Article(id=1209857944020193639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209857942514438502, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.02.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1619539200000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-28, revisedDate=1626364800000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766382211927, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1645286400000, pubDateStr=2022-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766382211927, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766382211927, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766382211927, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209857942514438502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2022', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='127', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766382211568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766562990768, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210616185499021709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209857942514438502, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210616185499021710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209857942514438502, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209857944280240489, articleId=1209857944020193639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Progress on Research and Applications of Semi-alicyclic Colorless and Transparent Polyimide Films, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The research status and development tendency of semi-alicyclic colorless and transparent polyimide(CPI) film was reviewed from several aspects, including its developing history, important monomers, resins synthesis technology, film production technology, and the practical applications of CPI films in advanced optoelectronic fields. Emphatically, the current hot-topics in the development of semi-alicyclic CPI films were presented, and the future developing trends of semi-alicyclic CPI films were prospected.

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从半脂环型无色透明聚酰亚胺(CPI)薄膜的发展历史、制造用关键单体、树脂合成技术、薄膜生产技术及其在光电器件中的应用等角度综述了半脂环型CPI薄膜的研究现状及未来发展趋势。重点介绍了半脂环型CPI薄膜当前的发展热点,并对半脂环型CPI薄膜的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

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吴琳(1996-),女(汉族),山东淄博人,硕士生,主要从事无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究;

刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,主要从事电工与电子绝缘用聚合物材料的基础与应用研究。

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吴琳(1996-),女(汉族),山东淄博人,硕士生,主要从事无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究;

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吴琳(1996-),女(汉族),山东淄博人,硕士生,主要从事无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究;

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刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,主要从事电工与电子绝缘用聚合物材料的基础与应用研究。

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刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,主要从事电工与电子绝缘用聚合物材料的基础与应用研究。

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应用领域OLED基板(有色PI)OLED基板(CPI)LCD基板(CPI)TSP基板(CPI)
1%失重温度/℃>560>500>400>400
Tg/℃>470>400>300>300
CTE/(×10-6/℃)<10(50~500℃)<10(50~400℃)<20(50~250℃)<50(50~250℃)
Rth(nm@10μm)<1 000<200<100
T550/%>88>88>90
拉伸强度/MPa>440>280>150>100
拉伸模量/GPa>10>10>4>3
), ArticleFig(id=1210905926370988841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209857944020193639, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

应用于柔性显示器件的PI材料的主要性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用领域OLED基板(有色PI)OLED基板(CPI)LCD基板(CPI)TSP基板(CPI)
1%失重温度/℃>560>500>400>400
Tg/℃>470>400>300>300
CTE/(×10-6/℃)<10(50~500℃)<10(50~400℃)<20(50~250℃)<50(50~250℃)
Rth(nm@10μm)<1 000<200<100
T550/%>88>88>90
拉伸强度/MPa>440>280>150>100
拉伸模量/GPa>10>10>4>3
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半脂环型无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜研究与应用进展
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吴琳 1 , 职欣心 1 , 何志斌 2 , 袁舜奇 2 , 谈瑶瑶 1 , 张燕 1 , 刘金刚 1
绝缘材料 | 综述 2022,55(2): 1-11
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2022, 55(2): 1-11
半脂环型无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜研究与应用进展
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吴琳1, 职欣心1, 何志斌2, 袁舜奇2, 谈瑶瑶1, 张燕1, 刘金刚1
作者信息
  • 1中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2深圳瑞华泰薄膜科技股份有限公司,广东 深圳 518105
  • 吴琳(1996-),女(汉族),山东淄博人,硕士生,主要从事无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究;

    刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,主要从事电工与电子绝缘用聚合物材料的基础与应用研究。

Progress on Research and Applications of Semi-alicyclic Colorless and Transparent Polyimide Films
Lin WU1, Xinxin ZHI1, Zhibin HE2, Shunqi YUAN2, Yaoyao TAN1, Yan ZHANG1, Jingang LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2RAYITEK Hi-Tech Film Company, Ltd., Shenzhen 518105, China
出版时间: 2022-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.02.001
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从半脂环型无色透明聚酰亚胺(CPI)薄膜的发展历史、制造用关键单体、树脂合成技术、薄膜生产技术及其在光电器件中的应用等角度综述了半脂环型CPI薄膜的研究现状及未来发展趋势。重点介绍了半脂环型CPI薄膜当前的发展热点,并对半脂环型CPI薄膜的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

无色透明聚酰亚胺  /  薄膜  /  脂环二酐  /  柔性显示

The research status and development tendency of semi-alicyclic colorless and transparent polyimide(CPI) film was reviewed from several aspects, including its developing history, important monomers, resins synthesis technology, film production technology, and the practical applications of CPI films in advanced optoelectronic fields. Emphatically, the current hot-topics in the development of semi-alicyclic CPI films were presented, and the future developing trends of semi-alicyclic CPI films were prospected.

