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Using bipolar repetitive square wave voltage, with the help of ultra-high frequency testing method, the influence of the voltage amplitude, frequency, duty ratio and rise time of repetitive square wave on the frequency domain energy distribution of inverter-fed motor inter-turn insulation discharge was experimentally studied. The results show that that the frequency domain energy of discharge above 0.50 GHz increases significantly with the increase of duty ratio; the energy of each frequency band increases with the increase of the pulse voltage amplitude, and the high-frequency energy above 1.50 GHz continues to attenuate with the increase of frequency; the rising rate of pulse voltage has a significant impact on the energy of the discharge frequency domain. The high-frequency energy of the discharge pulse at 1.00-2.00 GHz increases with the increase of the voltage rising rate. When designing the UHF sensor for PDIV test of inverter-fed motor insulation under high-frequency and steep pulse voltage, the influence of the above-mentioned pulse parameters on the energy distribution in frequency domain should be fully considered to improve the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio of the PDIV test.

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采用双极性重复方波电压,借助特高频测试方法,实验研究了重复方波电压幅值、频率、占空比、上升时间对变频电机匝间绝缘放电频域能量分布的影响规律。结果表明:放电0.50 GHz以上频域能量随占空比的增大而明显增加;频域各频段能量随脉冲电压幅值的增大而增加,1.50 GHz以上高频能量随频率的提升不断衰减;脉冲电压上升速率对放电频域能量影响显著,放电脉冲在1.00~2.00 GHz高频能量随电压上升速率的增大而增加。在设计用于高频、陡脉冲电压下变频电机绝缘PDIV测试的特高频传感器时,应充分考虑上述脉冲参数对频域能量的分布影响,以提升PDIV测试的灵敏度和信噪比。

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于超凡(2000-),男(汉族),四川巴中人,本科生,主要从事新能源汽车变频电机绝缘诊断的研究;

王鹏(1982-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要从事电力电子设备绝缘技术的研究。

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于超凡(2000-),男(汉族),四川巴中人,本科生,主要从事新能源汽车变频电机绝缘诊断的研究;

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王鹏(1982-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要从事电力电子设备绝缘技术的研究。

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王鹏(1982-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要从事电力电子设备绝缘技术的研究。

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重复方波参数对变频电机绝缘放电频域能量分布影响研究
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于超凡 , 王鹏 , 马世金 , 李佩宜 , Shakeel AKRAM
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022,55(2): 78-83
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2022, 55(2): 78-83
重复方波参数对变频电机绝缘放电频域能量分布影响研究
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于超凡, 王鹏, 马世金, 李佩宜, Shakeel AKRAM
作者信息
  • 四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
  • 于超凡(2000-),男(汉族),四川巴中人,本科生,主要从事新能源汽车变频电机绝缘诊断的研究;

    王鹏(1982-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要从事电力电子设备绝缘技术的研究。

Influence of Repetitive Square Wave Voltage Parameters on PD Frequency Domain Energy Distribution of Inverter-fed Motor Insulation
Chaofan YU, Peng WANG, Shijin MA, Peiyi LI, Shakeel AKRAM
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2022-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.02.011
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采用双极性重复方波电压,借助特高频测试方法,实验研究了重复方波电压幅值、频率、占空比、上升时间对变频电机匝间绝缘放电频域能量分布的影响规律。结果表明:放电0.50 GHz以上频域能量随占空比的增大而明显增加;频域各频段能量随脉冲电压幅值的增大而增加,1.50 GHz以上高频能量随频率的提升不断衰减;脉冲电压上升速率对放电频域能量影响显著,放电脉冲在1.00~2.00 GHz高频能量随电压上升速率的增大而增加。在设计用于高频、陡脉冲电压下变频电机绝缘PDIV测试的特高频传感器时,应充分考虑上述脉冲参数对频域能量的分布影响,以提升PDIV测试的灵敏度和信噪比。

