Article(id=1209927347898282112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927347319468160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1621958400000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-26, revisedDate=1626796800000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398759102, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1650384000000, pubDateStr=2022-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398759102, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398759102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398759102, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927347319468160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398758964, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563041616, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616398758408595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927347319468160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616398758408596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927347319468160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927348200272002, articleId=1209927347898282112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research Progress in Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Polycrystalline Characteristics, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is widely used in the fields of energy storage, sensors, and energy collection due to its excellent dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties. PVDF has a variety of crystalline phases, which correspond to different molecular conformations and physical properties. At present, there are still controversies about which PVDF crystal phases dominate under certain conditions, the corresponding morphological characteristics of each crystal phase, and the influence on the physical properties of PVDF. This article reviewed the structural characteristics of the three main crystal forms (α, β and γ) of PVDF and the current mainstream characterization methods, and analyzed the difficulties and potential ways to accurately establish the "structure-activity" relationship of PVDF polymorphs. The factors affecting the formation of PVDF polymorphs and the transformation rules were also reviewed.

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聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)因具有出色的介电、压电和铁电特性而被广泛应用于储能、传感器和能量收集等领域。PVDF具有多种结晶相,不同晶型对应于不同的分子构象和物理特性。目前,关于在特定条件下何种PVDF晶相占主导、各结晶相所对应的形态特征以及对PVDF物理性能的影响等关键问题尚有争议。本文评述了PVDF的3种主要晶型(αβγ)结构特征和目前主流的表征方法,分析了准确建立PVDF多晶型“构-效”关系的难点和潜在途径,并对影响PVDF多晶型形成的因素及转化规律进行了综述。

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周峻(1985-),男(汉族),甘肃陇南人,副教授,主要从事绝缘材料微纳尺度性能的研究。
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陈雨晴(1998-),女(汉族),四川绵竹人,硕士生,主要从事复合电介质界面特性的研究。

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陈雨晴(1998-),女(汉族),四川绵竹人,硕士生,主要从事复合电介质界面特性的研究。

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陈雨晴(1998-),女(汉族),四川绵竹人,硕士生,主要从事复合电介质界面特性的研究。

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Ionic liquids as co-solvents for zwitterionic copolymers and the preparation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend membranes with dominated β-phase crystals[J]. Polymer,2014,55(11):2688-2696., articleTitle=Ionic liquids as co-solvents for zwitterionic copolymers and the preparation of poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend membranes with dominated β-phase crystals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210892040360030535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=297, issue=10, pageStart=1275, pageEnd=1286, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[99], rfOrder=98, authorNames=KOCHERVINSKIIV V, KOZLOVAN V, ОPONKRATOVD, journalName=Colloid and Polymer Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOCHERVINSKIIV V, KOZLOVAN V, ОPONKRATOVD, et al. An effect of ionic liquids on polymorph transformations in polyvinylidenefluoride at its crystallization from solution[J]. Colloid and Polymer Science, 2019,297(10):1275-1286., articleTitle=An effect of ionic liquids on polymorph transformations in polyvinylidenefluoride at its crystallization from solution, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210892031023509609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, awardId=2017YFB0903803, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0903803), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210892023557649122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210892023561843427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, companyId=1210892023557649122, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong 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articleId=1209927347898282112, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Structure and performance parameters of the main crystalline forms of PVDF, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶型晶系晶胞参数分子链构型极性
α单斜

a=4.96Å

b=9.64Å

c=4.62Å

β-angle=90°

TGTG′非极性
β正交

a=8.58Å

b=4.91Å

c=2.56Å

TTTT强极性
Unoriented-γ单斜

a=8.66Å

b=4.93Å

c=2.58Å

β-angle=97°

TTTGTTTG′弱极性
Oriented-γ正交

a=4.97Å

b=9.66Å

c=9.18Å

β-angle=92.9°

TTTGTTTG′弱极性
), ArticleFig(id=1210892029605834805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PVDF主要晶型的结构与性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶型晶系晶胞参数分子链构型极性
α单斜

a=4.96Å

b=9.64Å

c=4.62Å

β-angle=90°

TGTG′非极性
β正交

a=8.58Å

b=4.91Å

c=2.56Å

TTTT强极性
Unoriented-γ单斜

a=8.66Å

b=4.93Å

c=2.58Å

β-angle=97°

TTTGTTTG′弱极性
Oriented-γ正交

a=4.97Å

b=9.66Å

c=9.18Å

β-angle=92.9°

TTTGTTTG′弱极性
), ArticleFig(id=1210892029710692411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=FTIR exclusive characteristic absorption peaks of different crystal forms of PVDF, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶相αβγ
波数/(cm-1)

