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Article(id=1209926725341942043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1615996800000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-18, revisedDate=1620144000000, revisedDateStr=2021-05-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398610672, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1647705600000, pubDateStr=2022-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398610672, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398610672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398610672, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209926723278336734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398610181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563016675, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616294165049744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616294165049745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=100, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209926725597794590, articleId=1209926725341942043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on a Pressure Correction Method for Flash Point Determination of Transformer Insulating Oil Based on 1/T-lnP Linear Relationship, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The flash point measured value of transformer oil is significantly affected by atmospheric pressure, therefore the standard flash point value of transformer oil at 101.3 kPa need to be obtained through pressure correction on the measured value. The open-cup and closed-cup flash point value of new 25# transformer oil and used transformer oil under different air pressure was measured by flash point tester. The results indicate that there is a certain linear relationship between the reciprocal value of flash point (1/TF-exp) and the logarithm of experimental pressure (lnP). The linear expression of 1/TF-exp-lnP for each experimental oil sample is determined, and the range of 1/TF-exp-lnP slope value is (-2.31--1.22)×10-4 (for the open-cup flash point) and (-6.68--2.32)×10-5 (for the closed-cup flash point) for different oil samples. The flash point value of the experimental oil sample determined under different pressure (60.0-102.0 kPa) is corrected to the standard flash point value at 101.3 kPa, and it is found that the correction deviation is far less than the deviation caused by using the current standard method on basis of the TF-exp-P linear relationship. The correction method based on the linear relationship of 1/TF-exp-lnP has a better correction accuracy and a wider pressure range, which has good practical significance to obtain more accurate corrected flash point value of transformer insulating oil.

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变压器油闪点测定值受到环境压力的显著影响，故变压器油的标准闪点值（101.3 kPa下）需通过对其测定值进行压力修正得到。通过调压系统和闪点测试仪测定了25#新变压器油和运行变压器油在不同气压下的开口/闭口闪点。结果表明：实验油样闪点测定值的倒数（1/TF-exp）与实验压力对数值（lnP）存在一定的线性关系；确定了实验油样的1/TF-exp-lnP的线性关系表达式，对于不同油样，其1/TF-exp-lnP的斜率值范围分别为 （-2.31～-1.22）×10-4（开口闪点）和（-6.68～-2.32）×10-5（闭口闪点）。将实验油样在不同压力下（60.0～102.0 kPa）的闪点测定值修正为标准闪点值（101.3 kPa下），发现其修正偏差远小于使用现行标准方法（基于TF-exp-P线性关系的压力修正）带来的偏差。综上，基于1/TF-exp-lnP线性关系提出的修正方法具有更好的修正准确性和更宽的压力适用范围，对获得更准确的运行变压器油闪点具有良好的实践意义。

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张少杰（1994-），男（汉族），云南昆明人，助理工程师，主要研究方向为电力油气化学；

郭新良（1971-），男（汉族），浙江东阳人，高级工程师，主要从事电气化学方面的研究。

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张少杰（1994-），男（汉族），云南昆明人，助理工程师，主要研究方向为电力油气化学；

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张少杰（1994-），男（汉族），云南昆明人，助理工程师，主要研究方向为电力油气化学；

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郭新良（1971-），男（汉族），浙江东阳人，高级工程师，主要从事电气化学方面的研究。

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郭新良（1971-），男（汉族），浙江东阳人，高级工程师，主要从事电气化学方面的研究。

