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Article(id=1209927014002331932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1676476800000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-16, revisedDate=1679241600000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398679495, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398679495, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398679495, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398679495, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927008822366333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398678260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563829065, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619701554705052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619701554705053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927008822366333, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927014363042098, articleId=1209927014002331932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Influence of natural ester insulating oil on main insulation performance of 220 kV power transformer, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to analyze the influence of natural ester insulating oil on the insulation performance of high-voltage transformer, in this study, a 220 kV power transformer was taken as the research object, the wave process calculation was carried out on it to obtain the node potential and oil channel gradient voltage under the full wave of lightning impact. And the electric field distribution under power frequency and full wave voltage of lightning was obtained by establishing a calculation model of transformer main insulation electric field, and then the insulation margin was calculated. The results show that the main insulation margin of natural ester insulating oil transformer is large at power frequency, while it is small at full wave of lightning. By improving the insulation structure of natural ester insulating oil transformer, the main insulation distance between medium voltage and high voltage windings of the natural ester insulating oil transformer is reduced by about 6%; the minimum insulation margin under the full wave of lightning can be increased by 15% by increasing the insulation thickness and radius of the winding turn, and the cost is saved effectively.

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为了分析天然酯绝缘油对高压变压器绝缘性能的影响，本研究以一台220 kV电力变压器为研究对象，对其进行波过程计算得到雷电冲击全波下的节点电位与油道梯度电压，并建立变压器主绝缘电场计算模型得到工频及雷电全波电压下的电场分布，再计算绝缘裕度。结果表明：天然酯绝缘油变压器在工频下主绝缘裕度较大，而在雷电全波下该值较小。通过改进天然酯绝缘油变压器的绝缘结构，可缩小天然酯绝缘油变压器中压、高压绕组间主绝缘距离约6%，增大调压绕组匝绝缘厚度及角环半径，可使其在雷电全波下的绝缘裕度最小值提高15%，同时有效节约了成本。

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杨莹（1998-），女（满族），河北承德人，硕士生，主要从事工程电磁场及其应用的研究；

王建民（1961-），男（汉族），河北保定人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事各类变压器及电抗器等产品的电磁热力关键技术的研究。

, authorsList=杨莹, 王建民, 杜振斌, 马明元, 张亚杰, 李欣然)}, authors=[Author(id=1217475344114827513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217475344249045247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, authorId=1217475344114827513, language=EN, stringName=Ying YANG, firstName=Ying, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
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杨莹（1998-），女（满族），河北承德人，硕士生，主要从事工程电磁场及其应用的研究；

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杨莹（1998-），女（满族），河北承德人，硕士生，主要从事工程电磁场及其应用的研究；

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3保定天威保变电气股份有限公司 河北省输变电装备电磁与结构性能重点实验室，河北 保定 071056, bio={"content":"

王建民（1961-），男（汉族），河北保定人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事各类变压器及电抗器等产品的电磁热力关键技术的研究。

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王建民（1961-），男（汉族），河北保定人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事各类变压器及电抗器等产品的电磁热力关键技术的研究。

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ArticleFig(id=1217475351865901612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Electrical parameters of insulation materials in transformer, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料相对介电常数体积电阻率/(Ω·m)
天然酯绝缘油3.11.5×1012
矿物绝缘油2.21.8×1012
绝缘纸3.21.1×1014
绝缘纸筒4.41.8×1014
), ArticleFig(id=1217475351937204783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变压器内部绝缘材料的电气参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料相对介电常数体积电阻率/(Ω·m)
天然酯绝缘油3.11.5×1012
矿物绝缘油2.21.8×1012
绝缘纸3.21.1×1014
绝缘纸筒4.41.8×1014
), ArticleFig(id=1217475352029479474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Maximum field strength of solid insulating material and oil gap at power frequency voltage, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘油类型固体绝缘材料最大场强/(kV/mm)油隙中最大场强/(kV/mm)
天然酯绝缘油16.311.5
矿物绝缘油13.813.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217475352113365560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