410, 489

532, 614

763, 795

854, 975

1 149, 1 209

1 383, 1 423

445

473

1 275

1 431

431, 482

776a, 811

833a, 1 234

1 429

), ArticleFig(id=1210892029840715837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PVDF不同晶型的FTIR专属特征吸收峰

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶相αβγ
波数/(cm-1)

410, 489

532, 614

763, 795

854, 975

1 149, 1 209

1 383, 1 423

445

473

1 275

1 431

431, 482

776a, 811

833a, 1 234

1 429

), ArticleFig(id=1210892030004293703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=The diffraction crystal planes of α crystal forms for PVDF and the corresponding 2θ diffraction peaks, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶面2θ计算值/(°) a2θ实际值/(°)
(100)17.88

17.4[40]

17.5[42]

17.66[32-33]

17.7[45]

17.8[46]

17.94[39]

18.1[44]

(020)18.41

18.2[40-42]

18.3[32-33,43]

18.4[34,45-46]

18.38[38]

18.5[41]

(110)20.14

18.8[44]b

19.7[42]

19.9[32-33,43]

20.0[34,40]

20.04[38]

20.1[46]

(201)/(310)

26.2[40]

26.3[42]

(021)26.69

19.9[45]c

20.2[39]d

26.5[43]

26.56[32-33]

26.6[34]

26.78[38]

(111)27.97

27.8[45]

27.92[39]

(130)33.2[34]
(200)36.22

35.7[45]

35.9[34]

36.12[39]

(002)38.99

38.8[34]

39[39,45]

(022)43.5157.4[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1210892030146900043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PVDF α晶型的衍射晶面和相应的2θ衍射峰

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶面2θ计算值/(°) a2θ实际值/(°)
(100)17.88

17.4[40]

17.5[42]

17.66[32-33]

17.7[45]

17.8[46]

17.94[39]

18.1[44]

(020)18.41

18.2[40-42]

18.3[32-33,43]

18.4[34,45-46]

18.38[38]

18.5[41]

(110)20.14

18.8[44]b

19.7[42]

19.9[32-33,43]

20.0[34,40]

20.04[38]

20.1[46]

(201)/(310)

26.2[40]

26.3[42]

(021)26.69

19.9[45]c

20.2[39]d

26.5[43]

26.56[32-33]

26.6[34]

26.78[38]

(111)27.97

27.8[45]

27.92[39]

(130)33.2[34]
(200)36.22

35.7[45]

35.9[34]

36.12[39]

(002)38.99

38.8[34]

39[39,45]

(022)43.5157.4[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1210892030285312079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=The diffraction crystal planes of β crystal forms for PVDF and the corresponding 2θ diffraction peaks, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶面2θ计算值/(°) a2θ实际值/(°)
(200)20.70

20.7[39,45]

20.8[46]

(110)20.8520.8[39,45]
(200)/(110)

20.70

20.85

20.0[40]

20.26[32-33]

~20.3[42]

20.6[34]

20.9[46]

(001)35.0535.6[44]
(310)/(020)

36.37

36.53

37[44]
(020)/(101)

36.53

36.68

36.6[39,45]
(221)56.08

56.1[45]

56.9[39]

), ArticleFig(id=1210892030444695636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PVDF β晶型的衍射晶面和相应的2θ衍射峰

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶面2θ计算值/(°) a2θ实际值/(°)
(200)20.70

20.7[39,45]

20.8[46]

(110)20.8520.8[39,45]
(200)/(110)

20.70

20.85

20.0[40]

20.26[32-33]

~20.3[42]

20.6[34]

20.9[46]

(001)35.0535.6[44]
(310)/(020)

36.37

36.53

37[44]
(020)/(101)

36.53

36.68

36.6[39,45]
(221)56.08

56.1[45]

56.9[39]

), ArticleFig(id=1210892030541164633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=The diffraction crystal planes of γ crystal forms for PVDF and the corresponding 2θ diffraction peaks, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶面2θ计算值/(°) a2θ实际值/(°)
(020)18.37

18.4[46]

18.5[33-34,39,45]

(002)19.3819.2[33,45]
(110)20.09

20.0[46]

20.04[32-33]

20.1[39,45]

(110)/(201)b

20.09

37.96

20.2[44]
(110)/(101)

