect of Laser Cleaning on Adhesion of Aluminum Conductor for Insulation Coating[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (4) : 103 -108 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.015
目前输变电设备中大量的导体用于输电,主要包含导线、母排、接头、引线等。近些年架空线路和电站绝缘事故频发,电力检修部门采用导体绝缘化改造来降低运行导体的故障,常见的做法是在运行导体上涂覆绝缘涂层[1-3]。绝缘涂层的涂料具有优良的电绝缘性、热性能、力学性能和化学性能,可在导体表面形成一层具有较高体积电阻率、能承受较强电场而不被击穿的涂层。然而大部分导体为金属材料,在长期运行中导体表面会存在大量的附着物[4-7],这些附着物会导致导体散热不均匀,严重影响绝缘涂层与导体的附着力,造成涂层剪切值小于1 MPa,因此在导体绝缘化之前需将导体表面进行清洗,避免导体表面附着物引起附着力下降造成故障。目前主要是利用钢刷清洗表面导体,该种清洗方式与刷子形状存在较大的关系,通常情况下,该种清洗方式能较容易除去上下轴线的污秽,而对于导线表面,由于结构受力特征两侧污秽无法清除干净,而且会引起表面粗糙度极不均匀[8-9]
激光清洗是一种有效的非接触式气化清除污秽和金属氧化层的方式,通过高能激光束照射材料表面,利用污秽物和氧化层的高激光吸收系数,使表面的污物、锈斑或涂层发生瞬间蒸发或剥离[10-11]。由于激光光斑的高斯性特征,清洗深度可以精确到毫米或微米,基体在激光清洗时几乎不会产生大的损伤,反而可以在一定程度上降低金属表面的粗糙度[12]。激光清洗后表面可以形成规则的形貌,粗糙度呈现规律性分布,该表面经测试可有效使涂料与铝材表面均匀地粘接,在受到剥离剪切力时,不易发生剥离剪切力集中,抗剥离和耐用性更佳。
本文利用1 064 nm激光清洗设备对铝材料表面的污秽物和氧化物进行清洗,研究其表面粗糙程度以及附着力的变化,并通过拉开法和剪切法对附着力的影响进行分析,以期为激光清洗在提高绝缘涂层附着力方面提供参考。
绝缘化涂层是导体表面绝缘成膜附着的结构,由于导体主要成分是铝、铜和铁等金属材料,铝材料暴露在自然条件下,其表面容易发生氧化并吸收水分,在较低的温度下,铝材料表面形成氢氧化铝膜层(Al(OH)3,即Al2O3·3H2O),也是自然氧化膜的主要成分,膜层厚度大约在0.01~0.10 μm,故本文选择铝导体为研究对象,对铝板表面进行激光清洗。
在铝导体绝缘化过程中,导体在长期运行中表面会出现氧化、污秽物附着等问题,严重降低导体涂层附着力的水平。其中,通常将附着力考虑成化学键作用,主要是指成膜物中所含有的一些极性基团与基材表面所含有的羟基或其他基团进行化学反应形成了离子键、共价键或氢键,增大了表面与涂层的结合力。例如,清理过的导体表面涂层剪切强度可达到3 MPa,而不清理的表面涂层剪切强度在1 MPa左右,表面粉尘附着力小于1 MPa。因此,在绝缘层涂覆或者包装前通过其他手段将导体表面的氧化层、污秽物、表面不规则损伤等逐一去除,可以增加导体的运行寿命,同时也可以降低对绝缘层附着力的影响。本文采用快干环氧胶黏剂以及常温硫化硅橡胶进行涂覆,用来检测激光清洗后表面附着力的变化情况。
激光清洗试验平台由清洗平台、激光清洗头、电脑控制端及烟尘净化器组成,如图1所示。设备型号为SCL-50,属于单模输出,最大功率0~100 W可调,频率5~200 kHz可调,脉冲宽度为100 ns,中心波长为1 064 nm。激光扫描线长5~100 mm可调,激光束腰光斑直径为70~110 μm,其准直距离为3.60~8.97 mm,经过准直镜后,其光斑半径为6.5 mm。激光器输出端场镜的型号为F160,即焦距约为160 mm。场镜输出的光斑聚焦半径为0.07~0.12 mm,光斑输出为一维振镜双向直线填充。激光清洗头的工作距离为(18±0.5)cm[13],其关联的两个参数分别为激光光斑的能量特性和一维扫描特性。
在理想的情况下,激光振幅服从高斯光束的模型,如图2所示。其中z轴为光轴传播轴,也是双曲线的对称轴,ω0为光束的束腰半径,也是平面波的投影半径(当x=0,y=0时),此时通常称该点为高斯束腰[10-11],清洗光斑尽量选择靠近该位置。
根据振幅在z轴上的分布,通常情况下激光输出功率用式(1)表示。
E=E0ω0ωzexp-r2ω2z