colorless and transparent polyimide  /  films  /  alicyclic dianhydrides  /  flexible display
吴琳, 职欣心, 何志斌, 袁舜奇, 谈瑶瑶, 张燕, 刘金刚. 半脂环型无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜研究与应用进展. 绝缘材料, 2022 , 55 (2) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.02.001
Lin WU, Xinxin ZHI, Zhibin HE, Shunqi YUAN, Yaoyao TAN, Yan ZHANG, Jingang LIU. Progress on Research and Applications of Semi-alicyclic Colorless and Transparent Polyimide Films[J]. Insulating Materials, 2022 , 55 (2) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.02.001
近年来,无色透明聚酰亚胺(CPI)薄膜在柔性电子等新兴领域的强大需求牵引下得到了快速的发展[1-3]。在基础与应用研究方面,CPI薄膜都展现出了旺盛的生命力,成为高性能聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜材料家族中的宠儿。CPI薄膜的问世无论是在外观颜色还是在性能方面均颠覆了人们对传统PI薄膜的认识,引发了学术界与产业界的高度重视。CPI薄膜之所以能够得到如此广泛的重视,与其优良的综合性能密不可分。如图1所示,迄今为止,CPI薄膜一直占据着有机高分子光学薄膜金字塔的顶端[4]。CPI薄膜的用量虽然远不及其他常规高分子光学薄膜,如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚碳酸酯(PC)等,但其热稳定性和附加值却是目前所有高分子光学薄膜中最高的。优良的综合特性使得CPI薄膜在柔性显示、柔性太阳能电池、柔性透明印制线路板等领域具有广泛的应用前景,如图2所示[5]
据国际权威机构IHS Market统计,2019年全球PI薄膜的消耗量已经达到20 000吨左右。虽然这其中CPI薄膜所占份额相对较低,但2019年被公认为柔性显示器件的元年,同时也是“5G时代”的元年,因此CPI薄膜未来的发展前景将十分广阔。目前市场上推出的数款柔性可折叠移动通讯产品均采用了CPI作为盖板(cover window)以及柔性触控组件(touch sensor panel,TSP)的基板材料[6]。可以预见,在未来的很长一段时间里,CPI薄膜将一直是特种PI薄膜材料基础与应用研究领域内的热点,而其市场份额也将会在PI薄膜材料中占据重要的地位。
自标准型聚(均苯四甲酸二酐-4,4′-二胺基二苯醚)PI薄膜于20世纪60年代由美国杜邦公司首次实现商业化以来,PI薄膜的发展步伐始终伴随着航空、航天、电子、电工等下游高技术领域的应用需求牵引,同时PI薄膜的快速发展又离不开上游单体以及助剂的支撑。图3给出了常规的PI薄膜产业发展链条,CPI薄膜的发展也同样遵循这样的产业规律。下游微电子与光电子产业是中游CPI薄膜、清漆以及树脂产业化的强大需求牵引。而CPI薄膜的强大发展态势也引发了上游单体以及助剂产业的积极回应。据此CPI薄膜产业形成了“以市场需求为导向、以技术创新为核心、以原材料研发为基础”的良性发展链条。
本文着眼于国内外近年来在CPI薄膜,特别是半脂环型CPI薄膜产业发展领域中的最新进展情况,对CPI薄膜产业链中的重要环节,包括特种单体、CPI树脂与清漆以及CPI薄膜的制造与应用等方面进行了简要的综述。
人们开始研究CPI薄膜的时间与标准型PI薄膜的商业化时间几乎是同步的[7]。CPI薄膜的发展先后经历了“概念期”、“探索期”、“应用期”和“高速增长期”等4个阶段。
1964年美国杜邦公司首次商业化了标准型PI薄膜Kapton®。1967年杜邦公司提出了含氟CPI薄膜的概念,并意识到其潜在的基础研究与商业价值,申请了基于含六氟二酐单体4,4′-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA)的CPI薄膜专利[8]
20世纪80年代,人们开始探索CPI薄膜的应用问题。美国国家航空航天局(NASA)以及苏联的科研人员基于空间探测对于耐高温透明薄膜的应用需求,都先后开展了含氟型CPI薄膜的应用基础研究,基于6FDA单体的CPI薄膜逐渐在空间领域中开始得到关注。