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language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=全国电气化学标准化技术委员会, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=全国电气化学标准化技术委员会.运行中变压器油质量:GB/T 7595—2017[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211015358396371483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=157, pageEnd=161, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=刘振翼, 郭臣, 钱新明, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘振翼,郭臣,钱新明,等.不同海拔条件下柴油闪点变化规律实验研究[C]//2008(沈阳)国际安全科学与技术学术研讨会.沈阳, 2008:157-161., articleTitle=不同海拔条件下柴油闪点变化规律实验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211015358463480348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=全国石油产品和润滑剂标准化技术委员会石油燃料和润滑剂分技术委员会, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=全国石油产品和润滑剂标准化技术委员会石油燃料和润滑剂分技术委员会.石油产品　闪点和燃点的测定　克利夫兰开口杯法:GB/T 3536—2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211015358530589213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=全国石油产品和润滑剂标准化技术委员会石油燃料和润滑剂分技术委员会, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=全国石油产品和润滑剂标准化技术委员会石油燃料和润滑剂分技术委员会.闪点的测定　宾斯基-马丁闭口杯法:GB/T 261—2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1211015358593503774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=54, issue=6, pageStart=1899, pageEnd=1907, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, 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Prediction of the flash points of multicomponent systems: Applications to solvent blends, gasoline, diesel, biodiesels and jet fuels[J]. Fuel,2020,263:116534., articleTitle=Prediction of the flash points of multicomponent systems: Applications to solvent blends, gasoline, diesel, biodiesels and jet fuels, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1211015354566971879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1211015354579554792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, companyId=1211015354566971879, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Electric Power Research Institute of Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Kunming 650217, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1211015354583749097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, companyId=1211015354566971879, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院，云南 昆明 650217)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1211015357209383436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of flash point determination of insulating oil under different air pressure, figureFileSmall=whErRS7YtS9+XnfPzij1PQ==, figureFileBig=gNTxLmzh6T+Jj9G2AbFrFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015357276492301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同气压条件下绝缘油开口/闭口闪点测定的实验原理图, figureFileSmall=whErRS7YtS9+XnfPzij1PQ==, figureFileBig=gNTxLmzh6T+Jj9G2AbFrFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015357372961294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The 1/TF-exp-lnP linear fitting results of open cup flash point of each insulating oil sample, figureFileSmall=h2JuDOybW4beVKSym6JL+g==, figureFileBig=boRJOSSuvF/PrbrrubR+iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015357444264463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=CN, label=图2, caption=实验油样开口闪点1/TF-exp-lnP线性拟合结果, figureFileSmall=h2JuDOybW4beVKSym6JL+g==, figureFileBig=boRJOSSuvF/PrbrrubR+iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015357515567632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The 1/TF-exp-lnP linear fitting results of closed cup flash point of each insulating oil sample, figureFileSmall=z0S23t/cO7QlfkTsJcuZFw==, figureFileBig=B5OFLeyZqVNMGzxaPPojXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015357570093585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=CN, label=图3, caption=实验油样闭口闪点1/TF-exp-lnP线性拟合结果, figureFileSmall=z0S23t/cO7QlfkTsJcuZFw==, figureFileBig=B5OFLeyZqVNMGzxaPPojXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211015357624619538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Main performance parameters of flash point tester, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器测试范围准确度精 度分辨率
开口闪点测试仪室温～400℃符合GB/T 3536—20080.5%≤0.1℃
闭口闪点测试仪室温～300℃符合GB/T 261—20080.5%≤0.1℃
), ArticleFig(id=1211015357679145491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

闪点测试仪主要性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器测试范围准确度精 度分辨率
开口闪点测试仪室温～400℃符合GB/T 3536—20080.5%≤0.1℃
闭口闪点测试仪室温～300℃符合GB/T 261—20080.5%≤0.1℃
), ArticleFig(id=1211015357758837268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=The 1/TF-exp-lnP fitting results of flash point data of each experimental insulating oil sample, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号开口闪点R2闭口闪点R2
#11/TF-exp= -1.74×10-4lnP+0.003 10.976 21/TF-exp= -6.68×10-5lnP+0.002 70.919 9
#21/TF-exp= -2.31×10-4lnP+0.003 30.978 31/TF-exp= -2.32×10-5lnP+0.002 60.585 3
#31/TF-exp= -1.97×10-4lnP+0.003 20.899 71/TF-exp= -3.61×10-5lnP+0.002 60.913 1
#41/TF-exp= -1.22×10-4lnP+0.002 80.874 71/TF-exp= -2.60×10-5lnP+0.002 50.750 0
#51/TF-exp= -1.83×10-4lnP+0.003 10.878 11/TF-exp= -6.10×10-5lnP+0.002 70.972 6
#61/TF-exp= -1.37×10-4lnP+0.002 90.863 41/TF-exp= -5.42×10-5lnP+0.002 70.753 0
), ArticleFig(id=1211015357821751829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

