Article(id=1209926723957813982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1629561600000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-22, revisedDate=1633881600000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398610342, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1647705600000, pubDateStr=2022-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398610342, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398610342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398610342, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209926723278336734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398610181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563016675, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616294165049744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616294165049745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209926723278336734, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209926724180112097, articleId=1209926723957813982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research Progress of PVDF-based Nanocomposites for High Energy Storage, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous advancement of electronic technology, the oriented polypropylene (BOPP), which is currently the most widely used in commercial applications, cannot meet the requirements of electronic products due to its small energy storage density. Among many dielectric film materials, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based nanocomposites have received widespread attention due to their high dielectric constant and good processing properties. In this paper, the theoretical model of dielectric composites was introduced, the main preparation strategies of PVDF-based nanocomposites: filler modification, multi-phase blending, and construction of novel structures, were reviewed systematically, and the development of PVDF-based composite energy storage materials was prospected.

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随着电子技术的不断进步,目前商业化应用最为广泛的双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)因其较小的储能密度已不能满足电子产品的要求。在众多可作为电介质薄膜的材料中,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)基纳米复合材料因其介电常数高、加工性能好等优点受到广泛关注。本文在介绍电介质复合材料理论模型的基础上系统综述了目前PVDF基纳米复合材料的主要制备策略:填料改性、多相共混及构建新颖结构,并对PVDF基复合储能材料的发展前景进行了展望。

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刘雷鹏(1990-),男(汉族),陕西榆林人,副教授,研究方向为电介质功能材料。
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谢蕊颖(1996-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,硕士生,研究方向为电介质功能材料。

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谢蕊颖(1996-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,硕士生,研究方向为电介质功能材料。

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高储能PVDF基纳米复合材料研究进展
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谢蕊颖 , 刘雷鹏 , 吕生华 , 刘锦茹 , 张康宁
绝缘材料 | 综述 2022,55(3): 1-9
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2022, 55(3): 1-9
高储能PVDF基纳米复合材料研究进展
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谢蕊颖, 刘雷鹏, 吕生华, 刘锦茹, 张康宁
作者信息
  • 陕西科技大学 轻工科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710021
  • 谢蕊颖(1996-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,硕士生,研究方向为电介质功能材料。

通讯作者:

刘雷鹏(1990-),男(汉族),陕西榆林人,副教授,研究方向为电介质功能材料。
Research Progress of PVDF-based Nanocomposites for High Energy Storage
Ruiying XIE, Leipeng LIU, Shenghua LÜ, Jinru LIU, Kangning ZHANG
Affiliations
  • College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
出版时间: 2022-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.001
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随着电子技术的不断进步,目前商业化应用最为广泛的双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)因其较小的储能密度已不能满足电子产品的要求。在众多可作为电介质薄膜的材料中,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)基纳米复合材料因其介电常数高、加工性能好等优点受到广泛关注。本文在介绍电介质复合材料理论模型的基础上系统综述了目前PVDF基纳米复合材料的主要制备策略:填料改性、多相共混及构建新颖结构,并对PVDF基复合储能材料的发展前景进行了展望。

PVDF基聚合物  /  纳米复合材料  /  储能密度  /  介电常数

With the continuous advancement of electronic technology, the oriented polypropylene (BOPP), which is currently the most widely used in commercial applications, cannot meet the requirements of electronic products due to its small energy storage density. Among many dielectric film materials, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based nanocomposites have received widespread attention due to their high dielectric constant and good processing properties. In this paper, the theoretical model of dielectric composites was introduced, the main preparation strategies of PVDF-based nanocomposites: filler modification, multi-phase blending, and construction of novel structures, were reviewed systematically, and the development of PVDF-based composite energy storage materials was prospected.