工频电压下固体绝缘材料与油隙中最大场强值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘油类型固体绝缘材料最大场强/(kV/mm)油隙中最大场强/(kV/mm)
天然酯绝缘油16.311.5
矿物绝缘油13.813.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217475352222417466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Potential value of each disc of high-voltage winding after converted to power frequency, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线饼号天然酯绝缘油变压器矿物绝缘油变压器
1～2381.742383.404
3～4372.717374.221
5～6364.206365.077
7～8354.865355.735
9～10342.554342.990
11～12347.977363.375
13～14371.806386.333
15～16394.448408.223
17～18415.348428.648
19～20434.031447.213
), ArticleFig(id=1217475352344052285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

折算到工频下高压绕组各线饼电位值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线饼号天然酯绝缘油变压器矿物绝缘油变压器
1～2381.742383.404
3～4372.717374.221
5～6364.206365.077
7～8354.865355.735
9～10342.554342.990
11～12347.977363.375
13～14371.806386.333
15～16394.448408.223
17～18415.348428.648
19～20434.031447.213
), ArticleFig(id=1217475352444715586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Maximum field strength of solid insulating material and oil gap under fullwave impulse, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘油类型固体绝缘材料最大场强/(kV/mm)油隙中最大场强/(kV/mm)
天然酯绝缘油15.79.5
矿物绝缘油13.210.7
), ArticleFig(id=1217475352545378885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

全波冲击下固体绝缘材料与油隙中最大场强值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘油类型固体绝缘材料最大场强/(kV/mm)油隙中最大场强/(kV/mm)
天然酯绝缘油15.79.5
矿物绝缘油13.210.7
), ArticleFig(id=1217475352637653575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Minimum insulation margin of transformer oil gap under various voltages, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压类型绝缘油类型油隙绝缘裕度最小值最小绝缘裕度所在电力线位置
工频天然酯绝缘油1.296高压绕组首端指向中压绕组首端
矿物绝缘油1.191高压绕组首端指向中压绕组首端
雷电全波冲击天然酯绝缘油0.959高压绕组第4饼指向调压绕组上端部内侧
矿物绝缘油1.156高压绕组第4饼指向调压绕组上端部内侧
), ArticleFig(id=1217475352755094093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各类电压下变压器油隙的最小绝缘裕度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电压类型绝缘油类型油隙绝缘裕度最小值最小绝缘裕度所在电力线位置
工频天然酯绝缘油1.296高压绕组首端指向中压绕组首端
矿物绝缘油1.191高压绕组首端指向中压绕组首端
雷电全波冲击天然酯绝缘油0.959高压绕组第4饼指向调压绕组上端部内侧
矿物绝缘油1.156高压绕组第4饼指向调压绕组上端部内侧
), ArticleFig(id=1217475352910283346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=Calculation results of maximum tangential field strength and insulation margin at different positions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置绝缘油类型切向场强值/(kV/mm)绝缘裕度
高压绕组静电环上方的角环与油隙交界面天然酯绝缘油2.182.10
矿物绝缘油2.182.50
调压绕组内侧绝缘纸筒与油隙交界面天然酯绝缘油2.371.90
矿物绝缘油2.342.29
), ArticleFig(id=1217475353006752342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同位置切向场强最大值与绝缘裕度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置绝缘油类型切向场强值/(kV/mm)绝缘裕度
高压绕组静电环上方的角环与油隙交界面天然酯绝缘油2.182.10
矿物绝缘油2.182.50
调压绕组内侧绝缘纸筒与油隙交界面天然酯绝缘油2.371.90
矿物绝缘油2.342.29
), ArticleFig(id=1217475353086444123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=Relationship among main insulation distance between high voltage and medium voltage windings, electric field strength, and insulation margin, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中、高压绕组间主绝缘距离/mm固体绝缘材料中最大场强/(kV/mm)油隙中最大场强/(kV/mm)最小绝缘裕度
6814.410.71.310
6515.011.31.296
6115.811.81.115
5716.712.51.028
5517.313.00.905
), ArticleFig(id=1217475353182913117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