变频电机  /  局部放电  /  电压幅值  /  占空比  /  上升时间  /  频域能量

Using bipolar repetitive square wave voltage, with the help of ultra-high frequency testing method, the influence of the voltage amplitude, frequency, duty ratio and rise time of repetitive square wave on the frequency domain energy distribution of inverter-fed motor inter-turn insulation discharge was experimentally studied. The results show that that the frequency domain energy of discharge above 0.50 GHz increases significantly with the increase of duty ratio; the energy of each frequency band increases with the increase of the pulse voltage amplitude, and the high-frequency energy above 1.50 GHz continues to attenuate with the increase of frequency; the rising rate of pulse voltage has a significant impact on the energy of the discharge frequency domain. The high-frequency energy of the discharge pulse at 1.00-2.00 GHz increases with the increase of the voltage rising rate. When designing the UHF sensor for PDIV test of inverter-fed motor insulation under high-frequency and steep pulse voltage, the influence of the above-mentioned pulse parameters on the energy distribution in frequency domain should be fully considered to improve the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio of the PDIV test.

inverter-fed motor  /  partial discharge  /  voltage amplitude  /  duty ratio  /  rise time  /  frequency domain energy
于超凡, 王鹏, 马世金, 李佩宜, Shakeel AKRAM. 重复方波参数对变频电机绝缘放电频域能量分布影响研究. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (2) : 78 -83 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.02.011
Chaofan YU, Peng WANG, Shijin MA, Peiyi LI, Shakeel AKRAM. Influence of Repetitive Square Wave Voltage Parameters on PD Frequency Domain Energy Distribution of Inverter-fed Motor Insulation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (2) : 78 -83 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.02.011