20世纪90年代,鉴于CPI薄膜在光电器件产业中巨大的市场应用前景,国外开始加速CPI薄膜的应用与产业化研究,并逐步实现产业化。日本电讯电话公司(NTT)首次系统开展了CPI薄膜在光纤通讯领域的应用研究[9-10]。开发的基于6FDA与含氟二胺单体、2,2′-双(三氟甲基)-4,4′-二氨基联苯(TFMB)的CPI薄膜以及基于全氟二酐、1,4-双(3,4-二羧基三氟苯氧基)四氟苯二酐(10FEDA)与全氟二胺、四氟间苯二胺(4FMPD)的CPI薄膜在光纤通讯波段(1.0~1.7 μm)显示了良好的透光率。美国NASA前期开发的两款具有优良空间环境稳定性的含氟CPI薄膜,包括LaRC-CP1®以及LaRC-CP2®,经过不断的完善,逐步实现了批量化生产,其中LaRC-CP1®薄膜在地球同步轨道(GEO)得到应用验证,稳定工作寿命长达10年以上。工业化双向拉伸制备工艺使得上述两款CPI薄膜的力学性能得到了极大的提升,可满足空间应用需求[11]
21世纪前10年,CPI薄膜的商业化步伐逐渐加速。美国杜邦公司开展了6FDA型CPI薄膜的产业化研究,利用其在通用型PI薄膜产业化领域内的丰富经验实现了含氟型CPI薄膜的产业化,并于2005年获得了授权专利[12]。随后韩国Kolon公司以及我国台湾地区的达迈公司均采用含氟路线实现了CPI薄膜的产业化,除了含氟型CPI薄膜外,另外一类CPI薄膜——脂环型CPI薄膜也在同期得到了快速的发展。日本三菱瓦斯株式会社(MGC)2007年宣布其半脂环型CPI薄膜Neopulim®的半工业生产装置投入使用。
2010年以来,在以柔性显示、柔性太阳能电池等领域为代表的柔性电子产业需求牵引下,CPI薄膜的发展迎来了高速增长期。柔性显示技术的发展极大地促进了CPI薄膜的产业化进程。CPI薄膜目前在柔性显示器件中主要用作柔性有源矩阵有机电致发光(F-AMOLED)器件的基板(substrate)、盖板(cover window)与触控屏(TSP)基板,此外在柔性液晶显示器件(F-LCD)中也用作基板材料,如图4所示。上述应用对CPI薄膜的性能有显著的不同要求。F-AMOLED器件要求最终固化的CPI薄膜的线性热膨胀系数CTE≤20×10-6/K、玻璃化转变温度(Tg)≥400℃;而F-LCD器件由于与F-AMOLED器件制造流程的差异,对CPI基板耐热性能的要求相对较低。柔性TSP用CPI基板虽然对CTE与Tg的要求都相对较低,但对CPI薄膜光学延迟(Rth)的要求却明显高于其他两种应用。2012年,我国台湾地区工业技术研究院针对脂环型CPI薄膜高温尺寸稳定性较差的性能缺陷,成功开发了有机/无机杂化CPI薄膜[13]。杂化型CPI薄膜的设计理念在后续柔性可折叠便携式移动通讯设备的商业化进程中扮演了关键的角色。韩国Kolon公司的含氟型CPI薄膜则获得了2018年度国际信息显示协会(SID)的显示工业奖。
综合CPI薄膜从诞生到发展的半个多世纪历程可以看出,目前CPI薄膜在化学组成结构方面主要包括3大体系:含氟型、半脂环型以及二者的复合型,如图5所示。
上述CPI薄膜体系的共同点均是通过结构设计来减少传统PI薄膜分子结构中电荷转移络合物(CTC)的形成,从而减少对可见光的吸收,进而赋予PI薄膜优良的无色透明特性[14-15];不同点主要在于实现减少CTC的途径不同。含氟型CPI是利用含氟基团较高的电负性来切断电子云从电子给体(二胺部分)到电子受体(二酐部分)间的流动;而半脂环型CPI薄膜则是通过减弱PI分子链的共轭特性来实现阻断电子云流动的目的[16]。由于实现无色透明化的途径不同,造成了不同种类CPI薄膜的性能特点也显著不同。图6总结了目前含氟型以及半脂环型CPI薄膜的性能特点。含氟型CPI薄膜本质上是全芳香结构,因此薄膜具有优良的耐热稳定性、相对较低的CTE以及本征阻燃等优点[17]。但含氟基团的引入会在较大程度上降低单体,特别是二胺单体的反应活性,因此采用常规聚合工艺往往难以获得高分子量聚合物。含氟型CPI薄膜的产线制备往往采用两步法工艺,也就是首先制得聚酰亚胺前驱体——聚酰胺酸(PAA)溶液,然后再经过高温亚胺化工艺,脱水制得CPI薄膜。为了保证亚胺化程度的完全,最终亚胺化温度要高达350℃。而要保证CPI薄膜在如此高的工艺温度下依然保持优良的无色透明性,需要在产线的高温段进行充分有效的惰性气体防护,因此产线设计复杂,投资较高。对于半脂环型CPI薄膜,尤其是基于脂环族二酐与芳香族二胺单体的品种而言,脂环结构引入二酐单体后往往会赋予CPI树脂在有机溶剂中良好的溶解性,因此可以采用低温固化工艺制备CPI薄膜。由于半脂环型CPI树脂本身已经是预亚胺化的,制备CPI薄膜时的工艺温度仅是去除溶剂以及后亚胺化所需的温度,这样可以避免CPI薄膜在高温时的变色现象。而且固化反应过程主要是脱除溶剂的物理反应,因此薄膜内部微缺陷相对较少。上述结构与工艺特征赋予了半脂环型CPI薄膜良好的光学性能、力学性能和工艺性能。目前制约半脂环型CPI薄膜发展的瓶颈主要是薄膜的线性热膨胀系数(CTE)较高、阻燃性以及耐黄变性相对较差等[18]。尽管如此,通过结构与组成改性,半脂环型CPI薄膜的性能缺陷可得到了极大的改善,近年来其应用领域不断拓展。