式(1)中:E0为激光器的额定功率;E为在不同球面波相位的实际功率;ω(z)为球面波在平面上的投影光斑半径;r为球面波距离原点的半径距离;一般规定,在垂直z轴(光轴)投影光斑直径ωs=2ω0时,其激光束在图2中的准直距离L=2f长度内高斯光束近似认为是平行的。
式(1)说明,光斑静态激光清洗的效果主要与镜面和清洗点的距离有关,距离过远或过近,会导致能量密度呈非线性减小。由于导线是柔性的,为了保证清洗的状态,其清洗的距离一定要保持稳定的焦距。
导线清洗面为曲面,铝导线直径为30 mm,激光光斑一维振动行走能量的分布特征如图3所示[13],其中纵向坐标z为能量叠加参数。从图3可以看出,在一维清洗过程中,能量叠加较重的地方是两侧光斑移动方向出现变化的地方。
因为导线平面是弧状,两侧要低于中间,但激光清洗能量集中于辐射面,两端相对离焦较远,能量极小,可忽略不计,所以清洗过程可看作恒定的激光功率作用于铝导线表面。
在激光清洗的过程中,激光光斑尺寸相对于铝合金平板尺寸较小,可将脉冲激光照射过程看作点热源对半无限大物体进行加热,其温度模型如式(2)所示[14]
ΔT=2AEλKπt1
式(2)中:△T为涂层表面的温升;A为膜层的光吸收系数,与膜层表面的颜色和粗糙度有关;E为激光的亮度,也是功率密度;K为传热系数,与涂层的厚度有关;λ为导热系数;tl为激光的脉宽。
铝基体本身光吸收系数较小,表面粗糙度也很低,导致大部分激光被反射,在表面膜层和污秽物脱离干净后,缺少中间层激光吸收辅助,铝基体激光吸收系数很小,导致表面粗糙度Ra下降效果明显放缓。
为了研究激光清洗对绝缘层与金属附着力的影响,根据导线表面为铝绞丝,选用了不同老化程度的铝板和铝条进行实验。选择氧化严重的金属铝板,在其表面按照区域分别进行1~7次清洗,如图4所示。激光清洗功率为100 W,脉冲频率为200 kHz。考虑到导线清洗的效率需求,设计了不同的行走速度,其速度为4~33 mm/s。
铝板表面原始粗糙度按照规定进行测量,测量部位分别为测量区域的中间和4个角,粗糙度初始值取5个测量值的中位数。粗糙度选择表面粗糙度Ra,即取样长度轮廓峰和轮廓谷的算术平均差[15]
图5为表面粗糙度Ra的下降百分比。从图5可以看出,经过清洗后,铝板的表面粗糙度明显降低。导线绝缘层附着力的提升机理与两个方面有关,一方面是表面羟基的数量及其分布程度,这个与材料本身活性有关;另一方面就是表面粗糙度,表面粗糙度是化学键和物理形态的综合体现。根据图5可以发现,随着激光清洗次数增多,清洗后铝板的表面粗糙度降低的百分比也出现明显减少。当激光器行走距离较快时,在第1次清洗时表面粗糙度下降较慢,在第3次清洗时粗糙度下降增快,但清洗到第7次时粗糙度差别减小。
图6为同部位不同清洗次数的表面微观结构。从图6可以看出,未清洗的铝板表面有严重不规则伤痕,在清洗后出现了明显的改观。在清洗次数增加到第7次后,表面粗糙度下降开始减缓。
通过增加脉冲幅值也有相同的效果,但振镜运动存在一定误差,部分振镜振动迟缓的地方会导致清洗效果不佳。清洗到一定程度时,清洗效果开始减缓。可以得出清洗效果与脉冲激光器在单位面积内积累的能量成正比,能量越高表面粗糙度减小效果越明显,当在表面粗糙度Ra达到2.5 μm以下时,金属表面激光吸收系数远小于金属氧化层,因此随着清洗次数的增加,表面粗糙度下降不明显。
为了验证导体表面氧化层、污秽物清除及粗糙度变化后附着力的变化,在铝板表面进行了拉开法实验。依据GB/T 5210—2006[16]进行实验,根据标准推荐的胶黏剂,选用的是双组份快干环氧胶黏剂。环氧胶表面粗糙度与附着力实验结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出,表面粗糙度比较大时,附着力较差,随着激光清洗将表面杂质和氧化物气化后,铝基体表面开始裸露。当目标位置离开焦点范围时,激光能量集中方式由平面波转向环形波,能量将呈指数级下降,清洗效果不佳。在某种程度上,该方式可为金属材料在一定程度上实现毛刺清除。当Ra达到4.5 μm以上时,表面附着力开始出现下降;当Ra达到6.5 μm时,附着力下降到初始未清洗的状态。其数据结果可拟合成公式(3)
σ=-0.47x2+4.11x-5.17
式(3)中:σ为拉开法的破坏强度;x为表面粗糙度系数Ra
硫化橡胶领域更加重视拉伸剪切强度测量方法[17],实验采用的胶黏剂为常温硫化硅橡胶。硫化硅橡胶表面粗糙度与附着力实验结果见图8。从图8中可以看出,剪切法测量的附着力结果与拉开法的类似,随着粗糙度下降,附着力逐渐上升;Ra在4.0 μm附近,附着力开始出现下降,下降的速度低于拉开法。Ra在2.49 μm附近,附着力下降到1.93 MPa,仍高于有污秽的表面,Ra为6.68 μm时,附着力最小。此污秽表面在正常冲洗条件下,混杂着无法清除的污染物和氧化层,当出现重度污秽覆盖时,其附着力还会有大幅度下降。其数据结果可拟合成公式(4)
