Article(id=1209926727476842823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1616428800000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-23, revisedDate=1620489600000, revisedDateStr=2021-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398611181, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1647705600000, pubDateStr=2022-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398611181, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398611181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398611181, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209926723278336734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398610181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563016675, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616294165049744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616294165049745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209926727837552983, articleId=1209926727476842823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of Oil Contaminated Environment on PDIV of Aramid Insulation for Inverter-fed Motor, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effect of oil contaminated environment in oil-cooled inverter-fed motor on the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) of aramid papers with different thickness was studied at different temperatures using a ball-plate electrode configuration. The results show that the PDIV of aramid papers increases with the increase of thickness and is greatly affected by temperature. With the continuous increase of temperature, the PDIV decreases to a great extent. Cooling oil can significantly increase the PDIV at room temperature, but at high temperature, the PDIV will reduce, which may affect the insulation properties of aramid papers. Therefore, in order to improve the electrical properties of insulation system when aramid paper is used as the main insulation in inverter-fed motor, the above characteristics need to be considered.

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采用球板电极在不同温度条件下实验研究了油冷式变频电机中油污环境对不同厚度芳纶纸局部放电起始放电电压(PDIV)的影响规律。结果表明:芳纶纸的PDIV随厚度的增加而上升,且受温度影响较大,随着温度的不断升高,PDIV有较大程度的下降;冷却油在常温下能够大幅提升PDIV,在高温时PDIV反而有所降低,可能影响芳纶纸的绝缘性能。因此,采用芳纶纸作为变频电机主绝缘时,为提升绝缘系统绝缘性能需考虑以上特性。

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王鹏(1982-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要从事新能源电力电子系统电气的绝缘可靠评估及测试技术研究。
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陈林(2000-),男(汉族),重庆人,本科生,主要从事变频电机绝缘检测研究。

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陈林(2000-),男(汉族),重庆人,本科生,主要从事变频电机绝缘检测研究。

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厚度/mm密度/(g/cm3)电气强度/(kV/mm)介电常数
0.221.02292.5
0.251.03262.5
0.301.05262.7
), ArticleFig(id=1210892083842380637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926727476842823, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

芳纶纸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
厚度/mm密度/(g/cm3)电气强度/(kV/mm)介电常数
0.221.02292.5
0.251.03262.5
0.301.05262.7
), ArticleFig(id=1210892083930461026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926727476842823, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=The PDIV of aramid insulating papers with 0.25 mm of thickness, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃有、无油液PDIV/kV变化率/%
20无油3.4439.42
有油4.80
80无油3.266.86
有油3.49
120无油3.11-7.93
有油2.86
150无油2.99-9.16
有油2.72
), ArticleFig(id=1210892084047901542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926727476842823, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

0.25 mm厚度的芳纶绝缘纸PDIV变化统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃有、无油液PDIV/kV变化率/%
20无油3.4439.42
有油4.80
80无油3.266.86
有油3.49
120无油3.11-7.93
有油2.86
150无油2.99-9.16
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油污环境对变频电机芳纶绝缘PDIV影响研究
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陈林 1 , 杜玉春 2 , 安笑妍 1 , 郭厚霖 1 , 董涵 1 , 刘国栋 2 , 王鹏 1
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022,55(3): 67-71
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022, 55(3): 67-71
油污环境对变频电机芳纶绝缘PDIV影响研究
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陈林1, 杜玉春2, 安笑妍1, 郭厚霖1, 董涵1, 刘国栋2, 王鹏1
作者信息
  • 1四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
  • 2烟台民士达特种纸业股份有限公司,山东 烟台 264006
  • 陈林(2000-),男(汉族),重庆人,本科生,主要从事变频电机绝缘检测研究。

通讯作者:

王鹏(1982-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要从事新能源电力电子系统电气的绝缘可靠评估及测试技术研究。
Effect of Oil Contaminated Environment on PDIV of Aramid Insulation for Inverter-fed Motor
Lin CHEN1, Yuchun DU2, Xiaoyan AN1, Houlin GUO1, Han DONG1, Guodong LIU2, Peng WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
  • 2Yantai Metastar Special Paper Co., Ltd., Yantai 264006, China
出版时间: 2022-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.009
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采用球板电极在不同温度条件下实验研究了油冷式变频电机中油污环境对不同厚度芳纶纸局部放电起始放电电压(PDIV)的影响规律。结果表明:芳纶纸的PDIV随厚度的增加而上升,且受温度影响较大,随着温度的不断升高,PDIV有较大程度的下降;冷却油在常温下能够大幅提升PDIV,在高温时PDIV反而有所降低,可能影响芳纶纸的绝缘性能。因此,采用芳纶纸作为变频电机主绝缘时,为提升绝缘系统绝缘性能需考虑以上特性。

变频电机  /  芳纶绝缘  /  冷却油液  /  绝缘系统  /  局部放电

The effect of oil contaminated environment in oil-cooled inverter-fed motor on the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) of aramid papers with different thickness was studied at different temperatures using a ball-plate electrode configuration. The results show that the PDIV of aramid papers increases with the increase of thickness and is greatly affected by temperature. With the continuous increase of temperature, the PDIV decreases to a great extent. Cooling oil can significantly increase the PDIV at room temperature, but at high temperature, the PDIV will reduce, which may affect the insulation properties of aramid papers. Therefore, in order to improve the electrical properties of insulation system when aramid paper is used as the main insulation in inverter-fed motor, the above characteristics need to be considered.