单体在半脂环型CPI薄膜研究与开发过程中占据着重要的地位。CPI薄膜的性能在很大程度上是由单体的结构特征而决定的。对于半脂环型CPI薄膜而言,从化学结构角度出发可分为两种类型,分别是由脂环族二酐单体与芳香族二胺单体聚合制备的CPI,或者是由芳香族二酐单体与脂环族二胺单体聚合制备的CPI(如图5所示)。其中,由脂环族二酐单体与芳香族二胺单体反应制备的CPI薄膜通常具有更为优异的综合性能,包括更高的分子量以及更优的力学性能等。而芳香族二酐单体与脂环族二胺单体聚合过程中往往会由于脂环族二胺单体过高的碱性而出现反应成盐的现象,进而阻止树脂分子量的进一步增加[19]。因此脂环族二酐单体的研制与开发对于CPI薄膜的发展就显得尤为重要。但是脂环族二酐单体在合成过程中往往需要使用光照、臭氧氧化、高压加氢还原等工艺。不仅反应条件苛刻,收率也相对较低[20]。因此商业化脂环族二酐单体的种类十分有限,成本高昂,也直接造成了半脂环族CPI薄膜的价格较为昂贵,进而限制了其在光电领域的广泛应用。近年来,脂环族二酐单体的低成本制造技术取得了重要的进展。
脂环族二酐在化学结构与聚合特性方面具有如下特征:①空间构型的多样性。众多脂环族二酐单体存在不同的空间构型与构象,而不同构型与构象结构会对二酐单体的聚合反应特性产生显著影响。例如,对于氢化均苯四甲酸二酐而言,理论计算表明,其存在6~7种空间构型,而目前只有其中的3种应用于商业化CPI薄膜的制备;②聚合反应活性差异明显。二酐与二胺单体制备PAA的反应本质上是二胺单体中的氨基对二酐单体中酸酐基团的羰基碳的亲核进攻,然后酸酐环打开形成酰胺酸基团。因此理论上而言,二胺单元含有供电子基团(碱度越高),或者二酐单元含有吸电子基团(酸度越高)均有助于聚合反应的进行。脂环族二酐单体相对于芳香族二酐单体,其分子结构中共轭作用弱,不利于羰基的亲电取代反应。对于单环二酐单体,如CBDA、H-PMDA等而言,其仍可表现出较高的聚合活性,但对于双环或多环脂环二酐单体而言,其聚合活性则受分子结构中特征基团的影响较大。
H SUKUZI等[21]报道了CBDA的合成与晶体结构。CBDA通常由顺丁烯二酸酐(MA)通过紫外光(UV)辐照诱发的二聚反应制备。研究人员系统研究了反应条件对CBDA收率的影响,结果显示,CBDA在紫外光照条件下的收率由大到小的溶剂顺序为:乙酸乙酯(45%/(kW·h))、丙酮(25%/(kW·h))、二氧六环(17.5%/(kW·h))、乙腈(15%/(kW·h))、环己烷(0)。反应温度方面,低温反应(6℃)制备CBDA的收率明显高于常温(20℃)制备。光源方面,采用功率为100 W的内置高压汞灯(λ=270~350 nm)辐照MA/乙酸乙酯溶液制备CBDA的收率显著高于采用160 W的内置低压汞灯(λ=253.7 nm)、200W外置高压汞灯以及500 W氙灯的收率。光源冷却管方面,采用Pyrex玻璃光源冷却管制备CBDA的收率(62.5%)显著高于采用石英玻璃光源冷却管的收率(30.0%)。X-射线衍射结果显示,UV光照制备的CBDA主要是反式结构。M HASEGAWA等[22]制备了1,3-二甲基-1,2,3,4-环丁烷四酸二酐(DM-CBDA),该反应采用2-甲基马来酸酐为起始原料,二氧六环为反应溶剂,二苯甲酮为增感剂,100 W超高压汞灯为光源,于10℃下反应18 h得到了目标化合物,收率为10%~12%。采用类似的工艺还制备了1,2,3,4-四甲基-CBDA(TM-CBDA),收率高达91%。XU Wenhua等[23]报道了采用微反应器,利用气-液泰勒流动原理高效制备CBDA的工艺,驻留时间为30 min、毛细管内径为0.5 mm时,CBDA的收率可达到66.3%。
氢化均苯四甲酸二酐(H-PMDA)是另外一类重要的商业化脂环二酐单体,其典型合成工艺如图7所示[24-25]。H-PMDA的3种常见立体异构体包括:1S,2R,4S,5R-HPMDA(H-PMDA)、1S,2S,4R,5R-HPMDA(H′-PMDA)以及1R,2S,4S,5R-HPMDA(H″-PMDA)。H-PMDA分子结构呈现为船式,4个羰基均是-exo构型,即均朝向外侧,聚合时的立体障碍较大;H′-PMDA与H″-PMDA分子结构中,两个羰基是-exo构型,朝向外侧,而另外两个羰基是-endo构型,朝向内侧,聚合时的立体障碍相对较小。H′-PMDA分子结构呈现为椅式,而H″-PMDA分子结构呈现为船式,这些结构特征赋予了3种异构体不同的聚合特性以及最终CPI薄膜不同的性能特征。
2015年,日本JSR株式会社的T UNO等[26]报道了基于反式-1,2,3,4-环戊烷四酸二酐(t-CPDA)单体的半脂环族CPI薄膜。测试结果显示,反式结构的t-CPDA二酐单体与芳香族二胺单体,如2,2-双[(4-胺基苯氧基)苯基]丙烷(BAPP)聚合时表现出了较高的反应活性。制备的CPI树脂在极性非质子性溶剂中具有良好的溶解性。制备的CPI薄膜具有优良的综合性能,可见光区透光率为89%,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)超过350℃,拉伸强度为120 MPa,断裂伸长率为82%,拉伸模量为3.5 GPa,各方面性能均优于同等条件下制备的基于2,3,5-三羧基环戊烷基乙酸二酐(TCA-AH)或H-PMDA二酐单体的CPI薄膜。
