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Multilayer ternary composite polypropylene (PP) films with different content of nano-ZrO2 particles were prepared with a ternary composite PP film constructed by maleic anhydride grafted PP and nano-ZrO2 particles as the outer layer and neat PP film as the middle layer, and their physical and chemical properties as well as electrical properties were measured. The results show that the nano-ZrO2 exhibit good dispersibility in ternary composite PP system and there is a distinct interface between ternary composite PP film and neat PP film. The crystallinity of multilayer ternary composite PP films is higher than that of the single layer neat PP film. With the increase of nano-ZrO2 content, the dielectric constant of the multilayer ternary composite PP film increases, while the DC electric strength increases at first and then decreases. When the mass fraction of nano-ZrO2 reaches 1.0%, both the DC electric strength and energy storage density achieve the highest value (424.3 kV/mm and 2.14 J/cm3), which are about 10.6% and 31.3% higher than those of the single layer neat PP film. Besides, the dielectric loss factor of multilayer ternary composite PP film remains at the same level of 10-3 as that of neat PP film. The ternary composite PP and interlayer interface can jointly suppress the migration of heteropolar space charges, which contributes to improve the internal electric field distribution of dielectric, increase the electric strength, and reduce the dielectric loss caused by electron migration.

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将马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯与纳米ZrO2粒子共同构筑的三元复合聚丙烯薄膜作为外层,纯聚丙烯薄膜作为中间层,制备了不同纳米ZrO2含量的多层结构三元复合聚丙烯薄膜,并对复合薄膜的理化性能和电气性能进行了测试分析。结果表明:纳米ZrO2粒子在三元复合聚丙烯体系内具有良好的分散性,并且三元复合聚丙烯薄膜与纯聚丙烯薄膜之间的层间界面清晰。多层三元复合聚丙烯薄膜的结晶度相比单层纯聚丙烯薄膜显著提升。随着纳米ZrO2含量的增加,多层三元复合聚丙烯薄膜的介电常数提高,而直流电气强度则先上升后下降,在纳米ZrO2质量分数为1.0%时达到最大值(424.3 kV/mm),相应的储能密度也达到最大值(2.14 J/cm3),相比于纯聚丙烯薄膜分别提高了10.6%和31.3%,并且介质损耗因数保持在与纯聚丙烯薄膜相同的10-3水平。三元复合聚丙烯和层间界面能够共同抑制异极性空间电荷的迁移,进而有助于改善介质内部电场分布,提高电气强度,同时降低由于电子迁移产生的介质损耗。