高压、中压绕组间主绝缘距离与电场强度和绝缘裕度的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中、高压绕组间主绝缘距离/mm固体绝缘材料中最大场强/(kV/mm)油隙中最大场强/(kV/mm)最小绝缘裕度
6814.410.71.310
6515.011.31.296
6115.811.81.115
5716.712.51.028
5517.313.00.905
), ArticleFig(id=1217475353270993503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=Minimum insulation margin of oil gap after structural improvement of natural ester insulating oil transformer, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型最小绝缘裕度电力线所在位置油隙绝缘裕度最小值
工频高压绕组首端指向中压绕组首端1.115
雷电全波冲击高压绕组第23饼指向调压绕组中部内侧1.103
), ArticleFig(id=1217475353359073889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927014002331932, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

天然酯绝缘油变压器结构改进后油隙最小绝缘裕度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型最小绝缘裕度电力线所在位置油隙绝缘裕度最小值
工频高压绕组首端指向中压绕组首端1.115
雷电全波冲击高压绕组第23饼指向调压绕组中部内侧1.103
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天然酯绝缘油对220 kV电力变压器主绝缘性能的影响分析
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杨莹 1, 2 , 王建民 1, 2, 3 , 杜振斌 1, 2, 3 , 马明元 3 , 张亚杰 3 , 李欣然 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2024,57(2): 65-71
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2024, 57(2): 65-71
天然酯绝缘油对220 kV电力变压器主绝缘性能的影响分析
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杨莹1, 2, 王建民1, 2, 3, 杜振斌1, 2, 3, 马明元3, 张亚杰3, 李欣然1, 2
作者信息
  • 1河北工业大学，省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室，天津 300130
  • 2河北工业大学，河北省电磁场与电器可靠性重点实验室，天津 300130
  • 3保定天威保变电气股份有限公司 河北省输变电装备电磁与结构性能重点实验室，河北 保定 071056

    • 杨莹（1998-），女（满族），河北承德人，硕士生，主要从事工程电磁场及其应用的研究；

    王建民（1961-），男（汉族），河北保定人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事各类变压器及电抗器等产品的电磁热力关键技术的研究。

Influence of natural ester insulating oil on main insulation performance of 220 kV power transformer
Ying YANG1, 2, Jianmin WANG1, 2, 3, Zhenbin DU1, 2, 3, Mingyuan MA3, Yajie ZHANG3, Xinran LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Electro-magnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
  • 3Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic and Structural Performance of Power Transmission and Transformation Equipment, Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric Co., Ltd., Baoding 071056, China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.009
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摘要
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为了分析天然酯绝缘油对高压变压器绝缘性能的影响，本研究以一台220 kV电力变压器为研究对象，对其进行波过程计算得到雷电冲击全波下的节点电位与油道梯度电压，并建立变压器主绝缘电场计算模型得到工频及雷电全波电压下的电场分布，再计算绝缘裕度。结果表明：天然酯绝缘油变压器在工频下主绝缘裕度较大，而在雷电全波下该值较小。通过改进天然酯绝缘油变压器的绝缘结构，可缩小天然酯绝缘油变压器中压、高压绕组间主绝缘距离约6%，增大调压绕组匝绝缘厚度及角环半径，可使其在雷电全波下的绝缘裕度最小值提高15%，同时有效节约了成本。

天然酯绝缘油变压器  /  波过程  /  主绝缘电场  /  绝缘裕度  /  结构优化

In order to analyze the influence of natural ester insulating oil on the insulation performance of high-voltage transformer, in this study, a 220 kV power transformer was taken as the research object, the wave process calculation was carried out on it to obtain the node potential and oil channel gradient voltage under the full wave of lightning impact. And the electric field distribution under power frequency and full wave voltage of lightning was obtained by establishing a calculation model of transformer main insulation electric field, and then the insulation margin was calculated. The results show that the main insulation margin of natural ester insulating oil transformer is large at power frequency, while it is small at full wave of lightning. By improving the insulation structure of natural ester insulating oil transformer, the main insulation distance between medium voltage and high voltage windings of the natural ester insulating oil transformer is reduced by about 6%; the minimum insulation margin under the full wave of lightning can be increased by 15% by increasing the insulation thickness and radius of the winding turn, and the cost is saved effectively.