开/闭口闪点实验数据的1/TF-exp-lnP拟合关系汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号开口闪点R2闭口闪点R2
#11/TF-exp= -1.74×10-4lnP+0.003 10.976 21/TF-exp= -6.68×10-5lnP+0.002 70.919 9
#21/TF-exp= -2.31×10-4lnP+0.003 30.978 31/TF-exp= -2.32×10-5lnP+0.002 60.585 3
#31/TF-exp= -1.97×10-4lnP+0.003 20.899 71/TF-exp= -3.61×10-5lnP+0.002 60.913 1
#41/TF-exp= -1.22×10-4lnP+0.002 80.874 71/TF-exp= -2.60×10-5lnP+0.002 50.750 0
#51/TF-exp= -1.83×10-4lnP+0.003 10.878 11/TF-exp= -6.10×10-5lnP+0.002 70.972 6
#61/TF-exp= -1.37×10-4lnP+0.002 90.863 41/TF-exp= -5.42×10-5lnP+0.002 70.753 0
), ArticleFig(id=1211015357888860694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Comparison of open cup flash point correction results obtained by different pressure correction methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品测试压力/kPa测定开口闪点/℃标准(101.3 kPa)开口闪点/℃TF-exp-P(式(1))开口闪点修正值/℃修正偏差/℃1/TF-exp-lnP(式(6))开口闪点修正值/℃修正偏差/℃
#162.3154.9171.0164.6-6.4170.9-0.1
71.8161.2168.6-2.4165.6-5.4
81.1165.0170.0-1.0167.8-3.2
91.6168.9171.30.3170.2-0.8
101.6171.1171.00171.00
#260.1150.8172.8161.2-11.6173.70.9
70.1154.9162.7-10.1171.1-1.7
81.0161.2166.3-6.5171.1-1.7
91.9169.0171.3-1.5173.40.6
101.7172.9172.80172.7-0.1
#360.3153.1172.8163.3-9.5172.4-0.4
70.9154.9162.5-10.3168.2-4.6
81.3160.8165.9-6.9169.2-3.6
92.1165.0167.3-5.5168.6-4.2
101.3172.8172.80172.80
#459.9158.9170.8169.2-1.6171.20.4
70.3159.0166.7-4.1167.5-3.3
81.2162.9167.9-2.9168.1-2.7
92.3166.9169.2-1.6169.1-1.7
101.6170.8170.80170.80
#560.0154.9174.9165.3-9.6173.3-1.6
71.1166.9174.4-0.5179.84.9
81.2167.0172.0-2.9175.00.1
91.7172.0174.4-0.5175.60.7
101.6174.9174.90174.8-0.1
#660.2159.5174.8169.8-5.0173.2-1.6
70.8162.6170.3-4.5172.1-2.7
81.0166.2171.3-3.5172.2-2.6
91.2166.8169.4-5.4169.6-5.2
101.5174.8174.80174.80
), ArticleFig(id=1211015357968552471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同压力修正方法下开口闪点修正结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品测试压力/kPa测定开口闪点/℃标准(101.3 kPa)开口闪点/℃TF-exp-P(式(1))开口闪点修正值/℃修正偏差/℃1/TF-exp-lnP(式(6))开口闪点修正值/℃修正偏差/℃
#162.3154.9171.0164.6-6.4170.9-0.1
71.8161.2168.6-2.4165.6-5.4
81.1165.0170.0-1.0167.8-3.2
91.6168.9171.30.3170.2-0.8
101.6171.1171.00171.00
#260.1150.8172.8161.2-11.6173.70.9
70.1154.9162.7-10.1171.1-1.7
81.0161.2166.3-6.5171.1-1.7
91.9169.0171.3-1.5173.40.6
101.7172.9172.80172.7-0.1
#360.3153.1172.8163.3-9.5172.4-0.4
70.9154.9162.5-10.3168.2-4.6
81.3160.8165.9-6.9169.2-3.6
92.1165.0167.3-5.5168.6-4.2
101.3172.8172.80172.80
#459.9158.9170.8169.2-1.6171.20.4
70.3159.0166.7-4.1167.5-3.3
81.2162.9167.9-2.9168.1-2.7
92.3166.9169.2-1.6169.1-1.7