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国江(1985-),男(汉族),湖北宜昌人,高级工程师,主要从事电力系统无功补偿技术及电容器技术的研究工作。

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国江(1985-),男(汉族),湖北宜昌人,高级工程师,主要从事电力系统无功补偿技术及电容器技术的研究工作。

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国江(1985-),男(汉族),湖北宜昌人,高级工程师,主要从事电力系统无功补偿技术及电容器技术的研究工作。

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多层结构三元复合聚丙烯薄膜储能密度提升
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国江 , 许梦伊 , 李辉 , 黄想 , 林浩 , 姜胜宝 , 陈尚 , 陈程
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(1): 40-45
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(1): 40-45
多层结构三元复合聚丙烯薄膜储能密度提升
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国江, 许梦伊, 李辉, 黄想, 林浩, 姜胜宝, 陈尚, 陈程
作者信息
  • 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 电网环境保护国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 国江(1985-),男(汉族),湖北宜昌人,高级工程师,主要从事电力系统无功补偿技术及电容器技术的研究工作。

Improvement in energy storage density of multilayer ternary composite polypropylene film
Jiang GUO, Mengyi XU, Hui LI, Xiang HUANG, Hao LIN, Shengbao JIANG, Shang CHEN, Cheng CHEN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2024-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.01.006
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将马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯与纳米ZrO2粒子共同构筑的三元复合聚丙烯薄膜作为外层,纯聚丙烯薄膜作为中间层,制备了不同纳米ZrO2含量的多层结构三元复合聚丙烯薄膜,并对复合薄膜的理化性能和电气性能进行了测试分析。结果表明:纳米ZrO2粒子在三元复合聚丙烯体系内具有良好的分散性,并且三元复合聚丙烯薄膜与纯聚丙烯薄膜之间的层间界面清晰。多层三元复合聚丙烯薄膜的结晶度相比单层纯聚丙烯薄膜显著提升。随着纳米ZrO2含量的增加,多层三元复合聚丙烯薄膜的介电常数提高,而直流电气强度则先上升后下降,在纳米ZrO2质量分数为1.0%时达到最大值(424.3 kV/mm),相应的储能密度也达到最大值(2.14 J/cm3),相比于纯聚丙烯薄膜分别提高了10.6%和31.3%,并且介质损耗因数保持在与纯聚丙烯薄膜相同的10-3水平。三元复合聚丙烯和层间界面能够共同抑制异极性空间电荷的迁移,进而有助于改善介质内部电场分布,提高电气强度,同时降低由于电子迁移产生的介质损耗。

聚丙烯  /  纳米电介质  /  多层结构  /  储能密度  /  电容器

Multilayer ternary composite polypropylene (PP) films with different content of nano-ZrO2 particles were prepared with a ternary composite PP film constructed by maleic anhydride grafted PP and nano-ZrO2 particles as the outer layer and neat PP film as the middle layer, and their physical and chemical properties as well as electrical properties