采用脉宽调制(pulse-width modulation,PWM)驱动的变频电机具有优异的启动和调速性能,在新能源汽车、高速铁路和工业生产等领域得到了广泛应用。与传统三相交流电机相比,变频电机工作在电力电子产生的PWM电压下,受到馈电电缆、变频器阻抗不匹配等因素影响,电机端部易产生明显过电压。当此过电压在电机绕组中分布不均时,绝缘系统局部承受高频、快速变化的脉冲电压冲击,易发生局部放电,加速绝缘老化,导致绝缘早期失效[1-3]
低压散绕电机绝缘系统中含有较多有机材料组分,属于I型绝缘结构,在电机全生命周期内不应有放电存在,一般出现放电即判定绝缘失效。根据国际电工技术委员会(IEC)相关标准[4],应联合采用正弦和重复脉冲对绝缘系统进行局部放电起始电压(PDIV)测试。并且,电机设计时绝缘系统运行电压应以较大裕度低于PDIV,以确保在电机服役周期内不产生放电引起的加速老化[5]。可见,PDIV测试是保证低压散绕变频电机绝缘系统安全的重要手段。
一般来讲,相间绝缘和主绝缘PDIV测试可采用正弦电压替代重复脉冲。然而,为模拟变频器产生的PWM电压在低压散绕绝缘中的不均匀分布现象,必须采用与变频器具有相似重复脉冲电压上升速率(dV/dt)的重复脉冲进行匝间绝缘PDIV测试[6]。测试过程中,应缓慢提升电压幅值,直至第一个放电出现,以得到激发放电的最小电压值,即PDIV。
正弦电压下PDIV测试技术(IEC 60270-2015)在工业界已有成熟应用。然而,模拟PWM电压的重复脉冲具有较复杂的波形参数,且IEC相关国际标准对测试参数未有明确定义。大量研究表明,在具有短于100 ns上升时间的重复脉冲电压下进行PDIV测试时,产生重复脉冲电压的电力电子器件会在时频域产生与放电信号重合的高频干扰,此干扰可能会损坏传感器及弱电处理单元。并且,如采用类似于正弦下直接耦合的测试方法,放电脉冲会淹没在电力电子开断干扰中。可见,在强电磁干扰的影响下,正弦电压下频带为500 MHz以下的放电测试技术,已不再适用于高频、快速变化的重复脉冲电压下的PDIV测试[7]
采用电磁检测方法,可有效提取重复脉冲电压下放电的更高频率能量。研究表明,电力电子高频干扰(脉冲电源干扰)大多分布在500 MHz以下,特高频测试方法可避开500 MHz以下电力电子开断干扰的影响,是 IEC 61934-2011、IEC 60034-27-5-2021等标准重点推荐的方法[8]。可见,采用特高频传感器提取局部放电频域能量信号,通过频域滤波,以500 MHz以上的放电频域能量识别首次放电出现,对提升测试系统的灵敏度具有重要意义。
然而,受到重复脉冲电压复杂参数(如幅值、上升时间、频率、占空比等)的影响,放电特性可能会产生较大变化,特高频传感器常不能有效地采集局部放电激发的电磁信号,必须关注脉冲参数对放电频域能量分布规律的影响,结合天线的工作原理设计并选择具有合适参数的特高频传感器,提升PDIV测试过程中的信噪比和灵敏度。
初步研究表明,dV/dt对变频电机绕组匝间绝缘放电量、放电次数、放电分布特性影响显著[9-11],电压峰峰值、极性等参数对放电谱图也有一定影响[12-13]。然而,迄今为止,还未见关于复杂脉冲参数对放电频域能量分布影响的系统研究。
对此,本研究借助重复脉冲电压参数可调的高频脉冲发生器和宽频带特高频传感器,采用变频电机匝间绝缘试样,研究重复脉冲幅值、频率、占空比、上升时间等PWM关键参数对放电频域能量分布特性的影响,希望能为变频电机绝缘PDIV测试时特高频传感器参数优化、重复脉冲电压参数的选择提供实验及理论参考,进而提升测试灵敏度和信噪比。
散绕电机匝间绝缘主要由漆包线组成,虽然生产过程中会进行绝缘真空浸渍处理,但无法完全消除匝间绝缘中存在的气隙。根据GB/T 4074.5—2008,将长度约为40 cm、耐热等级为155级(F)的聚氨酯漆包线在绞线机上扭绞成长度约为12.5 cm、漆包线夹角约为60°的绞线对,模拟存在气隙的变频电机匝间绝缘[14],用于重复脉冲电压下实验研究低压变频电机多点放电电磁波的频域能量特性。测试前,对绝缘表面进行预处理,使用无水酒精清洗漆包线表面,去除表面可能存在的杂质。然后将试样放于烘箱中烘焙24 h以消除水分。为排除偶然因素的影响,获得准确的局部放电统计特性,相同条件下至少测试5个试样,每个测试条件下,均采集300个周期内的局部放电脉冲,经过傅里叶变换后,对不同测试条件下的局部放电频谱进行统一绘制,得到放电频域统计特性。