inverter-fed motor  /  aramid insulation  /  cooling oil  /  insulation system  /  partial discharge
陈林, 杜玉春, 安笑妍, 郭厚霖, 董涵, 刘国栋, 王鹏. 油污环境对变频电机芳纶绝缘PDIV影响研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (3) : 67 -71 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.009
Lin CHEN, Yuchun DU, Xiaoyan AN, Houlin GUO, Han DONG, Guodong LIU, Peng WANG. Effect of Oil Contaminated Environment on PDIV of Aramid Insulation for Inverter-fed Motor[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (3) : 67 -71 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.009
变频电机具有优良的调速性能,是新能源汽车的动力来源,也是汽车三大关键技术之一。由于功率半导体器件的应用,变频电机承受高频、快速变化的脉宽调制(PWM)电压冲击。受到容性和感性分布参数的影响,电机端部电压在绕组中容易产生不均匀分布。当绝缘中电压超过局部区域空气击穿电压时,便会以高概率出现局部放电,加速绝缘电老化,最终出现早期失效现象[1-5]。同时,脉宽调制技术产生的脉冲电压和高频谐振也可能加重电机定子铜耗和铁耗,提高电机绕组温升,加速绝缘热老化,增加了绝缘早期失效概率[6]
针对以上情况,国际电工技术委员会(IEC)提出了IEC 60034-18-41[7]。标准要求,对低压散绕电机必须在重复方波和正弦电压下测试绝缘系统的PDIV,并在电机绝缘设计时,确保PDIV高于电机的额定电压,且具有一定的安全裕度,以避免电机运行过程中产生局部放电。
间位芳纶纸具有优良的绝缘性能[8],被广泛应用在H级和C级绝缘系统的主绝缘中[9],可提高电机过热过载能力,减小电机尺寸,大幅提高电机的使用寿命和安全性。可见,在变频电机应力下研究芳纶PDIV特性对评估电机绝缘性能具有重要意义。
因空间和质量限制,提供汽车驱动力的电机向大功率、轻量化方向发展是大势所趋[10]。然而,将电机的温升限制在允许范围内是保证电动汽车正常运行的重要前提,解决电机的散热问题成为电动汽车发展的重要任务。和传统水冷相比,油冷可大幅提高冷却效率[11-12],已在电动汽车中得到广泛应用,成为电动汽车发展的重要方向。然而,冷却油直接通入电机内部,与电机绝缘长期接触,可能对电机绝缘造成潜在影响[13]。当散热不均匀时,电机内部可能出现局部油温过高,使绝缘介质性能下降。因此,油冷电机在应用前需考虑油液环境对其绝缘系统的影响。目前国内外针对油液环境下变频电机芳纶绝缘纸绝缘特性的研究较少,在不同温度下研究油液对芳纶纸PDIV的影响,对提高变频电机绝缘可靠性具有重要的工程意义。
变频电机绝缘承受高频脉冲电压,但脉冲电压参数较为复杂。一般来讲,根据局部放电条件并结合气体击穿理论,采用正弦电压更易得到绝缘起始放电电压的保守值[14-15]。对此,本文重点研究油污和温度变化对芳纶保守PDIV的影响,而并不关注PWM电压下复杂的电压参数。通过对比同一温度下有、无油液时PDIV的变化,得出冷却油液对芳纶纸绝缘性能的影响规律,并分析其可能原因。
试样采用烟台民士达特种纸业股份有限公司生产的YT510型芳纶纸,其厚度分别为0.22、0.25、0.30 mm,性能参数如表1所示。在一些电动汽车的设计中,其变速箱油在润滑变速齿轮的同时对电机进行冷却,因此试验油液采用美孚ATF220汽车自动排档油。
实验前按照以下步骤对试样进行处理:①将芳纶纸剪裁成40 mm×40 mm的正方形,使用无水乙醇擦拭试样表面,并置于105℃的真空干燥箱中烘焙1 h,以清除试样表面可能存在的杂质和水分。②将干燥后的一半试样均匀涂抹0.02 mL油液。
实验时将试样置于温度控制箱内,测试在不同环境温度(20、80、120、150℃)下的PDIV。为避免随机因素对测试结果造成的分散性影响,每个条件下至少测试5个试样。
试验采用如图1所示的球-板电极结构,其中半球形电极直径为15 mm,接至正弦高压,直径为50 mm的平板电极与地电位相接。
局部放电测试系统如图2所示,主要由正弦电源、温度控制箱、示波器、PC和试样构成。正弦电压由功率放大器产生,测试时通过调整功率放大器输入,可得到在0~30 kV内连续可调的输出电压。使用高压探头(50 MHz带宽,分压比为1 000∶1)采集高压信号并接入数字示波器(2 GHz带宽,采样率为16 GS/s)通道CH1作为放电同步信号。同时使用TechImp公司的PD-BaseⅡ采集放电,其测试数据经过光纤转换模块传输后与局域网连接并由计算机端接收。
在正弦电压下,芳纶绝缘纸发生局部放电时的典型相位谱图如图3所示。由图3可知,局部放电脉冲分布在10°~105°和190°~275°,主要集中于第一象限和第三象限,并且存在较明显的极性效应,即工频负半周的放电量比正半周大。同时,第三象限的放电相位分布更集中在190°~240°,而第一象限的放电相位分布较为分散,表明正弦电压下芳纶绝缘纸的局部放电主要发生在电压上升阶段。