were measured. The results show that the nano-ZrO2 exhibit good dispersibility in ternary composite PP system and there is a distinct interface between ternary composite PP film and neat PP film. The crystallinity of multilayer ternary composite PP films is higher than that of the single layer neat PP film. With the increase of nano-ZrO2 content, the dielectric constant of the multilayer ternary composite PP film increases, while the DC electric strength increases at first and then decreases. When the mass fraction of nano-ZrO2 reaches 1.0%, both the DC electric strength and energy storage density achieve the highest value (424.3 kV/mm and 2.14 J/cm3), which are about 10.6% and 31.3% higher than those of the single layer neat PP film. Besides, the dielectric loss factor of multilayer ternary composite PP film remains at the same level of 10-3 as that of neat PP film. The ternary composite PP and interlayer interface can jointly suppress the migration of heteropolar space charges, which contributes to improve the internal electric field distribution of dielectric, increase the electric strength, and reduce the dielectric loss caused by electron migration.

polypropylene  /  nano dielectric  /  multilayer structure  /  energy storage density  /  capacitor
国江, 许梦伊, 李辉, 黄想, 林浩, 姜胜宝, 陈尚, 陈程. 多层结构三元复合聚丙烯薄膜储能密度提升. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (1) : 40 -45 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.01.006
Jiang GUO, Mengyi XU, Hui LI, Xiang HUANG, Hao LIN, Shengbao JIANG, Shang CHEN, Cheng CHEN. Improvement in energy storage density of multilayer ternary composite polypropylene film[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (1) : 40 -45 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.01.006
电容器广泛应用于电力系统和能源行业中,承担着无功补偿、滤波、储能等重要作用。近年来随着特高压直流输电技术以及柔性直流输电技术的快速发展,提高电容器的储能密度进而实现设备小型化的需求日益迫切[1]。目前,电力电容器的介质材料几乎全部为聚丙烯(PP)薄膜,因此实现电容器储能密度提升的关键是提高聚丙烯薄膜的电气强度或介电常数。