近年来,有关其他立体异构型脂环族二酐单体研究方面也取得了一些进展。XU Xiaofan等[27]制备了脂环结构2R,5R,7S,10S-萘烷四酸二酐(HNTDA),并与芳香族二胺单体聚合制备了一系列CPI薄膜。测试结果表明,萘烷结构的引入赋予了CPI薄膜良好的光学透明性,紫外截止波长低于340 nm,400 nm波长处的透光率超过80%。HOU Ziwen等[28]基于具有不同构型的氢化双酚A(H-BPA)制备了含有H-BPA链节的半脂环族二胺单体H′-BPDA与H″-BPDA,并分别与6FDA进行聚合,制备了一系列CPI薄膜。测试结果显示,随着共聚CPI薄膜组分中H″-BPDA含量的降低,薄膜的Tg由249℃升高到268℃,表明异构化结构对CPI薄膜的耐热性能具有一定的影响。制备的CPI薄膜在450 nm波长处的透光率以及紫外截止波长受H″-BPDA含量的影响较小,分别保持在73%~75%以及320~328 nm。
日本Eneos株式会社与日本东京工艺大学的松本利彦合作商业化了一类分子结构中含有螺降冰片烷结构的刚性脂环族二酐单体,环戊酮-α′-螺环-2″-降冰片烷-5,5″,6,6″-四酸二酐(CpODA)与环己酮-α′-螺环-2″-降冰片烷-5,5″,6,6″-四酸二酐(ChODA)。该类脂环族二酐单体在制备耐高温、低热膨胀半脂环型CPI薄膜方面具有良好的应用前景[29-30]
文献[31-32]针对传统商业化脂环族二酐单体价格昂贵的问题,以廉价的MA与4-氟苯乙烯为原料,采用工业气体一氧化氮(NO)气体催化,一步高产率制得了分子结构中同时含有脂环以及含氟基团的二酐单体,如图8(a)所示。采用该路线可以低成本地制备脂环族二酐单体,而且制备的单体易于提纯,进而用于CPI薄膜的制备。此外,该系列单体可以根据引入不同的R取代基赋予PI薄膜不同的功能。例如,当R为长烷基侧链时,制备的PI对液晶分子具有良好的取向性,可用作薄膜晶体管驱动液晶显示器(TFT-LCD)的取向膜。当R为-F取代基时,制备的PI薄膜具有良好的光学透明性等。在此之后,ZHI Xinxin等[33]采用3,4-二羧基-1,2,3,4-四氢-1-萘琥珀酸二酐(TDA)为原料,进一步将其分子结构中的四氢化萘还原为全氢化萘,制得了3,4-二羧基-1,2,3,4-全氢萘-1-丁二酸酐(H-TDA)二酐单体,如图8(b)所示。测试结果显示由该单体制备的半脂环族CPI薄膜具有良好的光学透明性以及对液晶分子良好的取向特性。
综上所述,脂环族二酐单体作为CPI薄膜发展的重要基础组成部分近年来得到了广泛的关注。功能化与低成本成为目前脂环族二酐单体发展的主要趋势。各种功能性脂环族二酐单体的成功商业化使得CPI薄膜的制备得到了快速的发展。
如前所述,脂环族二酐单体由于反应活性的问题,与芳香族二胺通过常规的“低温溶液缩聚法”通常无法制得分子量足够高的聚酰胺酸,进而无法在后续薄膜产线上获得高品质的CPI薄膜。因此目前商业化半脂环族CPI薄膜往往是首先采用“一步高温溶液缩聚法”制得高分子量可溶性的CPI树脂,然后将其溶解于良溶剂,如N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)中配制成溶液,然后在薄膜产线上进行热固化以及同步或者异步双向拉伸操作,最终制得半脂环族CPI薄膜。由此可见,对于半脂环族CPI薄膜而言,CPI树脂性能的优劣将直接影响最终薄膜的品质。
文献[34-36]系统研究了H-PMDA二酐单体的空间构型对其聚合活性以及最终CPI薄膜性能的影响。H-PMDA分子结构中的环己烷具有多种空间立体构型,赋予了该单体多变的立体结构[37-39]。研究人员将3种H-PMDA异构体与柔性芳香族二胺(4,4′-ODA)以及刚性芳香族二胺(TFMB)的聚合行为及对最终CPI薄膜性能的影响归纳为如图9所示的蛛网图。对于柔性二胺单体4,4′-ODA而言(图9(a)),3种二酐单体聚合制得的PAA的特性黏度从小到大依次为H-PMDA(0.60 dL/g)、H′-PMDA(1.52 dL/g)、H″-PMDA(2.47 dL/g)。对于刚性二胺单体TFMB而言(图9(b)),3种二酐单体聚合制得的PAA的特性黏度也表现出了类似的变化规律。这从实验上验证了H′-PMDA与H″-PMDA聚合时的低空间位阻特性。热性能方面,3种二酐聚合制得的CPI薄膜的Tg从高到低依次为:H-PMDA、H′-PMDA、H″-PMDA。这主要是由于H-PMDA基CPI分子链类似“盘状”结构,更易形成堆叠,从而提高了CPI薄膜的Tg值。