101.6170.8170.80170.80
#560.0154.9174.9165.3-9.6173.3-1.6
71.1166.9174.4-0.5179.84.9
81.2167.0172.0-2.9175.00.1
91.7172.0174.4-0.5175.60.7
101.6174.9174.90174.8-0.1
#660.2159.5174.8169.8-5.0173.2-1.6
70.8162.6170.3-4.5172.1-2.7
81.0166.2171.3-3.5172.2-2.6
91.2166.8169.4-5.4169.6-5.2
101.5174.8174.80174.80
), ArticleFig(id=1211015358048244248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Comparison of closed cup flash point correction results obtained by different pressure correction methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品测试压力/kPa测定闭口闪点/℃标准(101.3 kPa)闭口闪点/℃TF-exp-P(式(1))闭口闪点修正值/℃修正偏差/℃1/TF-exp-lnP(式(6))闭口闪点修正值/℃修正偏差/℃
#162.2133.2139.0143.04.0138.7-0.3
72135.7143.04.0139.50.5
81137.4142.53.5140.01.0
91.5137.6140.01.0138.7-0.3
101.5139.1139.00139.00
#260.0134.4137.0144.87.8136.5-0.5
69.9135.2143.06.0136.6-0.4
81.0135.4140.53.5136.3-0.7
91.8135.2137.60.6135.6-1.4
101.6137.1137.00137.10.1
#359.9135.7139.0146.07.0138.8-0.2
70.7136.3144.05.0138.5-0.5
81.1137.5142.53.5138.8-0.2
91.6137.6140.01.0138.2-0.8
101.7139.1139.00139.10.1
#460.2137.2139.0147.58.5139.50.5
70.3137.3145.06.0138.9-0.1
81.2139.0144.05.0140.01.0
92.2139.2141.52.5139.60.6
101.6139.1139.00139.10.1
#560.1135.7141.0146.05.0141.10.1
71.0137.4145.04.0141.10.1
81.2139.5144.53.5141.80.8
91.6140.1142.51.5141.10.1
101.4141.0141.00141.00
#660.2137.2143.0147.54.5142.0-1.0
70.5138.8146.53.5142.2-0.8
80.9139.4144.51.5141.5-1.5
91.7139.6142.0-1.0140.5-2.5
101.4143.0143.00143.00
), ArticleFig(id=1211015358165684761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209926725341942043, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同压力修正方法下闭口闪点修正结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品测试压力/kPa测定闭口闪点/℃标准(101.3 kPa)闭口闪点/℃TF-exp-P(式(1))闭口闪点修正值/℃修正偏差/℃1/TF-exp-lnP(式(6))闭口闪点修正值/℃修正偏差/℃
#162.2133.2139.0143.04.0138.7-0.3
72135.7143.04.0139.50.5
81137.4142.53.5140.01.0
91.5137.6140.01.0138.7-0.3
101.5139.1139.00139.00
#260.0134.4137.0144.87.8136.5-0.5
69.9135.2143.06.0136.6-0.4
81.0135.4140.53.5136.3-0.7
91.8135.2137.60.6135.6-1.4
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变压器油闪点测定值的一种基于1/T-lnP线性关系的压力修正方法研究
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张少杰 , 郭新良 , 杨雪滢 , 程雪婷 , 何运华
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2022,55(3): 100-106
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2022, 55(3): 100-106
变压器油闪点测定值的一种基于1/T-lnP线性关系的压力修正方法研究
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张少杰, 郭新良, 杨雪滢, 程雪婷, 何运华
作者信息
  • 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院，云南 昆明 650217