natural ester insulating oil transformer  /  wave process  /  main insulation electric field  /  insulation margin  /  structure optimization
杨莹, 王建民, 杜振斌, 马明元, 张亚杰, 李欣然. 天然酯绝缘油对220 kV电力变压器主绝缘性能的影响分析. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (2) : 65 -71 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.009
Ying YANG, Jianmin WANG, Zhenbin DU, Mingyuan MA, Yajie ZHANG, Xinran LI. Influence of natural ester insulating oil on main insulation performance of 220 kV power transformer[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (2) : 65 -71 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.009
正文
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0 引言
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随着我国对生态环境和可持续发展的愈发重视，变压器作为电力系统的重要组成部分，正在向节能环保、安全可靠的方向不断发展。当前国内油浸式变压器的绝缘介质以矿物绝缘油为主，但是它存在污染环境、燃爆危险、能源消耗等缺点。与传统矿物绝缘油相比，天然酯绝缘油具有安全无毒、环境友好、可再生、耐热等级高、可延长变压器绝缘寿命等优点[1]，因此作为变压器的绝缘冷却介质，天然酯绝缘油正在逐步替代矿物绝缘油。天然酯绝缘油变压器在国外应用较为广泛，从配电变压器到超高压电力变压器其技术较为成熟[2]。国内对天然酯绝缘油变压器的研究起步相对较晚，应用较多的是配电变压器，虽然2022年山东电工电气集团研制出了世界首台500 kV天然酯绝缘油变压器，但我国总体上关于高压大容量天然酯变压器的研究文献较少[3]。
研究表明，天然酯绝缘油的相对介电常数约为矿物绝缘油的1.4倍，工频电压下两者的击穿电压相差不大[4]。在雷电冲击电压条件下，天然酯绝缘油及其油浸固体绝缘材料的局部放电起始电压和熄灭电压均比矿物油低[5-7]，在变压器中局部放电可能会发展成为沿面放电进而引起绝缘击穿产生故障。这说明天然酯绝缘油的油-纸复合绝缘结构在工频电压下的绝缘性能优于矿物绝缘油，但在雷电全波冲击电压下比矿物绝缘油更易发生局部放电。因此天然酯绝缘油变压器的绝缘结构若按照矿物油变压器的经验来设计会导致绝缘性能不满足实际运行工况。而且变压器电压等级越高，绝缘结构越复杂，对其可靠性的要求越高。基于上述原因，有必要对高压天然酯绝缘油变压器的工频及雷电冲击特性进行深入研究，将天然酯变压器与矿物油变压器进行对比分析，进一步探索天然酯绝缘油对变压器绝缘性能的影响。
本文以一台型号为SSZ-180 000/220的电力变压器为研究对象，采用天然酯绝缘油和矿物绝缘油作为绝缘介质，计算与对比分析其主绝缘电场和绝缘裕度，以期为高压大容量天然酯绝缘油变压器的绝缘结构设计提供参考。
1 雷电过电压下绕组波过程计算
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1.1 绕组的等值电路模型