CPI薄膜的热尺寸稳定性方面,H′-PMDA表现出了优良的降低薄膜线性热膨胀系数(CTE)的特性。例如,对于刚性的4,4′-二氨基苯酰替苯胺(DABA)单体,3种二酐单体制备的CPI薄膜的CTE值由低到高依次为H′-PMDA(30.6×10-6/K)、H″-PMDA(40.5×10-6/K)、H-PMDA(46.7×10-6/K)。这主要是由于H′-PMDA基CPI分子链具有更高的面内取向度的缘故,而H-PMDA与H″-PMDA基CPI分子链更多地呈现为非共平面立体结构。光学性能方面,3种二酐单体制备的CPI薄膜均表现出了良好的光学透明性、低黄度指数、低浊度特征。3种二酐单体与TFMB通过化学亚胺化聚合工艺制备的CPI薄膜在400 nm波长的透光率值均在90%左右。力学性能方面,H′-PMDA/TFMB薄膜表现出了良好的韧性,拉伸强度为110 MPa,平均断裂伸长率为56.8%,韧性优于H″-PMDA/TFMB(拉伸强度为117 MPa,平均断裂伸长率为28%)。H-PMDA/TFMB树脂体系由于分子量太低,不具备成膜能力。上述实验结果有助于根据具体的应用需求选择适合的CPI薄膜体系。
M HASEGAWA等[40]还针对柔性AMOLED以及LCD器件对兼具高透明性、低热膨胀系数(low-CTE)基板的应用需求,从分子设计角度出发,设计并合成了分子结构中含有刚性酰胺键的半脂环族CPI薄膜。现有半脂环型CPI薄膜由于破坏了PI原有的线性与平面结构,使得其分子链取向度大幅降低。这种结构的非共平面以及低线性度特征使得半脂环族CPI薄膜往往具有高CTE特征。为此,研究人员设计并合成了一种分子结构中同时含有刚性酰胺键、联苯单元以及三氟甲基的芳香族二胺单体(AB-TFMB),并与H′-PMDA和CBDA进行了均聚或共聚,通过热亚胺化或化学亚胺化法制备了一系列CPI薄膜。研究结果显示,H′-PMDA/AB-TFMB树脂具有良好的溶解性,8%固含量时甚至可以溶解于环戊酮中。这种溶解性的加强主要是CPI分子链中存在扭曲构象结构所造成的,此外该体系分子链间可以通过酰胺-酰胺作用形成氢键。上述结构因素的共同作用赋予了该薄膜优良的综合性能,包括高透明性(85.2%@400 nm)、低黄度指数(1.9)、低浊度(2.0%)、低CTE(25.4×10-6/K@100~200℃)、高Tg(340℃)以及良好的力学性能(拉伸强度为108 MPa;断裂伸长率为12%;模量为3.17 GPa)。进一步与刚性脂环二酐CBDA进行共聚后,制备的H′-PMDA(50)/CBDA(50)/AB-TFMB薄膜的CTE可以下降到15.7×10-6/K@100~200℃,同时薄膜还具有良好的光学参数。进一步升高CBDA的摩尔比例,薄膜的光学性能下降,浊度显著升高。研究人员还采用6FDA与CBDA和AB-TFMB进行了共聚。研究表明,制备的6FDA(30)/CBDA(70)/AB-TFMB薄膜具有最优的综合性能,包括高透明性(80.6%@400nm)、低黄度指数(2.5)、低浊度(1.5%)、低CTE(7.3×10-6/K@100~200℃)、高Tg(329℃)以及良好的力学性能(拉伸强度为270 MPa、断裂伸长率为11%、模量为7.32 GPa)。该CPI薄膜在柔性显示器件用基板材料中具有广泛的应用前景。
在降低半脂环族CPI薄膜CTE方面,T MATSUMOTO等[41]采用刚性CpODA二酐单体与4,4′-二氨基苯酰替苯胺(DABA)制备了CPI薄膜,其CTE仅为15×10-6/K@100~200℃,具有优异的尺寸稳定性。但螺环结构和羰基赋予了CpODA-PI分子链间强烈的“双偶极-双偶极”相互作用,使得CpODA-PI难以溶解于聚合溶剂DMAc中。如果采用传统的PAA高温亚胺化工艺,最终亚胺化温度要超过CPI薄膜的Tg(>350℃)才能获得韧性薄膜。但如此高的工艺温度会极大地牺牲薄膜的光学性能。为此,研究人员采用了在高温真空环境中(80℃/2 h+350℃/0.5 h,真空)进行亚胺化的工艺。JIANG Ganglan等[42]采用H-PMDA与单烷基或者双烷基取代DABA二胺单体进行高温聚合,制备了可溶性CPI树脂。CPI薄膜的CTE可降至33.4×10-6/K@50~250℃。
全芳香型PI薄膜工业化制造所积累的经验为半脂环型CPI薄膜的工业化制备提供了有益的参考。图10给出了半脂环型CPI薄膜的典型工业化制备流程示意图,该工艺结合了传统的高分子薄膜的连续化溶液铸膜工艺[43]与常规PI薄膜的双向拉伸工艺。
如前所述,半脂环族CPI薄膜的工业化批量制备也往往是首先制备可溶性CPI树脂(数均分子量Mn≥100 000 g/mol),然后配制一定固含量和黏度的CPI溶液,黏度的控制以能实现钢带上的连续涂覆为宜(≥100 000 mPa·s)。将CPI树脂溶液经过精密过滤纯化即可获得制膜溶液,随后即可借鉴标准型全芳香族PI薄膜的制造工艺来制备CPI薄膜。该工艺既有与标准型芳香族PI薄膜制备工艺类似的地方,又有其特殊性。归纳起来,半脂环族CPI薄膜的连续化双向拉伸制备具有如下3个特点:
(1)分子量控制。如前所述,脂环族二酐单体的活性相对较低,因此要保证最终CPI薄膜良好的力学性能,需要对其聚合工序进行严格控制,通过优化聚合反应参数,使得CPI树脂的分子量控制在100 000 g/mol以上的水平;
(2)填料控制。标准型芳香族PI薄膜在连续化制备过程中为了避免收卷工序薄膜间摩擦力过大的问题,往往需要加入1 000×10-6含量左右的填料来增加薄膜的爽滑性。这些填料的粒径往往是微米级的,团聚后甚至可以达到数十微米。虽然含量较低,但仍会对PI薄膜的透光率以及雾度等产生影响。因此,对于CPI薄膜而言,其工业化连续制备需要选择新型填料;
(3)双向拉伸工艺控制。标准芳香族PI薄膜的双向拉伸是在“高弹态PAA”阶段完成的,而半脂环型CPI薄膜的双向拉伸则是在预亚胺化后的CPI溶液阶段完成。PAA的极性结构造成其分子链内部以及分子链间的相互作用力较强,因此双向拉伸比率相对较低。而半脂环型CPI薄膜分子链作用较弱,因此理论上可以实现更大的纵向与横向拉伸比率。但是拉伸比率的提高并不意味着CPI薄膜的力学性能会优于标准芳香族PI薄膜。这是因为薄膜的力学性能除了受制备工艺的影响外,同时受材料结构的影响。芳香族PI薄膜分子链作用力强,赋予了其更优良的力学性能,而半脂环型CPI薄膜则是在一定程度上牺牲了其分子链作用力来实现优良的光学透明性的,因此双向拉伸制备的CPI薄膜力学性能一般要低于标准芳香族PI薄膜。
目前国外众多公司已经有应用于CPI薄膜制造的商品化可溶性CPI树脂,例如日本河村产业株式会社的KPI-MX300F系列、日本PI R&D公司的Q-Pilon系列、日本Somar株式会社的Spixaria TP系列等。WU Xiao等[44]基于半脂环族CPI薄膜连续化制造的工艺特点,采用国产可溶性CPI树脂,成功实现了1 000 mm幅宽标准型及阻燃型半脂环族CPI薄膜的连续化制备。制备的阻燃型CPI薄膜具有良好的综合性能,Tg为322℃,400 nm波长处的透光率为84.0%,拉伸强度为96 MPa,断裂伸长率为116.1%,极限氧指数(LOI)为42.0%,UL94阻燃级别为VTM-0。
目前半脂环型CPI薄膜的潜在应用领域主要包括柔性显示器件的基板与盖板、柔性触摸屏基板、柔性太阳能电池基板以及柔性透明印制线路板基板等[45]。除此以外,CPI薄膜在射频标签(RFID)、传感器、LED灯带、汽车照明等领域也逐步获得了广泛应用。
柔性AMOLED基板方面,限于技术成熟度最高的低温多晶硅(LTPS)薄膜晶体管(TFT)的高温制造工序(500~600℃),现有商业化柔性AMOLED产品均使用了有色耐高温PI作为基板材料。即便如此,采用CPI薄膜作为柔性AMOLED的基板仍然具有众多潜在的性能优势。因此,这方面的研究工作一直没有间断。目前的发展方向一方面是降低TFT的制造工艺温度,另一方面则是尽可能提升CPI薄膜的耐温等级。2018年韩国LG化学宣布成功开发了世界上第一款77英寸透明柔性OLED显示器[46]。该面板采用了铟镓锌氧化物半导体(a-IGZO)TFT技术,显著降低了TFT的工艺温度,这使得CPI基板的应用成为可能,同时也赋予了器件透明特征,整体器件的透光率达到了40.2%。除了降低TFT的制造工艺温度外,CPI薄膜的综合性能也在不断提升。美国陶氏杜邦(Dow Dupont)公司近年来开发了一系列面向柔性显示器件应用的新型PI材料,表1对比了这些PI材料的主要性能指标[47]。从表1可以看出,通过结构设计,目前CPI薄膜的耐温等级也逐步接近了柔性AMOLED制造工艺的应用需求。
柔性盖板方面,CPI薄膜目前是替代传统刚性玻璃的首选材料,实际应用中要求CPI薄膜盖板不仅要具有优异的光学透明性,还要求具有耐划伤、耐冲击、耐弯折、耐疲劳等特点,这对CPI薄膜的综合性能提出了苛刻的要求。PI薄膜的工业化制造工序十分复杂,涉及宏观制膜、高分子凝聚态改变和化学反应3个平行过程,因此存在着较高的技术难度。对于CPI薄膜而言,还要考虑制造工艺对薄膜光学性能的影响,因此无论是在配方设计还是产线设计方面更是具有较高的技术难度。此外,因为要解决高亚胺化温度下保持CPI薄膜的高光学透明性以及低力学性能下的双向拉伸等技术难题,所以CPI薄膜产线设计复杂,投资高昂。鉴于此,目前全球仅有韩国与日本的少数公司掌握了CPI薄膜的连续化工业制备技术。2018年,日本住友化学对外宣布被韩国三星采纳为2019年折叠智能手机的柔性CPI盖板供应商。2019年三星推出的Galaxy Fold智能折叠屏手机以及摩托罗拉推出的Motorola Razr折叠屏手机均采用了CPI薄膜盖板[6]
柔性LCD方面,深圳华星光电(CSOT)的SHI Yu等[48]报道了使用CPI薄膜作为基板的14英寸、厚度仅为0.3 mm的柔性LCD。器件制作过程中首先将脂环族CPI清漆(日本三菱瓦斯)涂覆在玻璃基板上,然后固化后形成薄膜,后续进行缓冲层、IGZO TFT等工艺制作后,通过激光剥离(LLO)工艺去除玻璃衬底即制得了以CPI薄膜为基板的柔性TFT-LCD器件。虽然CPI薄膜在LLO工艺过程中易发生卷曲、破裂等缺陷,但通过优化制造工艺可有效避免上述问题。