    • 张少杰（1994-），男（汉族），云南昆明人，助理工程师，主要研究方向为电力油气化学；

    郭新良（1971-），男（汉族），浙江东阳人，高级工程师，主要从事电气化学方面的研究。

Study on a Pressure Correction Method for Flash Point Determination of Transformer Insulating Oil Based on 1/T-lnP Linear Relationship
Shaojie ZHANG, Xinliang GUO, Xueying YANG, Xueting CHENG, Yunhua HE
Affiliations
  • Electric Power Research Institute of Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Kunming 650217, China
出版时间: 2022-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.014
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摘要
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变压器油闪点测定值受到环境压力的显著影响，故变压器油的标准闪点值（101.3 kPa下）需通过对其测定值进行压力修正得到。通过调压系统和闪点测试仪测定了25#新变压器油和运行变压器油在不同气压下的开口/闭口闪点。结果表明：实验油样闪点测定值的倒数（1/TF-exp）与实验压力对数值（lnP）存在一定的线性关系；确定了实验油样的1/TF-exp-lnP的线性关系表达式，对于不同油样，其1/TF-exp-lnP的斜率值范围分别为 （-2.31～-1.22）×10-4（开口闪点）和（-6.68～-2.32）×10-5（闭口闪点）。将实验油样在不同压力下（60.0～102.0 kPa）的闪点测定值修正为标准闪点值（101.3 kPa下），发现其修正偏差远小于使用现行标准方法（基于TF-exp-P线性关系的压力修正）带来的偏差。综上，基于1/TF-exp-lnP线性关系提出的修正方法具有更好的修正准确性和更宽的压力适用范围，对获得更准确的运行变压器油闪点具有良好的实践意义。

变压器油  /  闪点  /  气压  /  修正

The flash point measured value of transformer oil is significantly affected by atmospheric pressure, therefore the standard flash point value of transformer oil at 101.3 kPa need to be obtained through pressure correction on the measured value. The open-cup and closed-cup flash point value of new 25# transformer oil and used transformer oil under different air pressure was measured by flash point tester. The results indicate that there is a certain linear relationship between the reciprocal value of flash point (1/TF-exp) and the logarithm of experimental pressure (lnP). The linear expression of 1/TF-exp-lnP for each experimental oil sample is determined, and the range of 1/TF-exp-lnP slope value is (-2.31--1.22)×10-4 (for the open-cup flash point) and (-6.68--2.32)×10-5 (for the closed-cup flash point) for different oil samples. The flash point value of the experimental oil sample determined under different pressure (60.0-102.0 kPa) is corrected to the standard flash point value at 101.3 kPa, and it is found that the correction deviation is far less than the deviation caused by using the current standard method on basis of the TF-exp-P linear relationship. The correction method based on the linear relationship of 1/TF-exp-lnP has a better correction accuracy and a wider pressure range, which has good practical significance to obtain more accurate corrected flash point value of transformer insulating oil.