σ=-0.59x2+4.62x-6.29
通过两种实验方法可知,在激光清洗初期,随着表面粗糙度逐渐下降,附着力明显提升。主要原因在于导体表面氧化膜和污秽被清除后,其表面粗糙度相对减小,胶黏剂对导体浸润程度增加,胶黏剂可以充分依附在导体的表面。图9为两种表面粗糙度下胶黏剂的浸润情况,从图9可以看出,表面粗糙度对胶黏剂浸润程度有着明显影响。
随着清洗次数的增加,表面形貌发生了变化,由于轮廓较深和距离束腰部位受到遮挡(图2y轴的位置),其辐射的能量减少(见式(1))。氧化铝的耐高温性能好,在激光清洗机理中通常采用膜层屈曲方式使其氧化层脱离和膜层振动剥离,如图10所示[18]。因为铝合金熔点为660.37℃,而氧化铝的气化点为2 980℃,所以在清除过程中,氧化铝膜层振动脱落,部分激光光斑处铝基体溶解填平表面形貌,偏离焦点表面的铝基体吸收的热量会远小于焦点处,因此凹进去的表面形貌受到的影响不大,凸起的形貌在氧化层剥离振动和光吸收上受到的影响会高于凹处,凸处会逐渐被剥离,使得粗糙度持续下降,形貌越来越光滑,展现导体材料原本的光亮形态,如图11所示。最终导致胶黏剂浸润面积开始减小,反而导致附着力下降。
对比拉开法和剪切法可以看出,环氧树脂表面能低于常温硫化硅橡胶,从拉开法得出的数据,在Ra达到4.5 μm时,附着力最佳,随着清洗次数增多,表面粗糙度再次减小,附着力测量值出现下降。
由两种方法结果数据可知,环氧树脂的附着力测量值离散性要大于硅橡胶,主要原因是铝板表面较脏,表面形貌重构后由于浸润不均匀,部分附着力数值较低。剪切法相对稳定,剪切法粘接时是错位粘接,为了保证试板中心面积重合,通常会采用夹具来保证位置不发生偏移。因硅橡胶表面能高,在未硫化时出现液态硅橡胶流动很容易带着试板偏移,制样时都需带力固定,故铝条数据离散性较小。
从附着力测量数据分析,Ra在4.0 μm附近,硅橡胶附着力达到顶峰,随后开始持续下降,而环氧树脂的附着力顶峰在Ra为4.5 μm时。对比环氧树脂,硅橡胶的附着力测试方法更加适合略糙的表面,主要原因是硅橡胶需要表面更加宽广的轮廓结构以保证胶黏剂可充分地渗入,表面缝隙过小会导致黏稠胶黏剂无法将表面轮廓缝隙中的气体排出,使得胶黏剂渗入,形成附着力。由于制作方法的差别,剪切法的离散性要小于拉开法,但从数据的变化规律分析,拉开法对表面形貌变化敏感程度要高于剪切法。
两种方法均证实,运行和严重氧化的金属材料(铝板)通过激光清洗均可以实现表面涂层附着力的提升。
(1)脉冲激光清洗可有效改变金属导体的表面形貌,去除铝材表面的氧化层;当清洗到粗糙度Ra小于2.5 μm时,清洗效果开始减缓,清洗效果与脉冲激光器单位区域覆盖能量成正比。
(2)金属表面进行激光清洗后,粗糙度降低,可有效提高漆膜的附着力,环氧树脂拉开法在表面粗糙度Ra达到4.5 μm时,附着力开始出现下降,硅橡胶剪切法在表面粗糙度Ra达到4.0 μm时,附着力开始出现下降。
(3)在激光清洗中氧化铝和污秽物的脱离主要靠膜层屈曲和污秽物气化震荡,铝基体本身光吸收系数较小,在表面膜层和污秽物脱离干净后,其表面粗糙度Ra下降,效果明显放缓。
  • 中国电力科学研究院创新基金(SZ83-19-005)
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2022年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.015
  • 接收时间:2021-08-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-27
  • 修回日期:2021-09-02
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中国电力科学研究院创新基金(SZ83-19-005)
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    中国电力科学研究院有限公司,湖北 武汉 430074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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