在环境温度为20℃下,3种厚度的芳纶绝缘纸的PDIV测试结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,无油时,厚度为0.22 mm的芳纶绝缘纸在3.2 kV左右就发生了放电,而厚度为0.30 mm的芳纶绝缘纸则在3.7 kV左右才开始放电;油液环境中,3种厚度的芳纶绝缘纸的PDIV从4.5 kV左右上升到5.0 kV左右,可见厚度对芳纶绝缘纸的PDIV影响显著,随着厚度的增加,无油和有油情况下芳纶纸的PDIV变化一致,均呈上升趋势。
根据气隙放电理论可知,产生局部放电的条件为[15-16]:气隙内的电场强度超过起始放电场强以及存在初始电子激发电子崩。由于气体介电常数较小,气隙中产生的电场强度较高,因而在球-板电极模型中,放电首先发生在芳纶绝缘纸的气隙中。
在电极上施加工频正弦电压时,绝缘纸内部气隙的起始放电电压U可由式(1)表示。
U=E1(d-δ)+Eδ
式(1)中:E为绝缘纸中气隙内部的场强;E1为电极之间的场强;d为芳纶绝缘纸的厚度;δ为与交流电场方向平行的气隙厚度。由式(1)可知,随着厚度的增加,气隙的起始放电电压会随之升高。
试样表面不涂抹油液时,改变环境温度分别测试芳纶绝缘纸的PDIV,3种厚度的绝缘纸PDIV变化曲线如图5(a)所示。由图5(a)可知,3种厚度的芳纶绝缘纸PDIV均随着温度的升高而下降,同时在所有测试温度条件下均保持着2.2节中的规律:纸的厚度越大,其PDIV越高。
在相同条件下,将试样表面均匀涂抹油液后测试其PDIV的变化,结果如图5(b)所示。由图5(b)可知,在油液环境下,芳纶绝缘纸的PDIV也随着温度升高而降低。同时,芳纶纸表面涂抹油液的PDIV在温度低于120℃时随温度的升高变化较大,而在温度从120℃升高到150℃时PDIV下降速度变缓。表面涂抹油液的芳纶绝缘纸在150℃时的PDIV较20℃时下降了2 kV左右,而无油环境下的PDIV仅下降了0.5 kV,表明在有油时PDIV随温度的升高而下降更多,温度变化对油液环境下芳纶绝缘纸的绝缘性能影响更大。
对于以上现象,机理解释如下:首先,温度升高增加了空气电离概率,更易产生激发电子崩的初始电子,从而提升了放电概率,PDIV随之降低。如果空气中存在的自由电子是激发初次电子崩的主要因素,则以上因素应是温度影响PDIV的主要原因。
同时,温度升高绝缘表面易出现异性电荷积聚,使表面场强畸变,增强局部放电初始电子的产生概率,从而降低材料的起始放电电压[15-16]。且随着温度的升高,芳纶绝缘纸的介电常数有所增加,起始放电电压与电场的分布有关,在交流电场下电场强度分布与绝缘材料的介电常数呈反比,因而更容易产生局部放电。
为研究油污环境对芳纶绝缘纸PDIV的影响,在相同温度下分别测试有、无油液时芳纶绝缘纸的PDIV,结果如图6所示。由图6可知,在20℃时,油污环境中的PDIV明显高于无油环境中;随着环境温度的升高,油液环境中的PDIV迅速下降,在120℃和150℃时油液环境中的PDIV反而低于无油环境中的PDIV。
图6还可以看到,无油和涂油时PDIV变化曲线在环境温度为100℃左右时相交,并且3种厚度的芳纶绝缘纸变化规律一致。表明在常温下,油液能够显著提升芳纶绝缘纸的PDIV,而环境温度超过100℃时,油液反而使芳纶绝缘纸的PDIV有所下降。
表2为0.25 mm厚度的芳纶绝缘纸PDIV变化统计。根据表2可知,在20℃时,油污环境中芳纶绝缘纸的PDIV较无油时高40%左右,而在150℃时则较无油时降低了10%左右。其原因可能为:①常温时,油液在芳纶表面均匀涂抹,填充了表面部分气隙,不易产生放电,致使PDIV有较大提高。②随着温度的升高,气隙中的油液黏度下降,油逐渐分散,油液失去填充作用,一部分气隙暴露在空气中,因而PDIV下降。③油温的升高,可能使绝缘表面油液分布不均匀,部分区域产生场强集中,进而使PDIV有所下降,同时油液中含有的微量水分在高温下产生气泡,也可能引起PDIV下降。但以上推论需进一步验证。
(1)环境温度为20℃时,芳纶绝缘纸的PDIV随厚度的增加而略有上升。
(2)表面有、无油液的芳纶绝缘纸PDIV均随着温度的升高呈现显著的下降趋势;在常温下,油液能大幅提升其PDIV,提高变频电机的绝缘性能;而在150℃高温下,油液使芳纶绝缘纸的PDIV降低了10%左右。因此,为保证变频电机芳纶绝缘的性能,设计时应考虑足够的裕量。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977134)
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2022年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.009
  • 接收时间:2021-03-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-23
  • 修回日期:2021-05-09
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977134)
作者信息
    1四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
    2烟台民士达特种纸业股份有限公司,山东 烟台 264006

通讯作者:

王鹏(1982-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要从事新能源电力电子系统电气的绝缘可靠评估及测试技术研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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