20.09

20.75

20.3[34]
(101)20.7520.3[45]
(022)26.7726.8[39,45]
(200)36.22

36.0[46]

36.2[45]

(201)/(041)/(132)

37.96

38.47

39.17

39.2[46]
(132)39.1739.5[46]
(211)39.17

38.7[39,45]

39.0[34]

(004)39.3439.3[44]
(140)41.6241.7[46]
(212)43.2943.2[46]
), ArticleFig(id=1210892030759268448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927347898282112, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

PVDF γ晶型的衍射晶面和相应的2θ衍射峰

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶面2θ计算值/(°) a2θ实际值/(°)
(020)18.37

18.4[46]

18.5[33-34,39,45]

(002)19.3819.2[33,45]
(110)20.09

20.0[46]

20.04[32-33]

20.1[39,45]

(110)/(201)b

20.09

37.96

20.2[44]
(110)/(101)

20.09

20.75

20.3[34]
(101)20.7520.3[45]
(022)26.7726.8[39,45]
(200)36.22

36.0[46]

36.2[45]

(201)/(041)/(132)

37.96

38.47

39.17

39.2[46]
(132)39.1739.5[46]
(211)39.17

38.7[39,45]

39.0[34]

(004)39.3439.3[44]
(140)41.6241.7[46]
(212)43.2943.2[46]
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聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)多晶型特征的研究进展
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陈雨晴 1 , 周峻 1 , 吴锴 1 , 李永飞 1 , 贾贝贝 1 , 王洋 2 , 朱庆东 3
绝缘材料 | 综述 2022,55(4): 1-12
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2022, 55(4): 1-12
聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)多晶型特征的研究进展
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陈雨晴1, 周峻1, 吴锴1, 李永飞1, 贾贝贝1, 王洋2, 朱庆东3
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学 电气工程学院 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2西安工程大学 电子信息学院,陕西 西安 710048
  • 3国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250003
  • 陈雨晴(1998-),女(汉族),四川绵竹人,硕士生,主要从事复合电介质界面特性的研究。

通讯作者:

周峻(1985-),男(汉族),甘肃陇南人,副教授,主要从事绝缘材料微纳尺度性能的研究。
Research Progress in Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Polycrystalline Characteristics
Yuqing CHEN1, Jun ZHOU1, Kai WU1, Yongfei LI1, Beibei JIA1, Yang WANG2, Qingdong ZHU3
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
  • 2School of Electronics and Information, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
  • 3Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company, Jinan 25003, China
出版时间: 2022-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.001
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聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)因具有出色的介电、压电和铁电特性而被广泛应用于储能、传感器和能量收集等领域。PVDF具有多种结晶相,不同晶型对应于不同的分子构象和物理特性。目前,关于在特定条件下何种PVDF晶相占主导、各结晶相所对应的形态特征以及对PVDF物理性能的影响等关键问题尚有争议。本文评述了PVDF的3种主要晶型(αβγ)结构特征和目前主流的表征方法,分析了准确建立PVDF多晶型“构-效”关系的难点和潜在途径,并对影响PVDF多晶型形成的因素及转化规律进行了综述。

PVDF  /  晶型结构  /  晶型表征  /  晶型转换

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is widely used in the fields of energy storage, sensors, and energy collection due to its excellent dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties. PVDF has a variety of crystalline phases, which correspond to different molecular conformations and physical properties. At present, there are still controversies about which PVDF crystal phases dominate under certain conditions, the corresponding morphological characteristics of each crystal phase, and the influence on the physical properties of PVDF. This article reviewed the structural characteristics of the three main crystal forms (α, β and γ) of PVDF and the current mainstream characterization methods, and analyzed the difficulties and potential ways to accurately establish the "structure-activity" relationship of PVDF polymorphs. The factors affecting the formation of PVDF polymorphs and the transformation rules were also reviewed.