PVDF-based polymer  /  nanocomposite  /  energy storage density  /  dielectric constant
谢蕊颖, 刘雷鹏, 吕生华, 刘锦茹, 张康宁. 高储能PVDF基纳米复合材料研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (3) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.001
Ruiying XIE, Leipeng LIU, Shenghua LÜ, Jinru LIU, Kangning ZHANG. Research Progress of PVDF-based Nanocomposites for High Energy Storage[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (3) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.001
随着科学技术的不断更新换代,人类社会正面临巨大的能源挑战。解决能源问题的关键在于能量储存与管理。电容器由于能够极快地进行能量储存和释放、具有极高的充放电效率而成为研究热点,在混合电力汽车、医药仪器和电力武器系统等电子行业有着广泛的应用[1-2]。而电容器存在的普遍问题是储能密度偏低,这严重阻碍了其在储能方面的应用,因此亟需开发储能性能优异的新型电容器[3]。介电材料是电容器中的核心组成部分,对制备高储能电容器有决定性影响。传统的介电材料有无机陶瓷介电材料和聚合物介电材料两种,其中无机陶瓷介电材料具有很高的介电常数,但成型温度高、加工难度大且抗冲击性能低;而聚合物介电材料具有加工性能好、电气强度高、介电损耗低等特点,但其介电常数小,导致储能密度低。将纳米粒子加入到聚合物基体中制备复合材料可有效提高其介电常数进而改善储能性质,这在高储能电介质材料领域备受关注。常见的聚合物基体主要有聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚丙烯、聚乙烯和环氧树脂等[4],其中PVDF基聚合物相比其他材料具有更高的介电常数[5-8],且电气强度较高,因此受到了广泛关注。本文主要综述PVDF基纳米复合材料在储能领域的研究进展,并对其发展前景进行展望。
Lewis模型认为纳米颗料和聚合物基体之间通过物理或化学作用彼此连接并形成无机-有机相界面[9]。当施加外加电场时,纳米粒子的表面由于与聚合物基体之间费米能级的不同而聚集电荷,并且基体在靠近纳米粒子附近的区域会感应出相反电荷[9]。纳米颗粒表面聚集的电荷会使聚合物基体内的离子进行迁移进而形成介电双层结构——紧密层和离散层,如图1所示。当填料含量接近渗流阈值时,这种双电层结构会对复合材料的介电性能产生很大影响。
渗流理论认为将导体填料添加进聚合物基体中,会在其内部形成微电容。刚开始加入导体填料时,由于填料含量少,聚合物基体占主导;随着填料含量增加,聚合物基体逐渐被填料占据;当填料含量增加到渗流阈值时,颗粒间无限接近,形成了微电容[10]。微电容共同作用,造成介电常数的显著增加;当填料含量继续增加,由于导电网络的形成,复合材料由绝缘体变为导体,渗流网络的形成如图2所示[10]
Tanaka模型认为纳米颗粒和聚合物基体之间的界面区域由内向外可以分为键合层、边界层和松散层三层结构[11],如图3所示。键合层厚度约为 1 nm,通过范德华力将纳米颗粒的无机层紧紧连接在有机层;边界层厚度为2~9 nm,其受到键合层和纳米颗粒表面的强烈相互作用;松散层厚度为几十纳米,它与边界层松散地结合到一起[9]。在复合材料中,作用强度不同、界面层厚度不同,会使得界面区域的电性能发生改变,进而影响复合材料的介电性能。