本文选用的电力变压器额定电压比为220（±8×1.25%）/69/11 kV，低压绕组有50个线饼，中压绕组有96个连续式线饼，高压绕组有120个线饼，采用内屏蔽连续式、端部出线方式。利用波过程专用计算软件Wavesoft，为减少计算量且保证计算准确性，将高压、中压绕组按两饼一个单元进行划分，而低压绕组按四饼一个单元进行划分，对应的等值电路如图1所示。其中，绕组间电容用CGZ、CZD表示，高压绕组对油箱的电容用CG表示，低压绕组对铁心的电容用CD表示，绕组单元间的等值纵向电容分别用Cg、Cz、Cd表示，绕组单元电感分别用Lg、Lz、Ld表示[8]。其中的等值电容、等值电感计算公式和对应的电路方程参见文献[9-10]，有关的计算理论本文不再赘述。
对于等值RLC电路，选择节点电压作为方程的独立变量。在忽略损耗电阻的情况下，节点电压方程的频域形式为式（1）。
YnUn=Is
式（1）中：Yn、Un、Is分别为节点导纳、电压、电流的矩阵形式，利用广义特征值求解方法计算各节点电压的时域解。
1.2 天然酯绝缘油变压器波过程计算结果
依据220 kV绝缘等级的技术要求，在高压绕组首端施加电压峰值为950 kV的雷电全波电压，对变压器3种不同分接方式进行节点电位计算，结果如图2所示。
从图2可以看出，在雷电全波冲击下高压绕组电位呈非线性分布，在最大分接情况下高压绕组第41至42号线饼处的节点电位最大，达到施加冲击电压的124.61%。
1.3 两种绝缘油变压器波过程计算结果对比
将波过程计算中的液体绝缘介质改为矿物油进行计算，主要是相对介电常数发生了变化。因3种分接中节点电位最大值出现在最大分接情况，故仅给出最大分接下高压绕组节点电位对比结果，如图3所示。从图3可以看出，两种绝缘油变压器的高压绕组电位和梯度电压分布呈现相同的趋势，但是其中最大值稍有不同。矿物油变压器节点电位较天然酯绝缘油变压器高约23.56 kV。
2 变压器主绝缘电场计算与分析
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2.1 变压器主绝缘电场计算模型的建立
利用有限元电场分析软件ElecNet计算变压器主绝缘电场的分布情况。首先建立变压器上端部的计算模型，如图4所示。其次设置材料属性，主要设置相对介电常数与体积电阻率[11]，按表1进行赋值。
对计算模型进行网格剖分，为适应匝绝缘、绝缘纸筒、压板及绝缘油油隙的尺寸，将对应的剖分单元最大尺寸分别设为1、2、4、5 mm。最后施加边界条件，计算模型中的左边界为铁心外表面，上边界为铁轭内表面，按第一类边界条件，施加地电位处理，下边界和右边界按二类齐次边界条件处理[12]。
2.2 工频电压下变压器主绝缘电场计算与分析
工频下高压绕组电位按395 kV电压线性分布进行赋值，高压静电环与高压绕组第一饼电位相同，按最严苛情况将低压、中压和调压绕组施加零电位。计算得到两种绝缘油主绝缘电场强度分布云图如图5所示，图中绕组端部间较粗的水平线（或红线）为最大电场强度所在的电力线，细线为等位线。
从图5可以看出，工频电压下两种绝缘油变压器的电场分布趋势几乎相同，绕组间中部的电场为稍不均匀电场，而绕组端部电场为极不均匀电场，两种绝缘油变压器的电场强度最大值均出现在中压上端部右侧固体绝缘内，具体数值见表2。从表2可以看出，天然酯绝缘油变压器中固体绝缘材料的电场强度较矿物油变压器中的大18.1%，而天然酯绝缘油油隙中的电场强度最大值较矿物油小11.5%。
图6为中压绕组右端部到高压绕组第1饼之间的电场强度沿其电力线的分布，油隙位置已经标出，其他为固体绝缘材料的位置。从图6可以看出，在工频电压作用下，天然酯油纸绝缘结构的电场均匀度较高，其绝缘裕度较高，所以天然酯油纸绝缘结构的绝缘性能较好。
2.3 雷电全波冲击下变压器主绝缘电场计算与分析
基于伏秒特性，为方便比较两种绝缘油变压器在工频和雷电冲击电压下的电场分布特性，计算雷电冲击绝缘强度时根据Wavesoft对变压器绕组在雷电冲击下的电位分布结果，按照式（2）将雷电冲击下的节点电位Um折算到工频下的电位Uf后进行计算，式（2）中冲击系数N一般取1.6～1.8，本文取1.7进行计算。表3为折算到工频下高压绕组1～20饼的电位值。
Uf=Um2Ν
从表3可以看出，在雷电全波下两种变压器高压绕组电位相差较小。经仿真计算发现两种绝缘油变压器内部的电场强度大小存在差异，但电场分布趋势与电场强度最大值出现位置几乎相同，均在调压绕组上端内侧固体绝缘处，最大场强所在电力线均为高压绕组第4饼右下侧指向调压绕组上端部内侧，如图7所示，具体数值见表4。