PVDF  /  crystal structure  /  crystal form characterization  /  crystal form conversion
陈雨晴, 周峻, 吴锴, 李永飞, 贾贝贝, 王洋, 朱庆东. 聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)多晶型特征的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (4) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.001
Yuqing CHEN, Jun ZHOU, Kai WU, Yongfei LI, Beibei JIA, Yang WANG, Qingdong ZHU. Research Progress in Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Polycrystalline Characteristics[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (4) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.001
半结晶聚合物聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)具有独特的压电、铁电和热电性能,因其低廉的价格、较高的柔韧性、良好的生物相容性、出色的抗老化性和化学稳定性等,被广泛应用于电子电气、生物医学、石油化工等诸多领域[1-3]。PVDF的优异性能与其结晶度、晶型结构和取向密切相关,在很大程度上取决于加工条件[4-9]。PVDF表现出复杂的多晶型特征,现已报道的晶型结构共有5种,分别为αβγδε[10],其中主要的晶型结构为αβγ。不同晶型的PVDF表现出不同的性能,研究不同晶型结构及其转化对PVDF性能的影响机制尤为重要。
与非极性α相相比,PVDF仅在极性β相和γ相中表现出压电特性,且β相通常表现出更好的压电、铁电和热电性能[11]。然而,PVDF晶体最常见的形态是非极性α相,因为α相在热力学性能上比其他相更稳定。因此,在实际制备过程中相对容易获得以α相为主的PVDF膜[12]。如何调控PVDF的β相及其结晶取向是开发高性能压电、铁电PVDF材料的关键。虽然研究人员针对PVDF的制备工艺与结晶相生成之间的关系进行了大量研究,但仍有诸多关键性问题存在争议。例如,不同研究人员实验表征得到的PVDF形貌与晶型的对应关系[13-14]、溶液结晶时特定温度下何种PVDF晶相占主导[15-16]等问题相互矛盾,理清这些问题对于了解PVDF结构、进一步改善PVDF性能至关重要。
PVDF常见的晶型结构主要有3种:α晶型(晶型Ⅱ)、β晶型(晶型Ⅰ)和γ晶型(晶型Ⅲ)[17],如图1所示。从图1可以看出,不同晶型的PVDF晶格类型、晶胞参数和分子链构型均不同,导致其物理化学性能和应用也不同[18]。根据文献[19-24]报道的研究结果,总结出PVDF不同晶型的结构与性能参数如表1所示。
α相分子链构型为TGTG′(T为trans,反式,G为gauche,旁式)螺旋结构。如图1所示,分子链上两分子的偶极矩取向方向相反,晶胞的净偶极矩为零,是一种非极性晶型[25]α相是一种在室温和常压下热力学稳定的晶型结构[26]
β相分子链构型为TTTT平面锯齿形结构。如图1所示,晶胞是由两个平行排列的全反式链(T)构成,分子链上两分子的偶极矩取向方向相同,且H与F形成的偶极矩垂直于分子链[27]β相分子链的特殊结构和排列方式使其表现出良好的压电和铁电性能[28]
G CORTILI等[29]以二甲基亚砜(DMSO)作为PVDF的溶剂,首次发现了γ晶型。针对γ相PVDF晶体结构存在争议,通过不同方法制备的γ相晶胞参数略有不同。R HASEGAWA等[22]研究非取向的PVDF时,发现γ相分子链构型为TTTGTTTG′,其链构型与β相几乎一致,如图1所示。虽然γ相也显示出一定的极性,但其极性比β相弱[20]。S WEINHOLD等[30]从溶液中制备得到取向为γ相的PVDF,发现其晶胞参数ab值与α相相近,c值约为α相的两倍。此处呈现的γ相晶体结构也为热诱导α相到γ相的转变提供了线索。将熔融结晶的α相球晶退火至接近其熔融温度会发生从α相到γ相的固态转变,但不会发生从β相到γ相的固态转变[31]。如果将γ相视为对β相的微小变化[22],则很难解释这种现象。S WEINHOLD等[30]所述的γ相和α相的链堆积方式非常相似,因此α相到γ相的固态转变似乎合理。Jr R GREGORIO[32]通过实验研究了上述γ相的两种类型,一种是高温结晶时在熔体中直接成核生成的γ相,另一种是通过α相固固转变得到的γ′相(熔点比γ相高10℃左右),结果表明γ相形成的球晶形状与α相的相似,只是球晶尺寸较小、双折射现象较弱。