近年来,研究人员针对聚丙烯薄膜储能密度提升开展了大量研究,在聚丙烯中引入其他介质材料构筑复合材料的改性方法取得了重要进展[2-3],成为了众多改性方法中具有广泛应用潜力的发展方向。复合聚丙烯主要包括纳米复合聚丙烯以及多层复合聚丙烯。纳米复合聚丙烯是通过添加不同特性的纳米粒子实现对薄膜性能的调控,例如添加高介电常数粒子BaTiO3、TiO2,以及导体纳米粒子石墨烯、碳纳米管等,都可以有效提升聚丙烯薄膜的介电常数[4-5]。然而介电常数的提升往往会导致介质损耗同步升高,因此提高纳米复合聚丙烯电气强度的技术路线受到了广泛关注。电气强度提升的关键是改善纳米粒子在基体中的分散性,例如构筑“核-壳”结构纳米粒子,增强聚丙烯分子链与纳米粒子之间的键合作用从而改善界面区域结构,在纳米填料与聚丙烯基体之间建立缓冲区[6-8]。对纳米粒子进行表面处理一方面可以减少因为粒子团聚而产生的电弱点,另一方面可以提高纳米粒子周围界面区在整个体系中的占比,从而优化分子链排列和陷阱特性,最终实现纳米复合聚丙烯电气强度的显著提升。文献[9-11]开发了聚丙烯-马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯-纳米ZrO2三元复合聚丙烯薄膜,有效地改善了纳米粒子的分散性和体系的相容性,获得了电气强度和介电常数的同步提升,且复合薄膜的介质损耗与纯聚丙烯保持相同水平。
相比纳米复合引入无机填料的改性方式,多层复合的改性方式能够将不同有机材料相复合,同时在层间界面形成陷阱限制电荷传输,进而实现复合介质材料储能密度的提升[12]。文献[13]将聚砜树脂与聚偏氟乙烯进行多层复合,通过调控介质层数和单层介质厚度最高能够将复合介质材料的电气强度提升至383 kV/mm。文献[14]制备的丙烯酸橡胶/聚偏氟乙烯的共混体系与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的多层复合薄膜储能密度最高能达到11.8 J/cm-3。然而,目前多层复合的改性方法应用于聚丙烯介质的研究较少,大多集中在强极性介质材料的性能调控。
为了进一步提高聚丙烯薄膜的储能密度同时将介质损耗维持在较低水平,本研究将纳米复合与多层复合两种改性方式相结合,将马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯和纳米ZrO2共同引入纯聚丙烯中,制备PP/PP-g-MAH/nano-ZrO2三元复合聚丙烯,然后将三元复合聚丙烯作为外层,纯聚丙烯作为中间层,采用多层热压的方式最终获得不同纳米ZrO2含量的多层结构三元复合聚丙烯薄膜,并对复合聚丙烯薄膜的性能进行测试分析。
聚丙烯树脂,HC312BF型,北欧化工公司;马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-MAH)粒料,接枝率为1%,阿科玛公司;ZrO2单晶纳米粒子,纯度为99.9%,直径约为20 nm,德科岛金有限公司;γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570),国药集团化学试剂陕西有限公司。
多层三元复合聚丙烯薄膜的制备:首先选用γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570)作为偶联剂对纳米ZrO2粒子进行表面改性处理;然后采用“两步法”,第一步按照比例将PP-g-MAH与改性纳米ZrO2在180℃下共混10 min获得母料,第二步将母料和纯PP按照比例在180℃下共混20 min,最终获得PP-g-MAH质量分数为50.0%,纳米ZrO2质量分数分别为0.5%、1.0%、3.0%、5.0%、10.0%的PP/PP-g-MAH/ZrO2三元复合PP材料。采用热压法,分别将纯PP和上述5种三元复合PP材料在180℃、15 MPa下热压获得厚度约为40 µm的薄膜,然后将三元复合薄膜叠放在上层和下层,纯PP薄膜叠放至两层三元复合薄膜中间,在相同温度和压强下再次热压,最终获得多层结构三元复合PP薄膜,其厚度约为110 µm,如图1所示。根据上、下层三元复合PP材料中ZrO2的质量分数,将多层三元复合PP薄膜分别记作PP-0.5、PP-1.0、PP-3.0、PP-5.0和PP-10.0;此外,制备厚度为110 µm的纯PP薄膜作为对照组,用PP0表示。
试样的微观结构采用KEYENCEVE-9800S型扫描电子显微镜进行观察。先将试样在液氮中脆断,然后对截面进行金离子溅射。试样的聚集态结构采用Bruker D8 Advance型X射线衍射仪在常温下进行测试,测试范围为10°~30°。
试样的电学性能测试包括介电参数频率响应、直流击穿测试和空间电荷测试。采用Concept 80型宽带介电谱测试试样相对介电常数和介质损耗因数在室温下的频率响应,频率范围为0.1 Hz~100 kHz。直流击穿测试采用直径为25 mm的球-球电极,测试过程中电极与试样均浸入硅油中,控制直流电源升压速率为500 V/s,每个试样测试30个点以上。采用电声脉冲法(PEA)进行空间电荷测试,电极阳极(上电极)为采用碳黑掺杂聚乙烯的半导电电极,阴极(下电极)为铝电极,外施直流电场强度分别为30、50、70 kV/mm,极化时间为1 800 s,放电时间为600 s。空间电荷测试前,所有试样均在80℃真空烘箱中预处理48 h。