其他应用方面,HUANG Qijin等[49]采用H-PMDA与TFMB聚合制备了脂环族CPI薄膜,并与银纳米线(AgNW)复合制备了柔性透明薄膜加热器。研究结果显示,制备的CPI/AgNW透明薄膜加热器较传统的掺氟氧化锡(ITO/FTO)加热器具有更低的输入电压,更短的反馈时间和更低的功耗,而且可以反复使用。经过1 000次反复弯折后,面电阻变化小于18%。该复合薄膜在窗户除雾、热致变色等领域具有较好的应用前景。YU Yan等[50]采用同样的CPI(HPMDA/TFDB)薄膜作为基体,与长AgNW(平均长度为80 μm、平均直径为88 nm)复合,制备了具有良好热稳定性和抗菌性能的多功能透明导电膜。制备的CPI/AgNW透明导电薄膜具有优良的透光率(81.1%)和良好的电导率(面电阻为7.5 Ω/m),而且具有抗菌特性。良好的综合性能使其在柔性可穿戴显示领域具有良好的应用前景。ZHANG Qiang等[51]采用脂环族二酐单体,1,4-苯二环己基酰胺-3,3′,4,4′-四酸二酐(HTA-PPD)与含有三芳胺单元的芳香族二胺单体聚合,制备了可实现从无色到有色变化的电致变色PI薄膜。非发射型电致变色聚合物(ECP)在智能显示、变色玻璃等领域具有广泛的应用前景。但要实现从无色到有色,尤其是从无色到黑色的高对比度转换仍然具有很高的技术难度。研究人员采用脂环二酐HTA-PPD分别与两种含三芳胺电致变色单元的芳香族二胺制备了两种ECP,包括PI-1a(无色→黑色)和PI-2a(无色→蓝色)。脂环结构的引入减弱了PI分子链CTC的形成,加强了PI薄膜在中性状态下的透光率。通过调整二胺分子结构中共轭链的长度可以实现各种电致变色行为。良好的对比度特性使得这类ECP在电致变色显示以及其他光学领域具有良好的应用前景。
综上所述,半脂环型CPI薄膜在光电器件领域具有广泛的应用前景。但同时也应注意到,这类CPI薄膜与全芳香型含氟CPI薄膜相比,在高温尺寸稳定性(CTE)、耐热性(Tg)、阻燃性等方面均存在着一定差距。这些均需要在未来的基础与应用研究中加以解决。
先进光电显示领域的强烈需求为CPI薄膜的发展提供了良好的契机。全芳香型含氟CPI薄膜狭窄的改性窗口及严苛的制造工艺令其成本居高不下,也使得众多应用领域对其望而却步。半脂环型CPI薄膜相对宽广的改性空间以及相对低廉的制造成本使其获得了更多的应用机会。目前制约半脂环型CPI薄膜在高端领域应用的因素主要包括相对较高的CTE、较差的阻燃性以及有待提升的耐紫外(UV)辐照特性等。因此,“复合化”是未来半脂环族CPI薄膜发展的必经之路[52]。“复合化”的前提是不牺牲CPI薄膜的光学透明性、耐热稳定性以及力学性能。因此,半脂环型CPI薄膜的复合化研究是一项颇具挑战性的研究课题。中国地质大学(北京)近年来针对半脂环型CPI薄膜的性能缺陷,分别采用纳米胶体二氧化硅与CPI基体进行复合,有效地解决了其高CTE问题、采用苯氧基取代聚膦腈低聚物与CPI基体进行复合,有效解决了其阻燃问题、采用耐高温受阻胺类低聚物型抗紫外吸收剂与CPI基体进行复合,有效解决了其抗UV黄变问题等。上述改性CPI薄膜均在逐步实现商业化生产。希望国内相关从业人员可以加强交流、沟通,争取早日实现高性能CPI薄膜的国产化,为我国高技术光电产业的发展提供相关材料的支撑与保障。
  • 深圳市科技计划项目(技术攻关重点项目)(JSGG20210629144539012)
  • 山东省重点研发计划重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY020235)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2022.02.001
  • 接收时间:2021-04-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-28
  • 修回日期:2021-07-16
基金
深圳市科技计划项目(技术攻关重点项目)(JSGG20210629144539012)
山东省重点研发计划重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY020235)
作者信息
    1中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083
    2深圳瑞华泰薄膜科技股份有限公司,广东 深圳 518105
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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