PVDF各晶型不同的熔点反映为升温熔融曲线上不同的熔融峰。DSC测试结果表明,α相和β相的熔点为169~173℃,较难区分;γ相的熔点为180~183℃,能够明显与前两者进行区分[33]。样品缺陷、晶体完善程度等都会对熔点造成影响,因此不能仅根据熔点来判断晶型。
CAI X M等[34]总结了PVDF不同晶型在波数为400~1 500 cm-1内的FTIR专属特征吸收峰,如表2所示。波数为837~841 cm-1和508~512 cm-1范围内的峰,在βγ两相中都有出现,表2中不再列举。可以通过检查α相614 cm-1和763 cm-1左右的波数,β相1 275 cm-1γ相1 234 cm-1左右的波数来区分这3种晶型。由于实验的不确定性,波数可能出现偏移(通常在2 cm-1内)。
相比于红外光谱,拉曼光谱能提供更多聚合物共轭结构和链骨架的信息[36]。有些峰在红外光谱中没有出现而在拉曼光谱中出现,如D SENGUPTA等[37]在拉曼光谱中观察到了FTIR中没有出现的对应于α相的796 cm-1处的特征峰。
表35归纳了PVDF晶体的主要衍射峰,发现部分文献中PVDF衍射晶面和相应的2θ衍射峰的对应关系存在较大差异。由于α晶型和γ晶型的晶胞参数相似,根据布拉格方程在相同的晶面发生衍射时,如(020)和(110)晶面,相应的衍射峰很接近,区分很困难。因此,当PVDF中有多晶型存在时,很难通过X射线衍射峰来区分。不同晶体结构虽然有相似的衍射峰,但每一相都有可以被区分的独特衍射峰。
通过POM可以观察到PVDF呈黑十字消光的双折射球晶。图2为PVDF的POM图[47],从图2(a)可以看到高双折射致密的大球晶α相和弱双折射的小球晶γ相。从图2(b)可以看出,将样品在165℃下退火后并没有明显改变形态,但在γ相球晶的边界(箭头)和α相球晶的内部(椭圆)显示出一些双折射的变化。α相球晶的弱双折射表明部分α相球晶已经转变为双折射更弱的γ相。
通过SEM观察到的PVDF形貌与PVDF晶型的对应关系出现了一定的争议。Jr R GREGORIO等[16]观察到100℃溶液结晶的PVDF薄膜在球晶之间出现放射状薄片,如图3所示。研究者认为这些薄片很可能与α相有关,因为FTIR结果显示α相从100℃开始形成。
M REMŠKAR等[14]在110℃下制备的PVDF-MoS2纳米复合材料的SEM图如图4所示,可以看出,MoS2纳米管是形成树枝状α相结晶的成核中心。
WANG A D等[13]对于树枝状结晶的对应关系得出了不同的结论。相对于由许多球晶颗粒组成的纯PVDF薄膜(如图5(a)所示),研究者通过辅助电位直接墨水书写工艺制备的PVDF/石墨烯复合薄膜中出现大量薄片状有取向的β相晶体(如图5(b)所示)。当书写墨水中加入质量分数为0.05%的石墨烯时,复合薄膜中β相含量提高至67.30%,PVDF/石墨烯压电薄膜的灵敏度远高于纯PVDF压电薄膜。
S BARRAU等[48]在添加质量分数为0.7%的碳纳米管(CNT)的PVDF薄膜中清晰地观察到厚度约为10 nm的α相球晶薄片,如图6所示。同时,通过压电力显微镜(PFM)在非极性α相区没有测量到铁电信号,而在十字所示不规则区域获得了具有稳定极化状态的相位信号和典型蝴蝶振幅响应的铁电回路,证明该区域为极性γ相。
T TANSEL[18]在旋涂PVDF薄膜的AFM形貌图中观察到120℃退火样品形成α球晶区(如图7(a)所示),湿极化样品显示了约为0.3 μm的随机取向的互连β相晶粒(如图7(b)所示),并且湿极化样品获得了约为(33±2)℃/(m2·K)的高热电系数,符合形貌观察与FTIR结果。
从以上研究可以看出,由于PVDF多晶型结构的特点,现有的研究对PVDF不同相的归属存在较大的分歧和争议。一部分学者认为树枝状结晶为具有压电性能的极性β相,另一部分学者认为树枝状结晶为不具有压电性能的非极性α相。