transformer oil  /  flash point  /  air pressure  /  correction
张少杰, 郭新良, 杨雪滢, 程雪婷, 何运华. 变压器油闪点测定值的一种基于1/T-lnP线性关系的压力修正方法研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (3) : 100 -106 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.014
Shaojie ZHANG, Xinliang GUO, Xueying YANG, Xueting CHENG, Yunhua HE. Study on a Pressure Correction Method for Flash Point Determination of Transformer Insulating Oil Based on 1/T-lnP Linear Relationship[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (3) : 100 -106 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.014
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0 引言
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可燃液体的闪点是指其在被加热到有足够可燃气体产生，且可燃气体与空气混合物能在一定外界点火条件下发生瞬间闪火燃烧的最低温度，是衡量可燃液体挥发性和受热安定性的重要指标。变压器绝缘油是变压器绝缘系统的重要组成部分，其实质是一类石油精炼加工产品，主要组成为碳氢化合物。目前我国变压器油相关标准中对其着火点尚无要求，但对其闪点值则做出了明确规定（投运前油/运行油闭口闪点≥135℃）[1]。可见，变压器油闪点是电力设备投运过程中需要考虑的安全稳定指标，其准确测定具有重要意义。
目前大多数情况下获得的闪点数据仍为经验测定值，对同种可燃液体，其闪点大小受测试方法、测试设备、升温速率和点火方式等多种因素的影响。此外，相关研究表明，环境因素（海拔、大气压力等）对闪点测定有显著影响，如刘振翼等[2]通过研究发现柴油的测定闪点随着测定海拔和气压呈线性变化。现行国内变压器油闪点测定标准方法主要是克利夫兰开口杯法（GB/T 3536—2008）和宾斯基-马丁闭口杯法（GB/T 261—2008）[3-4]，而国内市售的闪点测定仪也主要依据上述标准进行生产。上述标准对不同大气压下测定的闪点均采用式（1）进行修正，其适用气压范围为98.0～104.7 kPa。显然，以上修正方法仅能够在接近标准大气压的较窄压力范围内进行修正，在国内高海拔低气压地区的使用存在局限性。
TF-rev=TF-exp+0.25×101.3-P
式（1）中：P为实验压力，kPa；TF-exp为实验压力P下的测定闪点，℃；TF-rev为修正到101.3 kPa下的闪点，℃。
针对上述压力修正公式存在使用范围局限性的问题，丁超等[5-6]从描述可燃液体饱和蒸气压与液体温度的克劳修斯-克拉佩龙（Clausius-Clapeyron）关系出发，考虑混合气体闪燃时的燃料空气比（fLFL）和分压定律，理论推导得到描述液体闪燃时的温度和环境压力关系，如式（2）所示。
P=P11+MffLFLMairexp hfgR1T1-1TF-exp
对式（2）两边取对数并整理得式（3）。
1TF-exp=c1lnP+c2
式（3）中，修正系数c1、c2分别通过式（4）、式（5）计算。
c1=-Rhfg
c2=1T1+Rhfgln[P1(1+MffLFLMair)]
式（2）～（5）中：P为液体达到闪点温度TF-exp时的外界环境压力，kPa；P1为可燃液体温度为T1（可取T1=298 K）时的饱和蒸气压，kPa；Mf、Mair分别为可燃液体和空气的摩尔质量，g/mol；fLFL为燃烧下限时的燃料空气质量比，g/g；hfg为可燃液体气化潜热，J/mol；R为理想气体常数，8.314 J/(mol·K)。
在液体温度变化范围不大时，可将气化潜热hfg视为常数，则在燃料空气比fLFL为定值的假设下，式（3）中c1、c2近似为常量。显然，在此推导下液体闪点倒数值与环境压力对数值存在1/TF-exp-lnP线性关系。根据以上推导，可通过式（6）将试验压力下的测定闪点值修正为101.3 kPa下的标准闪点值。