PVDF是一种线型半结晶极性聚合物,结构式为 (CH2-CF2)n,含氟量为59%,结晶度为50%~80%[12-13]。由于PVDF分子链的结构规整度高、氟原子半径比较小,碳碳单键可以通过内旋转使得氟原子和氢原子在空间上的几何排布呈现多样化即分子链段表现出不同的构象[14],造成PVDF具有较多的晶相,即αβγδε相。独特的分子和晶体结构使PVDF具有相对较高的介电常数(10~12)、较低的介电损耗和优异的耐压能力,因此成为近年来高储能密度、低损耗介电材料的研究热点。
随着纳米技术的发展,通过添加性能优异的纳米填料到PVDF基体中可进一步提高储能密度和降低损耗,近年来制备PVDF基复合材料的主要策略有填料改性、多相共混和构建新颖结构等。
界面对复合材料的性能有着重要影响。在PVDF基纳米储能复合材料中,通过对填料的改性可以有效提高其分散性,减小介电损耗,进而提高储能密度与储能效率。对于填料的改性主要分为有机改性与无机改性两种方法,有机改性的主要目的在于改善填料的分散性进而降低介电损耗;而无机改性的主要目的则在于降低电场畸变提高电气强度。
硅烷偶联剂被广泛应用于纳米颗粒的表面修饰,它与填料紧密连接的过渡层对应Tanaka模型的键合层。
LUO H等[15]利用水溶性的乙内酰脲环氧树脂对钛酸钡(BT)表面进行改性,然后分散在聚(偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯)(P(VDF-HFP))中,形成了很强的界面结合力。结果表明,复合材料的介电常数随BT含量的增加而增加,但介电损耗变化不大,储能密度也在相同电场下得到提高。当BT体积分数为20%时,储能密度为8.13 J/cm3,较纯P(VDF-HFP)有很大提高。
ZHANG X H等[16]通过静电纺丝工艺制备BT纳米纤维,然后利用1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟辛基三甲氧基硅烷对其进行改性,再将PVDF和改性BT纳米纤维混合制备成BT/PVDF复合材料,制备过程如图4所示。结果表明,利用含氟硅烷偶联剂改性后的BT纳米纤维与PVDF基体之间具有强大的界面相互作用,可有效改善BT纤维在PVDF基体中的分散性,随着改性BT纳米纤维体积分数的增加,复合材料的介电常数显著增加,介电损耗减小。当改性BT的体积分数为20%时,复合材料在100 kHz频率下的介电常数为22,介电损耗为0.06。
ZHANG Y等[17]以PVDF为基体,γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH-550)为改性剂来改性BT填料。由于KH-550特殊的结构,可以有效改善填料在基体中的分散性和相容性。当KH-550的质量分数为1.0%时,纳米复合材料在1 kHz的介电常数为27.74,而介电损耗仅为0.039,电气强度为245 MV/m,相应的储能密度高达7.4 J/cm3
V TOMER等[18]用(3-巯基丙基)三甲氧基硅烷对高岭土进行表面修饰,然后与P(VDF-HFP)复合制备了复合薄膜。结果表明,HFP共聚单体和高岭土纳米填料的加入有效减小了复合材料的介电损耗,电气强度也大幅提高,当高岭土质量分数为5%时,复合材料的电气强度为780 MV/m,储能密度达到19 J/cm3
YANG C等[19]通过双[3-(三乙氧基硅)丙基]四硫化物硅烷偶联剂(Si69)对钛酸铜钙(CCTO)进行改性(图5),进而制备CCTO@Si69/PVDF复合材料。当Si69的添加量为0.1 mL时(相对于1 g CCTO),复合材料的介电常数达到84,是CCTO/PVDF复合材料的5.25倍,且复合材料在很宽的温度范围(20~160℃)下具有非常稳定的介电性能。
将核壳结构的纳米颗粒用于电介质复合材料中,不仅可以有效改善填料与基体之间的相容性,还可有效提高纳米复合材料的电气强度,介电损耗也会被有效抑制,同时实现高介电常数[20]
ZHA J W等[21]将SnO2纳米粒子包覆在BT表面,随着BT@SnO2的引入,BT@SnO2/PVDF复合材料的介电常数在103 Hz时提高到90,比BT/PVDF复合材料高约40%。这是由于添加了SnO2纳米点,增强了BT和PVDF之间的界面极化。