PVDF在高极性溶剂中结晶时降低了形成β相的能量屏障,而在低极性溶剂中总是倾向于结晶形成交替的trans和gauche构象[49-50]。对于特定的极性溶剂,PVDF中αβγ相的存在取决于构象异构体的迁移率,而构象异构体的迁移率主要受热能的影响[51]。根据制备温度,相同的极性溶剂可以产生不同的相。以前的研究认为在任何制备温度下,以DMSO为溶剂总是能得到γ相PVDF薄膜[52-53]。S SATAPATHY等[54]在制备温度分别为50℃和90℃时使用DMSO溶剂结晶出α相和γ相的PVDF,这与早期的报道相矛盾。50℃时PVDF溶液黏度高,热能不足以旋转CF2基团,PVDF薄膜流延后产生α相;90℃时溶液黏度降低,热能足以旋转CF2基团,导致相邻CF2基团通过大规模trans-gauche构象变化的协同运动产生γ相。
溶剂蒸发速率对PVDF薄膜的粗糙度、结晶相和结晶度至关重要[55]。溶剂的蒸发过程中溶液发生相分离,相分离过程中晶体成核和生长,说明溶剂蒸发速率决定了高分子从溶液中结晶的速率[56]。在成膜过程中,溶剂的蒸发速率与聚合物的结晶速率成正比。Jr R GREGORIO等[16]分别使用二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)和六甲基磷酰胺(HMPA)在60、80、100、120、140℃制备PVDF膜,发现无论使用何种溶剂和温度,低蒸发速率主要产生β相,高蒸发速率主要产生α相,中间速率主要产生这两相的混合物。但KANG S J[15]等研究得出相反的结论,对Au基板上旋涂的DMF/PVDF薄膜进行快速热退火2 h,发现在80~150℃从膜中去除DMF蒸汽的速度越快,β相的形成越好。从热力学角度来看,低成核速率下,聚合物链以较低势能的分子构象聚集成核,从而获得热力学稳定的α相;高成核速率下,系统处于较高势能的亚稳态,聚合物链可以较高势能的分子构象聚集成核,形成β相或γ[57]。另外,相转换技术也证实了所形成的结晶相取决于溶剂蒸发速率[58-59]
研究发现,溶剂的蒸发速率不仅取决于固有特性(如沸点和黏度),还与外部因素(如温度、压力、相对湿度和溶液浓度等)密切相关[60-61]。D L CHINAGLIA等[60]研究发现,PVDF/DMF溶液的初始蒸发速率受温度的影响比受溶液浓度的影响更大,且高浓度的溶液蒸发速率更低。付超等[57]发现使用较高浓度的溶液(质量分数为30%)在较低温度(如室温或者40℃)下可以获得100%的极性相(主要为γ相)。
温度不仅影响溶剂的蒸发速率,还对溶剂的极性造成一定的影响。低温下溶剂分子极性较强,与PVDF分子间的相互作用较强,降低了形成β相的势能。因此温度越低,越易获得极性相[57]。Jr R GREGORIO[32]以DMF作为溶剂,发现在温度低于70℃时只产生β相,随着温度的升高,α相开始形成,并在110℃以上占优势。而在α相熔点附近的温度下结晶,或在高温下对原始α相样品进行退火处理,才能获得γ相。惠迎雪等[62]发现β型PVDF薄膜可在低温下(60~120℃)经过基片的热诱导得到,在室温下聚合物几乎不结晶,而在较高结晶温度下,主要形成以γ相为主的晶型结构。
熔融结晶时,在低于150~155℃的温度下只能观察到α相;在高于155℃的温度下观察到γ相和α相的混合物[63]。由于γ相的生长速度比α相慢,因此需要在高温下足够长的结晶时间才能得到主要的或完整的γ[64]
Jr R GREGORIO[32]发现α相和β相的熔点约为167℃,从熔体中直接结晶的γ相熔点约为179℃,而由α相固态相变形成的γ′相熔点约为188℃。陈业煌等[65]发现熔融温度处于平衡熔点(197℃)以上时,熔融温度对PVDF的等温结晶影响较小;而当熔融温度处于平衡熔点以下时,随熔融温度的降低,PVDF球晶数量增多、尺寸变小。因此,聚合物的结晶历史对结晶具有一定的影响,在研究聚合物结晶行为时,熔融温度应该选择在平衡熔点以上。
相转换技术中PVDF薄膜的多晶型性能强烈依赖于用于沉淀的非溶剂温度。低温时,溶剂和非溶剂的扩散传质速度较慢,结晶速度也较慢,β相的形成居多;温度升高,加速了溶剂的去除速率,因此也加快了结晶速度,α相的形成居多[16]。M G BUONOMENNA等[58]观察到,当质量分数为12%的PVDF/DMF溶液铺在基材上并浸入凝固浴(水)中时,β相在25℃时占优势,α相在60℃时占优势。M HAPONSKA等[59]同样观察到,在以NMP为溶剂,蒸馏水为非溶剂制备的PVDF薄膜中,β相主要存在于20℃,α相含量随凝固浴温度的升高而增加。
聚合物的晶体结构、形貌等常常可以通过采用不同的衬底来改变。V GELFANDBEIN等[66]通过溶液浇铸法分别在钢、铝、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、铜、金和硅基底上制备PVDF薄膜,发现钢、铝和PTFE基底主要为α型结晶,硅基底倾向于β型结晶,而铜和金基底强烈刺激产生β型,并有可能以α型结晶。胡成龙等[67]分别以载玻片、铜片、PTFE为衬底利用滴涂法制备PVDF薄膜,实验表明PVDF在非极性基体PTEF上分子链运动在界面不受限制,更容易结晶;另外,基体作用虽然不会改变PVDF晶体结构,但会不同程度地影响αβ相的含量。