1TF-rev=1TF-exp+c1ln101.3P
针对上述理论，丁超等[7]研究了低压条件下航空煤油和柴油的开口、闭口闪点值随环境压力变化的规律，结果表明高原低气压环境下，燃油开口、闭口闪点与环境压力相较于TF-exp-P线性关系，更加符合1/TF-exp-lnP线性关系；杨雪滢等[8]研究了未投运的25#新变压器油（辽河油、克拉玛依油）的闪点随环境压力的变化规律，结果发现对于测定闪点和环境压力，其1/TF-exp-lnP数值具有良好的线性关系，采用上述关系式对测定闪点值进行压力修正，修正后的闪点值更接近于在101.3 kPa下的实测值，其在低气压下的闪点修正结果明显优于现行国标方法。
虽然前期新变压器油的实验数据一定程度上支持了1/TF-exp-lnP线性压力修正理论对变压器油闪点修正的初步适用性[8]，但变压器绝缘油为多种烃类成分混合物，在变压器运行过程中绝缘油会发生老化变质，生成大量过氧化物及醇、醛、酮、酸等氧化物，在与设备材料的接触中部分油溶杂质会进入油相。研究表明[9-10]，混合有机液体随着体系组分和混合程度的变化会表现出不同的闪点，且目前采用1/TF-exp-lnP线性方法对运行变压器油闪点进行压力修正的研究还未见详细报道。以上原因导致实际情况下式（3）中修正系数c1值的大小和范围难以确定，从而局限了上述方法在实际闪点修正过程中的使用。
本研究通过对新变压器油和不同运行油样在实验压力下的开口/闭口闪点进行测定，以验证 1/TF-exp-lnP线性压力修正理论对于运行变压器油的适用性，得到不同油样的修正系数c1值，为c1值的选取提供参考，并进一步探讨上述修正方法（式（6））对运行变压器油的开口/闭口闪点进行压力修正的可行性。
1 实验
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1.1 主要仪器
实现不同环境压力下变压器绝缘油闪点测定的主要实验设备为调压系统及全自动开口/闭口闪点测定仪。其中，调压系统压力调节范围为40～110 kPa，调压舱密封性在该压力范围满足泄漏量≤1 kPa/h，氧气含量控制范围为1%～25%（体积分数），压力控制精度为±1.0 kPa。闪点测定仪主要参数见表1。
1.2 实验方法
图1为采用可模拟不同气压环境的调压系统测定不同气压下绝缘油闪点的原理图，其中以调压舱为主要构成部分的压力调节系统，可通过抽取内部空气或增补氧氮实现不同气压和氧气含量的模拟，通过真空压力表测量舱内压力，压力自动控制系统保持实验过程中压力恒定。实验过程中每次换样，待舱内实验压力和氧含量稳定后，通过无线连接系统控制全自动开口/闭口闪点测定仪实现不同压力条件下油样闪点的测定。
取25#新变压器油（标记为#1）以及取自云南文山和临沧地区不同运行条件下的变压器油（分别标记为#2～#6）进行试验，其开口、闭口闪点的测定和重复性实验分别遵循GB/T 3536—2008和GB/T 261—2008。实验过程中每次更换油样只进行一次闪点测定，发生闪火后弃去本次实验样品，以同一批油样润洗油杯数次并换样，调节压力舱至另一实验压力，待压力和氧含量（体积分数为20%）稳定后利用无线连接系统控制自动闪点测定仪开始测试，闪点测试仪读数为101.3 kPa下的修正值TF-rev，依据式（1）的修正方法可得实验压力下的实测闪点值TF-exp，用于式（3）中1/TF-exp-lnP关系的拟合。
2 结果及分析
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图2～3分别为不同油样在不同压力下的测定开口/闭口闪点按照式（3）中1/TF-exp-lnP线性关系进行拟合的结果，其表达式及相关系数汇总于表2。从表2可以看出，对于不同油样，其开口闪点比闭口闪点表现出更好的1/TF-exp-lnP线性相关性，开口闪点数据的1/TF-exp-lnP斜率c1值在(-2.31～-1.22)×10-4范围内，闭口闪点的c1值在(-6.68～-2.32)×10-5范围内，不同油样的开口/闭口闪点c1值稳定在各自的数量级，但其各自数值存在较大差异，仍需获得大量不同变压器油样在不同压力下的开口/闭口闪点数据，才能总结出适用性良好的修正系数c1的经验范围，以便于得到确定的闪点压力修正式（6）用于不同压力下变压器油闪点的修正；此外，从本实验中新变压器油样品#1以及文献[8]的实验数据可以看出，相较于运行变压器油样#2～#6，新油开口/闭口闪点的实验数据具有更好的1/TF-exp-lnP拟合度，原因可能是相较于新变压器油，运行变压器油在投运过程中副产物和杂质组分增多，由于不同组分挥发性不同，油样液相组成随着闪点测试过程中温度升高发生改变，造成油样对应气化潜热hfg的大小发生更为明显的变化，上述非理想性导致式（3）中修正系数c1值不严格为常数，从而使得运行变压器油的1/TF-exp-lnP数据线性相关性较新油差。