从表4可以看出，全波冲击下天然酯绝缘油中固体绝缘材料最大场强比矿物油中高19%，油隙中最大场强比矿物油小10.7%。由于油隙的绝缘强度与局部的最大电场强度和电场强度许用值均有关，所以需进一步计算主绝缘裕度来分析绝缘性能。
3 主绝缘裕度计算与主绝缘结构改进分析
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3.1 工频和冲击电压下绝缘裕度的计算与分析
油浸式电力变压器的绝缘裕度q定义为电场强度许用值Ecp与沿该电力线的平均电场强度计算值EPQ的比值，如式（3）所示。
q=EcpEPQ
因为有限元方法计算得到的是电场强度的离散值，所以需计算油隙的平均电场强度EPQ，计算过程为：①设电力线通过各单元的电场强度沿电力线方向的分量为Ei，电力线所通过计算单元的长度为li，将电场强度沿电力线方向进行积分，从而得到电力线上P、Q两点之间的电压UPQ，如式（4）所示；②对电力线通过各单元的长度进行积分，得到P点与Q点之间的距离d，如式（5）所示；③根据UPQ和d求得PQ两点之间的平均电场强度，如式（6）所示。
UPQ=∑i=1nEili
d=∑i=1nli
EPQ=UPQd
矿物绝缘油油隙中平均场强许用值Ecp使用瑞士Weidmann公司总结出的近似公式进行计算，如式（7）所示。
Ecp=A×d-0.37
式（7）中：A是与变压器油中含气量及油隙所处位置有关的系数，根据电力变压器手册[13]，矿物绝缘油工频电压下取A=21.5。由于天然酯绝缘油目前没有许用值曲线统计结果，根据工频电压下天然酯绝缘油的击穿电压值与矿物绝缘油相差不大的结论[4]，将工频电压下天然酯绝缘油的场强许用值取值与矿物绝缘油相同。2.3节在计算雷电全波冲击电压下电场分布时，已将绕组在雷电全波冲击电压下的非线性电位值折算到工频电压下，所以矿物绝缘油雷电全波冲击电压折算到工频电压下取A=21.5。
两种绝缘油在负极性雷电冲击下的击穿电压与电极间隙的关系[14]如图8所示。从图8可以看出，在10～20 mm的间隙内，天然酯绝缘油的雷电冲击击穿电压约为矿物绝缘油的80%。因此雷电冲击电压下天然酯绝缘油的场强许用值应取矿物绝缘油相应值的0.8倍。
利用上述方法对变压器主绝缘电场中全部电力线进行计算，得到工频和冲击电压下绝缘裕度最小值与最小绝缘裕度所在电力线位置，如表5所示。从表5可以看出，天然酯绝缘油变压器在工频电压下的绝缘裕度最小值大于矿物绝缘油变压器，雷电全波冲击电压下天然酯绝缘油变压器的绝缘裕度最小值小于矿物绝缘油变压器。
3.2 固体绝缘材料表面的沿面放电分析
在变压器的复合电场中主要为法向场强分量，即场强垂直于绝缘材料表面，而沿面放电主要发生在绝缘材料表面存在较大切向场强的位置，根据2.3节，复合电场计算结果发现两种绝缘油变压器电场中切向场强较大的位置在高压绕组静电环上方的角环与调压绕组内侧绝缘纸筒处，参见图9中箭头所示位置。
由主绝缘电场计算结果可得到角环及绝缘纸筒与油隙的交界面处最大切向场强值。取切向场强较大位置，即角环上侧长度为35 mm、绝缘纸筒外侧长度为60 mm，计算该距离下油纸交界面的绝缘裕度，结果如表6所示。从表6可以看出，两种绝缘油变压器沿固体绝缘材料表面的最大切向场强出现的位置都为调压绕组内侧绝缘纸筒与油隙的交界面，天然酯绝缘油变压器的切向场强值大于矿物绝缘油变压器，沿油-纸交界面的绝缘裕度值小于矿物绝缘油变压器，说明相同结构的变压器采用天然酯绝缘油作为绝缘介质比矿物绝缘油更易发生沿面放电现象。
通过3.1节主绝缘裕度和3.2节油纸交界面沿面放电的计算与分析，计算结果与实际变压器绝缘试验结果相符，该结构矿物绝缘油变压器顺利通过了出厂试验，而天然酯绝缘油变压器在雷电全波试验时在高压与调压绕组之间出现击穿爬电现象。这是因为天然酯绝缘油变压器高压、调压绕组之间油隙主绝缘裕度较小，可能造成油隙处放电或击穿，并在油纸交界面处切向场强作用下形成可能的沿面放电，最终在二者共同作用下在高压、调压绕组端部之间的油纸绝缘中产生爬电击穿的现象。所以为了保证绝缘可靠性的同时节约材料成本，需对主绝缘结构进行调整。