退火条件决定了PVDF中相的存在以及不同相的转化。S SATAPATHY等[54]发现原始γ相PVDF薄膜在90℃退火5 h时出现最大百分比的β相,在160℃退火5 h完全转变为α相。M SHARMA等[5]将原始PVDF薄膜(α相和γ相混合物)在100℃退火3 h,在高温退火时加快链迁移率,PVDF偶极子从TGTG′重新定向为TTTT构象,退火样品中出现β相。退火也能使α相转变为γ′相。WANG H J等[47]将160℃等温结晶的PVDF薄膜在165℃维持15 h实现α相向γ′相的转变。
退火还可以促进再结晶,提高PVDF的结晶度[68-69]。MEN S L等[70]发现退火后PVDF薄膜结晶度更高,退火使晶体区域中的薄片增厚、缺陷减少,为随后的拉伸过程提供更好的晶体结构。延长退火时间,PVDF分子链能够充分进行重排以形成规整的结构,同时提高退火温度也有利于PVDF薄膜的结晶[67]
目前最常用于制备PVDF压电薄膜的方法是单向拉伸,它可以将PVDF的α相转变为β相。最广泛的报道是由4~6的拉伸比(初始和最终长度的比率)、70~100℃的温度引起α相转变为β相,在超过120℃的温度下,只有拉伸比R≥6才会发生α相向β相的转变[71]
LI L等[72]利用光学拉伸应力显微测试仪(OTSMT)研究了拉伸过程中晶界球晶的原位变化,发现机械拉伸破坏了PVDF原始球晶的结构,使分子链在应力场下沿着拉伸方向定向取向,晶格中的分子链从原来的TGTG′构象向TTTT构象转变,从而导致PVDF中α相向β相变,转变过程如图8所示。拉伸应力使得PVDF晶面间距、晶粒尺寸减小,不仅导致PVDF的α相向β相转变,还会造成部分非晶相向结晶相的转变[73]。但当施加外力超过材料屈服点后,拉伸会引入新的缺陷并产生内应力,导致薄膜内部结构的完整性受损[74]
学者们已经充分地研究了拉伸参数[72,74-75](如拉伸比、拉伸温度、拉伸速度等)对PVDF薄膜晶相的影响,但是关于拉伸方向的影响研究很少。LU H C等[76]将双轴拉伸技术应用于PVDF熔融挤出薄膜,增加了β相的相对含量、薄膜的结晶度以及介电响应。周波等[77]采用相互垂直的横/纵双向拉伸以拉伸比为3.5制备得到同时具有高结晶度、良好压电性能的PVDF薄膜。
另外,PVDF中单轴拉伸也会引起γ相向β相转变。R IMAMURA等[71]将原始α相和γ相(为主)混合的PVDF薄膜在130℃下以拉伸比为4单轴拉伸,显示固态的γ相向β相转变,而观察到α相的取向没有任何改变。
以往研究表明,结合高温(120℃)与高压(>500 MPa)有利于β型PVDF的结晶[46]。KANG S J等[78]发现在一定温度范围内(167~180℃)控制施加在PVDF薄膜上的压力(200~800 kPa),可以将顺电α相转变为铁电γ相。M KANIK等[79]使用ab initio计算模拟发现,当沿α相和β相的轴向施加压缩应变时,在0 K和470 K时都清楚地观察到从α相到具有较长非极性部分的不完美γ相的转变,以及从β相到理想γ相的转变,且引起α相向γ相转变的压缩应变小于β相向γ相转变的压缩应变。
V RANJAN等[80]发现PVDF直接从α相到β相的转换虽然在热力学上可行,但需要相当大的电场(大约为800 MV/m)。受早期实验启发[81],假设PVDF的α相和β相是通过旋转变换而相互关联的,V RANJAN等[20]又探索了非极性到极性的相变过程:①α相的一条链绕其轴线旋转180°转化为γ相;②所有二面角从±57°变为180°,转变为β相。因此,PVDF可以通过从其大量相互关联的结构中选择一个适当的功能结构,表现出对电场的适应性反应。
极化方向在PVDF相变中也起着重要的作用。K C SATYANARAYANA等[82]发现高电场下(至少为104 MV/m)只有xy方向上的极化会生成极性PVDF分子链,且x方向的极化会生成与β相更相似的结构。HUANG Y等[83]通过场强为650 MV/m的电场对经双轴拉伸制造的原始PVDF膜(70%的α相和30%的β相)进行至少40次重复单向极化,成功地将所有α相转化为β相,获得了纯β相晶体。常用的使用高压电场的方法是静电纺丝法,该方法对于制备亚微米级到纳米级PVDF纤维是合适且有效的[84]。机械拉伸和电极化同时发生在静电纺丝过程中。LEI T P等[85]通过对比电纺和力纺的方法,发现电纺过程中射流的机械拉伸比电极化在α相向β相转变过程中的作用更大。相比之下,弱电场就能实现熔融结晶PVDF膜的晶型转换。LU F J等[86]在PVDF熔体自然冷却时加一个很弱的电场(0.07 MV/cm)实现了PVDF由α相转变为βγ相。