ZHANG Y等[22]选择具有优异绝缘性能的SiO2来改性高介电常数0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3(BZCT NFs),以静电纺丝技术和改进的溶胶-凝胶法制备得到BZCT@SiO2/PVDF纳米复合材料(图6),通过控制BZCT NFs一维纳米结构的取向,调节BZCT NFs与PVDF基体的相互作用,发现3%体积分数填充下BZCT@SiO2/PVDF复合材料的介电常数为15.8,在10 Hz时介电损耗仅为0.03,电气强度可达576 kV/mm。同时,放电能量密度增加至18.9 J/cm3,储能效率提高至53.3%。
YU K等[23]介绍了一种核壳结构的纳米填料SiO2@BT,并制备了SiO2@BT/PVDF纳米复合材料(图7)。结果表明,BT纳米颗粒表面上的SiO2层通过减少极化来降低纳米复合材料的能量损失,从而进一步增强了纳米复合材料的能量密度。当SiO2@BT的体积分数为2%时,复合材料的电气强度为340 MV/m,储能密度为6.28 J/cm3
M RAHIMABADY等[24]在BT表面包裹了一层TiO2,并制备得到TiO2@BT/P(VDF-HFP)复合材料。结果表明,超薄层TiO2可有效促进纳米粒子分散,极化明显改善。填充TiO2@BT的纳米复合材料介电常数比没有TiO2壳层的纳米复合材料高出3倍(介电常数>110),同时仍保持较高的电气强度。当TiO2@BT的体积分数为30%时,复合材料的电气强度可达340 MV/m,储能密度为12.2 J/cm3
PAN Z等[25]以BT@Al2O3为填料,PVDF为基体制备了BT@Al2O3/PVDF纳米复合材料。结果表明,绝缘Al2O3壳层有效改善了BT纳米纤维的界面性能,限制了电荷载流子的迁移,通过减少填料与聚合物基体之间的界面极化和电荷极化减少了能量损失,有效改善了复合材料的电气强度。当BT@Al2O3的质量分数为5%时,复合材料的电气强度可达400 MV/m,储能密度达12.18 J/cm3
张强等[26]采用水热法合成一维CCTO,并在其表面包覆一层Al2O3薄膜,制备得到CCTO@Al2O3/ P(VDF-HFP)纳米复合材料。结果表明,表面包覆Al2O3的CCTO在P(VDF-HFP)基体中能较好地分散,可以有效提高复合材料的介电常数且保持较低的介电损耗,当CCTO@ Al2O3体积分数为5%时,复合材料的最大储能密度达到1.67 J/cm3。与颗粒状CCTO复合材料相比,一维CCTO复合材料在介电性能和储能性能方面更加优异。
FENG Y等[27]制备了核壳结构的BT@C填料,并与PVDF-HFP复合成BT@C/PVDF-HFP复合材料。随着BT@C体积分数的增加,复合材料的介电常数显著提高。当BT@C体积分数为30%时,在 1 kHz下介电常数为1044,比PVDF-HFP(8.8)高118倍。介电性能的增加归因于碳壳中的界面极化。
YANG K等[28]首先制备了具有核壳结构的聚多巴胺(PDA)包覆BT纳米粒子(PDA-BT),并使用纳米银对其修饰,然后加入到P(VDF-HFP)中制成复合材料(图8)。结果表明,表面改性的BT纳米颗粒与P(VDF-HFP)基体之间的相容性大幅提高,这归因于PDA壳层与基体之间形成氢键。同时所得 P(VDF-HFP)基纳米复合材料在介电和储能应用中显示出许多优点,包括减少残余极化和显著提高电气强度,有助于提高纳米复合材料的能量密度和能量效率。