为了更好地观察试样截面的微观结构,特别制备了厚度约为400 μm的试样进行观察。图2分别为PP-1.0、PP-5.0和PP-10.0的截面形貌。从图2可以看到,在纯PP薄膜和三元复合PP薄膜之间存在可辨别的界面,并且界面随纳米粒子含量的增大趋于明显。这主要是由于三元复合PP薄膜与纯PP薄膜在热力学性质以及分子链运动状态方面存在差异,并且纳米粒子含量的增大会加剧这种差异程度,因此在熔融热压以及降温结晶过程中形成了明显界面。此外,在两侧三元复合PP薄膜中可以看到均匀分布的纳米粒子,而且即使在PP-10.0中,当纳米ZrO2粒子质量分数达到10%时也未观察到明显的纳米粒子团聚现象。纳米粒子良好的分散性得益于PP-g-MAH中马来酸酐基团能够与硅烷偶联剂处理后的ZrO2表面形成氢键,同时PP-g-MAH的分子主链与PP可以很好地互容,最终有效提高了整个体系的相容性[10]
图3为6种薄膜试样的XRD测试结果。从图3可以看出,所有试样都呈现出相同α晶与β晶共存的特征峰,其中α晶的2θ为14.1°、16.9°、18.5°、21.2°和21.8°,分别对应晶面(110)、(040)、(130)、(131)和(111);β晶的特征峰位于16.2°,对应晶面(300)[15]α晶为三方晶,是PP中大量存在且最稳定的晶型,β晶为单斜晶,通常情况下与α晶共存,除非是在有β成核剂存在的情况,否则难以大量生成。XRD测试结果表明,三元复合PP薄膜中纳米粒子的含量以及多层结构的构筑不会对PP的晶型产生显著影响。
聚丙烯属于半结晶聚合物,其结晶区的电子密度大于非结晶区,相应地会在XRD图谱中形成衍射峰,而非结晶区会形成一个无定型的弥散峰。因此,通过Gaussio分峰拟合处理后,通过式(1)计算衍射峰的面积在弥散峰和衍射峰总和面积中的占比[16],即可得到聚丙烯试样的结晶度。
Xc=ScrystallineSamorphouse+Scrystalline×100%
式(1)中:Xc为结晶度;Scrystalline表示分峰计算后得到的晶区衍射峰的面积;Samorphouse表示分峰计算得到的非晶区弥散峰的面积。
计算得到各试样的结晶度如图4所示。从图4可以看出,相比于试样PP0的结晶度36.7%,多层三元复合聚丙烯薄膜的结晶度均明显升高,PP-0.5具有最高的结晶度,相比于PP0提高了36%。随着纳米ZrO2含量的增加,多层三元复合聚丙烯薄膜的结晶度随之降低,这是由于纳米ZrO2含量较少时可作为异相成核剂促进了结晶成核过程;随着纳米ZrO2含量的增加,在一定程度上阻碍了结晶过程中分子的运动和排列,因此结晶度降低。此外,PP-g-MAH的引入以及多层结构也会对复合薄膜的结晶度产生影响。前期的研究发现,马来酸酐侧基的存在会使分子链的运动能力降低,因此PP-g-MAH的引入会导致三元复合聚丙烯的结晶度下降[11]。而多层结构会在层间界面形成大量串晶,相比球晶更加致密,因此多层结构薄膜相比单层薄膜通常具有更高的结晶度[12]。综上可以推断,多层三元复合聚丙烯薄膜相比单层纯聚丙烯薄膜整体的结晶度升高主要得益于多层结构的影响。较高的结晶度表明聚丙烯复合薄膜中大量分子链排列有序且紧密,可以有效抑制电子迁移,提高复合薄膜的电气强度[17]
图5为6种薄膜试样在0.1 Hz~100 kHz范围内的介电性能频率响应。
图5(a)的介电常数频谱可以看出,相比于单层纯聚丙烯薄膜试样,5种多层三元复合薄膜的介电常数均所有提高,并随着纳米ZrO2含量的升高而升高,当纳米ZrO2质量分数达到10.0%时,PP-10.0在0.1 Hz下的介电常数达到了2.76,相比PP0的介电常数(2.45)提高了12.7%。马来酸酐基团产生的转向极化和适量纳米粒子产生的热离子极化是介电常数提高的主要原因。
图5(b)的介质损耗因数频谱可以看出,多层三元复合薄膜介电常数提升的同时介质损耗因数维持在与纯聚丙烯薄膜相同的水平,在<100 Hz的范围内介质损耗因数均保持在10-3以内。随着频率的增大,多层三元复合薄膜的介质损耗因数先上升后下降,在10 kHz附近出现了介质损耗峰。损耗峰频率与损耗对应的松弛极化过程相关,例如热离子极化建立时间从秒级别至小时级别,对应的频率为0.001~1 Hz;而电子位移极化建立则需要更长时间,因此对应的特征频率通常小于0.001 Hz;相比之下偶极子转向极化对应频率相对较高,为1 Hz~100 MHz[18]。PP-g-MAH中的马来酸酐基团具有强极性,由马来酸酐基团做局部振动导致的转向极化通常对应的频率为100~1 000 Hz[19-20],因此可以推断,图5(b)中出现的介质损耗峰主要是引入的PP-g-MAH所致。介质损耗虽然对于储能密度提升没有直接贡献,但是过大的损耗会导致放电效率降低、电容器温升过高,最终影响设备的有效性和可靠性,因此提升介电常数的同时有效抑制介质损耗的升高对于电容器介质材料具有重要的应用意义。