3.3 天然酯绝缘油变压器的结构改进
由于工频电压下天然酯绝缘油变压器电场在绝缘油和绝缘材料中分布较均匀，由此可考虑缩小天然酯绝缘油变压器高压、中压绕组间主绝缘距离，提高经济性。变压器该处主绝缘距离为65 mm，为研究主绝缘距离对最大电场强度的影响，将该距离分别调整为68、61、57、55 mm，进行电场仿真计算并计算绝缘裕度。考虑到变压器绕组主要通过绕组与相邻绝缘纸筒间的油隙进行循环散热，因此需保持靠近绕组的油隙宽度不变。图10为中压、高压绕组上端部最大场强位置局部图，表7为中压、高压绕组间主绝缘距离与电场强度及绝缘裕度的关系。
从表7可以看出，高压、中压绕组间主绝缘距离为61 mm时的最小绝缘裕度为1.115，所以将中压、高压之间油隙与绝缘纸板分布由原来的8-3-8-3-8-3-9-3-9-3-8改进为8-3-7-3-7-8-3-8-3-8，参见图11，改进后可以缩小高压、中压绕组间主绝缘距离约6%，节省材料的同时绝缘裕度满足要求。
在雷电全波下天然酯绝缘油变压器高压绕组到调压绕组上端部位置绝缘裕度较小，易发生放电。因此，采用降低固体绝缘材料的最大场强和调压绕组端部电场不均匀程度的方法提高天然酯绝缘油变压器主绝缘强度，方案如下：①将调压绕组匝间绝缘厚度由1.225 mm增加到2.450 mm；②将角环的半径由4.225 mm调整为6.450 mm。
天然酯绝缘油变压器结构改进后在工频和雷电全波电压下进行电场仿真计算和绝缘裕度计算，结果如表8所示。从表8可以看出，结构改进后的天然酯绝缘油变压器工频电压下的绝缘裕度最小值较原结构略有减小，为1.115。全波冲击下最小绝缘裕度值较原结构增大到1.103，提高了15%，最小绝缘裕度所在电力线位置如图12所示，改进后的绝缘结构满足主绝缘绝缘性能要求。
4 结论
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（1）雷电冲击下两种绝缘油的3种分接情况节点电位分布趋势相同。高压绕组节点电位最大值出现在最大分接情况，天然酯绝缘油变压器高压绕组最大电位值较矿物绝缘油变压器高约23.56 kV。
（2）通过计算两种绝缘油变压器主绝缘电场分布情况与绝缘裕度值，结果表明工频电压下天然酯绝缘油变压器电场分布较均匀，绝缘裕度值较大。雷电全波冲击下天然酯绝缘油变压器高压与调压绕组间油隙绝缘裕度为0.959，其值较小，该处易发生沿面放电。
（3）通过分析主绝缘距离对电场强度的影响，针对天然酯绝缘油变压器主绝缘电场分析结论提出有效改进措施。通过缩小约6%的高压、中压绕组间主绝缘距离，增大调压绕组匝绝缘厚度及角环半径，可有效节约制造成本同时满足绝缘性能的要求。
基金
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  • 河北省重点研发计划项目(V1586309661297)
文献
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.02.009
  • 接收时间：2023-02-16
  • 首发时间：2025-12-22
  • 出版时间：2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期：2023-02-16
  • 修回日期：2023-03-20
基金
河北省重点研发计划项目(V1586309661297)
作者信息
    1河北工业大学，省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室，天津 300130
    2河北工业大学，河北省电磁场与电器可靠性重点实验室，天津 300130
    3保定天威保变电气股份有限公司 河北省输变电装备电磁与结构性能重点实验室，河北 保定 071056
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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