此外,也可通过接枝的方法在纳米粒子的表面构筑聚合物壳层来提高纳米电介质复合材料的分散性和界面相容性[29]。杨科[30]制备了不同接枝密度的PS@BT和PMMA@BT核壳结构纳米复合材料。测试结果表明,在较宽的频率范围内,与纯聚合物相比,所有的PS@BT、PMMA@BT纳米复合材料的介电常数都显著提高,而介电损耗仍保持在较低的水平,并且都具备相对较高的储能效率(>80%)。更重要的是,这项工作提出核壳结构聚合物纳米复合材料的储能效率与接枝聚合物的分子量和纳米颗粒表面聚合物的接枝密度密切相关。GUO N等[31-32]将BT接枝到聚丙烯上,得到BT/聚丙烯复合材料,BT颗粒的接枝显著提高了材料无机-有机相界面相容性。当BT的体积分数为13.6%时,储能密度可达9.4 J/cm3,与纯聚丙烯相比提高了200%。
多相共混复合是指将两种及以上的填料同时加入到某一聚合物基体中或将纳米粒子加入到多种聚合物共混物中,制备成多相复合材料。多相共混可以结合多种填料优势,有效改善复合材料的性能。此法在提高材料介电性能、电气强度方面具有很大潜力[33]
S CHO等[34]通过过度氧化碳纳米管(CNT)并对其氨基化得到纳米填料NH2-GNDs,然后制备得到NH2-GNDs/RGO/PVDF复合材料(图9)。与原始的PVDF(介电常数约为11.6、储能密度约为1.8 J/cm3)相比,NH2-GNDs/RGO/PVDF纳米复合材料显示出更高的介电常数(约60.6)和更大的能量密度(约14.1 J/cm3)。
氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)是一种二维材料,禁带宽度达6 eV,电气强度高达800 kV/mm,可以有效抑制泄漏电流和空间电荷的传输,从而降低复合材料的介电损耗,是一种绝缘性能和耐电压性能优异的二维纳米材料[35-37]。在BNNS-高介电陶瓷/聚合物三元复合体系中,BNNS的作用在于提高电气强度,降低损耗,而高介电陶瓷颗粒的作用在于提高介电常数。
LUO S等[38]设计了一种杂化颗粒BT@BN(图10),并制备得到BT@BN/PVDF复合材料。结果表明,当填料质量分数为5%时,BT@BN/PVDF复合材料的电气强度约为580 kV/mm,放电能量密度为17.6 J/cm3,是PVDF膜的2.8倍。
LI Q等[39]通过溶液浇铸法制备得到BT/P(VDF-CTFE)/BNNS三元纳米复合材料,结果表明,BNNS的二维纳米结构可有效防止BT聚集,从而帮助BT分散。当BNNS的质量分数为12%,BT质量分数为15%时,三元纳米复合材料的电气强度为552 MV/m,介电常数为12,放电能量密度为21.2 J/cm3,远大于原始P(VDF-CTFE)的放电能量密度(7.1 J/cm3)。
ZHANG X等[40]通过改进的静电纺丝工艺制备了BT@TiO2纳米粒子并用多巴胺进行了改性,用于增强PVDF纳米复合材料的界面极化。由于BT和TiO2之间的界面渗透,导致界面极化大幅增强,聚合物复合材料获得高介电常数41时,填料的体积分数仅为10%。更重要的是,通过利用纳米纤维的大长径比,可以提高能量密度。填充3%体积分数BT@TiO2纳米纤维的纳米复合材料可达到超高的能量密度(约为21.2 J/cm3),如图11所示。继此工作之后,由于P(VDF-HFP)的介电常数和电气强度比PVDF高,使用P(VDF-HFP)作为聚合物基体制备了P(VDF-HFP)/BT@TiO2纳米纤维复合材料[41]。结果表明,填充3% BT@TiO2纳米纤维的纳米复合材料在797.7 kV/mm处的能量密度高达31.2 J/cm3,比BOPP(2 J/cm3)提高了约1 400%。另外,还实现了约78%的高放电效率。
YANG D D等[42]通过溶液共混和热压工艺制备得到PVDF/PMMA/羟基化多壁碳纳米管(MWNT-OH)三相复合材料。结果表明,复合材料的渗流阈值为2.79%,远低于常见的两相复合材料。当MWNT-OH填料的体积分数为3.12%时,复合材料的介电常数为300,当MWNT-OH填料的体积分数为4.24%时,复合材料在1 kHz下的介电常数达到最大值320。
YU K等[43]将聚丙烯酸酯弹性体引入到BT/PVDF纳米复合材料中。结果表明,当BT和聚丙烯酸酯弹性体的体积分数分别为5%、3%时,三相纳米复合材料的放电能量密度为8.8 J/cm3,比未添加聚丙烯酸酯弹性体的纳米复合材料高约11%。