介质材料的储能密度除了与介电常数有关外,更多受直流电气强度的影响[21]。对薄膜试样的直流击穿测试结果采用式(2)所示Weibull分布进行统计分析,结果如图6所示。
Fx=1-e-xαβ
式(2)中:x为试样两端施加的场强;F(x)为外施场强小于x时发生击穿的概率;α为尺度参数,表示击穿概率为63.2%时所对应的电气强度,又称为特征电气强度;β为形状参数,反映数据的分散性。
图6可以看出,多层三元复合薄膜的特征电气强度随纳米ZrO2含量的增加先上升后下降,并且形状参数即数据的分散性也呈现出先减小后增大的变化规律,即少量添加纳米ZrO2能够改善多层三元复合薄膜电气强度数据的分散性。这与传统的纳米复合电介质的规律一致,即少量添加纳米粒子能够有效形成界面区改善电子陷阱特性,从而提高电气强度,而过多的添加纳米粒子则会导致纳米粒子团聚形成电弱点,最终使复合电介质的电气强度下降。
对试样在特征电气强度附近开展电位移-电场强度(D-E)曲线测试,结果如图7(a)所示。从图7(a)可以看出,整体上不同纳米粒子含量的多层三元复合薄膜试样D-E曲线都呈现出良好的线性,与介电谱得到的极低介质损耗结果相对应。
图7(b)为根据D-E曲线计算得到的试样储能密度及其与电气强度的关联。从图7(b)可以看到,多层三元复合薄膜的储能密度随纳米粒子含量的变化规律与直流电气强度基本一致,在纳米粒子含量较低时出现了提升,进一步提高纳米粒子含量时复合薄膜的电气强度和储能密度均呈现出下降趋势,当纳米ZrO2质量分数为1.0%时,二者达到最大值,分别为424.3 kV/mm和2.14 J/cm3,相比PP0提高了10.6%和31.3%。结合已发表的研究成果[22],PP-1.0相比相同配方的单层三元复合PP薄膜其电气强度同样有所提升,说明电气强度的提升得益于三元复合配方和多层结构的双重作用。
为了进一步探究多层三元复合PP薄膜电气强度和储能密度的提升机理,选取参考试样PP0和性能最佳的试样PP-1.0,通过PEA测试其空间电荷分布。图8图9分别为PP0和PP-1.0薄膜试样在30、50、70 kV/mm极化条件下放电300 s后的电荷和电场分布情况。
图89可以看出,靠近PP0试样的阴极和阳极附近均出现了与电极极性相反的异极性电荷,异极性电荷的积聚会增强电极附近电场,加剧电荷从电极注入介质内部,同时畸变的电场也会导致电气强度降低。而在PP-1.0试样中,电极附近并未出现空间电荷的积聚,这一方面是由于三元复合聚丙烯薄膜中存在大量深陷阱,可捕获注入的同极性电荷,从而削弱电极附近的电场强度,一定程度上抑制了电荷的注入[10];另一方面,层间界面特有的聚集态结构能够阻挡部分电荷的迁移,进一步抑制了内部电场畸变[12-22]。综上,在三元复合配方和多层结构的共同作用下,电子从电极的注入以及在内部的迁移过程都受到了抑制,因此多层三元复合PP薄膜的电气强度相比单层纯PP薄膜有显著提升。此外,电子的短程迁移还会产生空间电荷极化,与电导共同导致损耗激增,因此多层结构三元复合PP薄膜对空间电荷的限制也是抑制损耗的主要原因。
(1)在多层结构的三元复合PP薄膜中,纳米ZrO2分散较为均匀,多层三元复合薄膜相比单层纯PP薄膜具有更高的结晶度,并且结晶度随纳米粒子含量的升高而下降。
(2)多层三元复合PP薄膜具有更高的介电常数且随纳米ZrO2含量的升高而增大,当纳米ZrO2质量分数达到10%时,复合薄膜的介电常数达到了2.76,相比PP0提高了12.7%;电气强度随纳米粒子含量的升高先上升后下降,在纳米ZrO2质量分数为1.0%时达到了424.3 kV/mm。
(3)三元复合体系以及层间界面能够共同阻碍电子迁移,抑制空间电荷积聚,这是提升电气强度和抑制介质损耗的关键因素。当纳米ZrO2质量分数为1.0%时,多层三元复合薄膜的储能密度达到最大值,相比纯PP薄膜提高了31.3%,并且介质损耗保持在与纯PP薄膜相同的10-3水平。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.01.006
  • 接收时间:2023-01-12
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-12
  • 修回日期:2023-03-01
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国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5500-202155350A-0-0-00)
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    中国电力科学研究院有限公司 电网环境保护国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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