重复脉冲电压下绝缘放电测试系统如图1所示。系统由重复方波高压电源、高压探头、特高频天线传感器(VSWR<2,工作频带为0.5~2.0 GHz,能耗低于10%)、示波器(带宽为2.5 GHz)、温湿度控制箱、频域滤波器等组成。重复脉冲电源可产生脉冲幅值为0~20 kV、上升时间为10~600 ns、占空比为1%~99%、频率为1 Hz~20 kHz的重复脉冲电压。试样置于温湿度控制箱内以保证测试时的温湿度恒定。特高频天线置于控制箱外约15 cm处接收放电信号,经过检波和滤波后输入至数字示波器通道1,高压脉冲电源的电压信号通过1 000∶1、带宽为50 MHz的高压探头分压后接入通道2作为同步信号。
经初步测试,待测试样的PDIV约为2.0 kV。因此,为研究占空比对匝间绝缘放电频域能量分布的影响,固定双极性重复方波峰峰值为2.4 kV、脉冲上升时间为200 ns、频率为200 Hz。通过改变重复脉冲发生器的触发信号得到占空比分别为10%、20%、30%、40%、50%的重复方波。在电压上升沿处激励试样产生放电,采用特高频传感器记录放电脉冲。多次测量得到不同电压占空比下的放电频谱如图2所示。从图2可以看出,在占空比小于20%时,放电脉冲频谱主要分布在0.50~1.50 GHz,1.50~2.00 GHz频段未发现有明显的能量分布,且0.50~1.00 GHz内的能量占比高于1.00~1.50 GHz的能量占比。随着测试电压占空比的增加,放电脉冲在各频率处的幅值增大,频谱变宽,当占空比大于20%时,1.50~2.00 GHz开始出现能量分布。
为定量研究不同频率区间内放电脉冲频域能量的变化情况,引入频域能量积分值 Ef式(1)[15]所示。
Ef=flfh|F(f)|2df
式(1)中:fh为不同频段频率上限;fl为不同频段频率下限;f为频率;Ff)为局部放电脉冲的傅里叶变换结果。
将放电能量分为低频E1(0.50~1.00 GHz)、中频 E2(1.00~1.50 GHz)以及高频E3(1.50~2.00 GHz)3个部分。图3为放电脉冲频域能量分布图。从图3可以看出,在不同占空比下,各频段能量在放电信号中的占比呈现相同变化规律。放电脉冲频域能量主要集中在低频E1,中频E2有部分能量,高频E3几乎没有能量分布。随占空比的增大,E1E2E3均呈增长趋势,高频成分E3的增长速度远大于E1E2
可见,在进行重复方波电压下的PDIV测试时,采用50%占空比重复方波,系统能探测到更多的放电频域能量,有利于提升测试灵敏度。如采用小占空比重复方波电压(如10%),系统探测到放电能量较小,在设计传感器时应着重提高传感器在0.5~1.5 GHz 的增益以获取较多高频放电能量。
频率是驱动变频电机逆变器输出波形的重要参数,开关频率提升有利于提升电力电子装置的能量密度、降低开关损耗和开关噪声。在进行PDIV测试时,研究方波电压频率对放电统计特性的影响较为重要[16-17]
固定双极性重复方波电压峰峰值、上升时间、占空比分别为3.5 kV、600 ns、50%,通过改变重复方波电源的触发信号得到频率为50 Hz、1 kHz、2 kHz和5 kHz的重复脉冲。在4种频率下检测试样的放电频域能量,得到放电频谱分布如图4所示。
图4可以看出,在脉冲电压频率为50 Hz时,放电频域能量分布较广,能量主要分布在0.50~1.50 GHz,1.50~1.75 GHz具有少量能量,1.75~2.00 GHz几乎没有能量分布。随着脉冲电压频率增加,频谱范围逐渐变窄。当测试电压频率大于1.00 kHz时,1.75~2.00 GHz频段能量几乎衰减至0。随着电压频率增加至5.00 kHz,无能量分布的频段扩大至1.50~2.00 GHz。计算频域能量Ef,得到放电脉冲频域能量分布图,如图5所示。
图5表明放电脉冲的频域能量主要集中在E1E2E3内仅分布少量的能量。随着频率的增加,E1E2E3能量分布均呈减小趋势,且总体衰减速度近似相等。可见,随着频率的增加,在各个频段放电能量都有所衰减,必然会影响重复方波电压下PDIV测试的灵敏度。根据放电机理及已有报道[18],频率并不直接影响绝缘的PDIV。故低频和高频电压下应得到相似的PDIV,即方波电压频率对绝缘实际PDIV影响较小。因此,在进行重复方波电压下PDIV测试时,采用低频方波电压采集局部放电频域能量,更有利于提升测试灵敏度。
上升时间是PWM电压的重要参数。一方面,上升时间会影响变频电机端部过电压及电压在绕组中的分布特性[19-20];另一方面,上升时间也受到电力电子功率器件开关特性、外部负载特性等因素影响。在进行PDIV测试时,上升时间是重复方波电压的重要参数,必须考虑其对PDIV测试过程和测试结果的影响。