材料的结构对其性能有很大的影响,在PVDF基储能纳米复合材料领域的结构调控主要有调控填料取向与构筑多层结构。通过结构调控不仅可以调节材料的电场分布,同时可以发挥各层的优势,实现介电常数和介电损耗的同步优化[44]
填料的取向会影响复合材料的性能,可通过机械拉伸、诱导生长等方法来调控复合材料中填料的取向,进而优化其性能。
TANG H X等[45]通过单轴应变实现了锆钛酸铅(PZT)纳米线在PVDF中的取向。重点研究了PZT纳米线的取向对纳米复合材料介电常数、电气强度和能量密度的影响,发现当PZT纳米线体积分数为40%时(长径比约为14),纳米复合材料的能量密度为1.28 J/cm3。结果表明控制填料取向可以大幅提高纳米复合材料的能量密度。
XIE B等[46]通过物理辅助铸造的方法调整BT纳米线在P(VDF-CTFE)基体中的取向。与原始P(VDF-CTFE)相比(3 200 kV/cm电场下的储能密度为5.9 J/cm3、储能效率为47.1%),X-Y取向纳米复合材料的极化强度、电气强度同时增强,储能性能得到改善(3 400 kV/cm电场下的储能密度为10.1 J/cm3、储能效率为56.8%)。Z取向排列的纳米复合材料的性能得到进一步提高,通过在极化方向排列3%体积分数的BT纳米线,可以在2 400 kV/cm的低电场下得到10.8 J/cm3的储能密度和61.4%的储能效率。
YAO L等[47]首先通过水热反应合成TiO2纳米棒阵列,然后通过旋涂法将PVDF嵌入纳米棒阵列中制备得到TiO2/PVDF纳米复合材料。当纳米棒高宽比为18%时,复合材料在340 MV/m下的能量密度为10.62 J/cm3,放电效率为70%。此法工艺简单、成本低,为改善材料能量密度提供了新思路。
TANG H X等[48]将表面功能化、高横纵比的BT纳米棒与P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)复合制备成BT/P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)纳米复合材料。当纳米填料体积分数为17%时,BT/P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)纳米复合材料在300 MV/m电场下的能量密度(10.48 J/cm3)比纯P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)聚合物(7.21 J/cm3)高出45.3%。这种具有快速放电速度的高能量密度电容器的简单制备方法也可适用于其他铁电纳米线,例如锆酸铅、钛酸锶钡和钛酸铅。
构筑具有多层结构的薄膜来提高其储能性能是近年兴起的一种方法,该方法可充分发挥各层的物理特性,有效结合各层的优点,同步实现介电常数与电气强度的提高,是一种很有前景的高性能聚合物基电介质薄膜的制备方法。
YAO L等[49]以聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)为中心层,PET/PVDF为上下两个夹层制备三明治结构的复合薄膜。将单层结构改为夹层结构后,含有20%PVDF的PET/PVDF混合物电气强度增大了6%(从378 kV/mm增大到400 kV/mm),相对介电常数由4.70增至5.88,储能密度增加了42%。
YIN K等[50]制备了PET、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)和PVDF-HFP的三元多层膜结构(图12(a)),多层膜经过双向拉伸(图12(b))后,可以在 P(VDF-HFP)和PET中形成排布有序的纤维状晶体,其介电性能得到增强。当PET/PMMA/P(VDF-HFP)为65层膜(PMMA占8%)时,其储能密度高达17.4 J/cm3