由于聚合物链与填料表面之间存在有利的相互作用,共混成为调控PVDF晶型的重要手段。研究发现向PVDF中掺入金属氧化物(如ZnO[87])、金属颗粒(如Ag[88])、压电陶瓷颗粒(如BaTiO3[89])、碳基材料(如CNT[90]、石墨烯[91])、聚合物(如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)[92])、粘土[93]等作为β相结晶核或成核剂,可以促进β相形成或由α相向β相转变。另外也有研究发现TiO2[94]、CNT[48]、RGO[95]、粘土[96]等的掺入有利于诱导α相转变为γ相。研究发现,某些填料的引入主要诱导极性较弱γ相的形成,使得PVDF的应用范围受到了一定的限制。如邢剑等[96]研究发现Bz-MM的添加可诱导β相和γ相的结晶,尤其强烈诱导γ相。
另外,离子液体/PVDF共混技术可诱导β相形成,有效地提高PVDF薄膜性能。离子液体与PVDF分子链间较强的电荷库仑力作用促进β相的形成[97]。YI Z等[98]发现离子液体如[BMIM]BF4、[BMIM]PF6和[MIM]CF3SO3等常用助溶剂诱导产生β相PVDF非常明显。V V KOCHERVINSKII等[99]发现当PVDF在有机离子液体存在下结晶时,咪唑环的阳离子与非晶相中聚合物链的氟原子的离子-偶极相互作用导致聚合物发生γ相向β相转变,同时观察到聚合物结晶时不对称性减弱,结晶度增加。
PVDF晶型复杂,不同的制备工艺导致不同的晶形结构,不同的晶型结构对应不同的材料性能。PVDF结晶相的识别至关重要,虽然目前通过多种互补的方法分析表征PVDF,但精准区分各晶型仍有一定难度,并且现有关于PVDF形貌与晶型对应关系的研究大多相互矛盾。矛盾出现的原因可能是受现有测试技术的限制,容易造成PVDF晶型类别的混淆,从而导致晶型与形貌及性能对应关系出现矛盾。
由于β相PVDF具有特殊的压电性和热电性,调控β相的含量和取向一直是PVDF研究领域的热点。总结得出,β相可通过低于70℃的溶液结晶、机械拉伸、极化、共混等手段得到。但这些方法均存在一定的缺陷:溶液结晶获得β相PVDF薄膜的效率低、粗糙度大;机械拉伸易破坏薄膜的完整性;极化诱导β相通常需要相当大的电场;共混诱导极性晶体形成的机理尚不明确等。各制备方法自身缺陷导致高性能PVDF膜的制备仍然具有挑战性,工艺组合是提高PVDF材料性能的一个重要研究方向。未来需继续探索PVDF制备条件、结晶结构与性能间的关系,掌握影响PVDF晶型的形成因素及晶型之间的相互转化规律,并通过各种表征手段精准定位其晶型结构,进而优化材料性能、拓展材料应用领域。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0903803)
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2022年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.001
  • 接收时间:2021-05-26
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-26
  • 修回日期:2021-07-21
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0903803)
作者信息
    1西安交通大学 电气工程学院 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    2西安工程大学 电子信息学院,陕西 西安 710048
    3国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250003

通讯作者:

周峻(1985-),男(汉族),甘肃陇南人,副教授,主要从事绝缘材料微纳尺度性能的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.04.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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