固定重复脉冲电压频率、幅值、占空比分别为50 Hz、3.5 kV和50%,通过改变高压电路充放电电阻参数,得到上升时间分别为60、200、500、1 000 ns的重复方波电压,研究待测试样在不同电压上升时间下的频域能量分布,将不同上升时间下放电频谱绘制于图6。由图6可知,在上升时间较短时,放电脉冲频谱能量增大,且主要分布在0.50~1.00 GHz和1.00~1.50 GHz,而1.50~2.00 GHz仅有少量能量。随着测试电压上升时间的增加,放电脉冲在各频率处的幅值减小,频谱范围变窄。0.50~1.50 GHz的能量占比远高于1.50~2.00 GHz。
图7为3个不同频域能量随上升时间变化的统计特性。图7表明,随着电压上升时间的增加,各频段的频域能量均快速下降。放电脉冲频域能量E1E2E3随电压上升时间的增加总体呈减小趋势,高频成分E3在500 ns上升时间电压下迅速衰减,E2的衰减速度和E1的衰减速度几乎相同,随着上升时间从60 ns增长至500 ns,频域能量的衰减速度不断加快。
可见,上升时间对放电信号频域分布影响显著,短上升时间激发的放电信号高频能量较多,采用高频响应较好的特高频传感器易获取放电能量,发现放电,从而提升测试灵敏度。然而,随着上升时间的增加,电力电子器件开断动作也必然产生时频域幅值增加的干扰,此时,改进高频成分的传感器增益性能,也更利于测试信噪比的提升。
固定重复脉冲电压频率、上升时间、占空比分别为50 Hz、200 ns和50%,通过改变直流母线电压,在峰峰值分别为2.0、2.4、2.8、3.2、3.6、4.0 kV的重复脉冲电压下采集匝间绝缘试样的放电信号,得到不同电压峰峰值下放电频域平均频谱如图8所示。
图8可知,不同放电幅值下放电能量主要分布在 0.50~1.25 GHz和1.50~1.75 GHz。随着测试电压幅值增加,放电脉冲在各频段的幅值增大,频谱范围呈变宽趋势,但在0.50~1.25 GHz频段的能量占比远高于1.50~1.75 GHz。因此,仅将频段能量分为低频E1 (0.50~1.00 GHz)和高频E2(1.00~2.00 GHz)。
图9为频域能量分布图。从图9可以看出,放电脉冲频域能量E1E2随电压幅值增加呈明显增长趋势,且二者的增长速度相近,E1E2在局部放电能量中所占比例基本保持不变。在电压达到PDIV时,放电幅值较小,如果传感器增益较小,首次放电可能会淹没在背景噪声或电力电子高频开断干扰中,此时需提升传感器的增益才能探测到首次放电。
(1)不同的脉冲参数下,放电频域能量主要集中在0.75 GHz和1.25 GHz附近,特高频传感器有效工作频带应覆盖0.5~2.0 GHz。重复方波幅值增加,各频段内放电脉冲频域能量增大,PDIV测试时也更易检测出放电,发现绝缘系统的潜在缺陷。
(2)随着重复方波电压占空比在0~50%增加,重复方波上升沿处的放电能量在1.5~2.0 GHz频段内提升显著,说明占空比为50%的对称方波电压有利于提升重复方波电压下PDIV测试灵敏度。
(3)重复方波电压上升时间对整个频段范围内放电能量分布影响明显,高频成分随上升时间减小而增加。说明提升0.5~1.5 GHz处的特高频传感器增益,结合0.5 GHz下频率滤波,有利于提升PDIV测试信噪比。
(4)重复方波电压频率增加,频率放电能量减少,说明在进行PDIV测试时,低频方波更易提升测试信噪比。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977134)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.02.011
  • 接收时间:2021-03-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-21
  • 修回日期:2021-05-04
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977134)
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    四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
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