LI Q等[51]制备了三明治结构的纳米复合材料,其中中间层为二乙烯基四甲基二硅氧烷-双(苯并环丁烯)(BCB)/BT,上下两层均为BCB/BNNS,三层聚合物纳米复合材料厚度比为1∶2∶1,外层中BNNSs的体积分数固定为10%,中间层中BT的体积分数系统性的改变。结果表明,当BT体积分数为25%时,在150℃和200 MV/m下,夹层结构聚合物纳米复合材料的放电能量密度为1.1 J/cm3,充放电效率为93%。值得注意的是,除了在高温下具有优异的充放电效率外,夹层结构纳米复合材料的放电功率和微秒放电速度在25~150℃的工作温度保持稳定。
LIU F等[52]设计了一种新型的三层结构介电复合材料,该三层结构的外层为BNNS/PVDF,中间层为BaSrTiO3/PVDF。测试结果表明,这种新型的三层结构复合材料在588 MV/m下的放电能量密度为20.5 J/cm3,功率密度为0.91 MW/cm3,是BOPP的9倍。
JIANG J Y等[53]结合静电纺丝和快速热处理的非平衡工艺制备了P(VDF-HFP)/P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)多层纳米复合材料,复合材料的每一层都具有相同的厚度,且每一层纳米复合材料的体积分数相同。结果表明,通过优化PVDF基聚合物纳米复合材料的拓扑结构和相组成,可显著提高PVDF基聚合物纳米复合材料的充放电效率。相场模拟的结果表明,在多层纳米复合材料层之间的界面处,局部电场明显减弱,泄漏电流得到抑制,从而降低传导损耗并增强电气强度。在600 MV/m时,放电效率可高达85%,能量密度可达20 J/cm3
JIANG Y等[54]以P(VDF-HFP)为基体,通过改进的静电纺丝法制备了具有梯度结构的BT/P(VDF-HFP)纳米复合膜(图13),BT在纳米复合膜中的梯度分布通过逐层纺丝和调整每层中BT的体积分数来实现。将收集的纤维膜热压后即可得到BT梯度分布的纳米复合薄膜(膜厚度方向)。相比BT随机分布的纳米复合膜,梯度结构的纳米复合薄膜具有更高的电气强度和储能密度。当薄膜为7层,BT的体积分数为5%时,P(VDF-HFP)/BT纳米复合薄膜的电气强度可达到676.3 kV/mm和能量密度为18.0 J/cm3
本文主要综述了PVDF基纳米复合材料的研究进展,主要包括对填料进行改性(有机改性、无机改性)、多相共混复合、构建新颖结构(调控填料取向、构筑多层结构)等方法,可以提高聚合物的介电常数,从而有效提高材料的储能密度。在纳米复合材料方面,如何实现纳米填料在聚合物基体中的均匀分散将会是长期存在的问题,因此仍需开发新的合成方法和加工工艺。
此外,目前PVDF基电介质复合材料储能特性的研究多数为室温下的特性,关于其在高温下的储能性能研究较少,无法满足电动汽车、航空航天系统和电网等在极端条件下对电能存储日益增长的需求,因此高温聚合物电介质材料是后续的一个研究方向。
  • 中国博士后科学基金特别资助(站前)(2019TQ0257)
  • 陕煤联合基金(2019JLM-33)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.03.001
  • 接收时间:2021-08-22
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-22
  • 修回日期:2021-10-11
基金
中国博士后科学基金特别资助(站前)(2019TQ0257)
陕煤联合基金(2019JLM-33)
作者信息
    陕西科技大学 轻工科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710021

通讯作者:

刘雷鹏(1990-),男(汉族),陕西榆林人,副教授,研究方向为电介质功能材料。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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