表3～4给出了不同测定压力下开口/闭口闪点的测定值、101.3 kPa下测定的标准闪点值、通过TF-exp-P关系（式（1））修正所得闪点值及其偏差值(修正值-标准值)、通过1/TF-exp-lnP关系（式（6））和表2中对应斜率值c1修正所得闪点值及其偏差值。
从表3～4可以看出，当采用TF-exp-P方法对不同测定压力下所得开口/闭口闪点值进行修正时，修正偏差随着闪点测定压力与标准大气压（101.3 kPa）差值的增大而显著增大；而采用1/TF-exp-lnP方法时修正偏差较小且随压力变化不大，在低压条件下，其修正偏差远小于TF-exp-P方法的偏差，故该1/TF-exp-lnP修正方法在低气压下的适用性明显提高；此外，采用1/TF-exp-lnP修正方法对闭口闪点的修正偏差总体上小于其对开口闪点的修正偏差，鉴于目前国内标准中变压器油闪点测定均采用闭口杯法，故此修正方法对变压器油闪点的准确测定具有良好的实用意义。
3 结论
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本研究通过自主设计的可模拟不同气压环境的闪点测试系统，测定了25#新变压器油和运行变压器绝缘油在不同实验压力（60.0～102.0 kPa）下的开口/闭口闪点，研究和对比了1/TF-exp-lnP的闪点-压力修正方法对不同变压器油样在不同气压下测定闪点值的压力修正情况，得到以下结论：
（1）不同实验油样的测定闪点和测定压力数据均表现出1/TF-exp-lnP线性关系，说明了上述理论对于新变压器油和运行变压器油都具有良好的适用性，且新变压器油的闪点数据呈现出更好的1/TF-exp-lnP线性关系。
（2）对不同实验油样，其开口闪点比闭口闪点表现出更好的1/TF-exp-lnP线性相关性，开口闪点的1/TF-exp-lnP斜率c1值在(-2.31～-1.22)×10-4范围内，闭口闪点的c1值在(-6.68～-2.32)×10-5范围内；不同油样的开口/闭口闪点修正系数c1值稳定在各自的数量级，但在数值上仍存在较大差异。
（3）采用1/TF-exp-lnP修正方法，对新变压器油和运行变压器油在不同压力下测定的闪点值进行修正，发现该法相对于现行国标使用的TF-exp-P修正方法具有更小的修正偏差和更宽的适用压力范围，且对闭口闪点值的压力修正偏差更小；在现行标准规定下变压器油闪点均采用闭口杯法进行测定，因此采用1/TF-exp-lnP方法可以得出更为准确的变压器油闪点的压力修正值。
（4）采用1/TF-exp-lnP修正方法的不足之处在于需要确定不同油样闪点数据对应的1/TF-exp-lnP斜率c1值；后续研究还应对大量的运行变压器油样进行分类讨论，研究油样本身的因素（如含水量、主要组成等）对其1/TF-exp-lnP斜率值c1的影响规律，以便从大量实验数据中获得可直接使用的修正系数c1的经验值范围，提升该修正方法的实用性。
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2022年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.014
  • 接收时间：2021-03-18
  • 首发时间：2025-12-22
  • 出版时间：2022-03-20
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  • 收稿日期：2021-03-18
  • 修回日期：2021-05-05
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    云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院，云南 昆明 650217
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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