Article(id=1203281641906090208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720454400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-09, revisedDate=1724169600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814299321, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814299321, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814299321, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814299321, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281635908231645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814297892, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764815002353, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284590690545746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284590694740051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=141, endPage=148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281642145165537, articleId=1203281641906090208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Diagnosis method of moisture defect for cable joint based on FMCW-TR, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=

To solve the problem that it is difficult to diagnose the moisture defects of cable joints with the existing methods, this paper proposes a method for diagnosing the moisture defects of cable joints based on frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) and time reversal (TR). Firstly, a distributed parameter model of cable was established. The FMCW method was employed to capture multi-frequency reflected signals from impedance mismatches at defects and joints. These inversion signals were injected into a test cable model to derive an energy curve, and the energy curve is served as a diagnostic spectrum for cable defects. Subsequently, the impedance discontinuity point detection was carried out for the simulation cable models with different end-loads and intermediate joints. Finally, joint defect diagnosis was carried out for the real 750 m 10 kV power cable and 2 km 10 kV power cable. The results show that the method proposed in this paper can not only accurately determine the location and characteristic of the impedance discontinuity points in cable, but also improve the distance resolution of the defect location peak. The joint positioning peaks of "positive first and then negative" and "negative first and then positive" can respectively represent normal and damp cable joints. Therefore, the method proposed in this paper can accurately detect the moisture defects of cable joints and has a good engineering application prospect.

, articleAbstract=

To solve the problem that it is difficult to diagnose the moisture defects of cable joints with the existing methods, this paper proposes a method for diagnosing the moisture defects of cable joints based on frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) and time reversal (TR). Firstly, a distributed parameter model of cable was established. The FMCW method was employed to capture multi-frequency reflected signals from impedance mismatches at defects and joints. These inversion signals were injected into a test cable model to derive an energy curve, and the energy curve is served as a diagnostic spectrum for cable defects. Subsequently, the impedance discontinuity point detection was carried out for the simulation cable models with different end-loads and intermediate joints. Finally, joint defect diagnosis was carried out for the real 750 m 10 kV power cable and 2 km 10 kV power cable. The results show that the method proposed in this paper can not only accurately determine the location and characteristic of the impedance discontinuity points in cable, but also improve the distance resolution of the defect location peak. The joint positioning peaks of "positive first and then negative" and "negative first and then positive" can respectively represent normal and damp cable joints. Therefore, the method proposed in this paper can accurately detect the moisture defects of cable joints and has a good engineering application prospect.

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为解决现有方法难以诊断电缆接头受潮缺陷的问题,本文提出一种基于调频连续波(frequency modulated continuous wave,FMCW)与时间反演(time reversal,TR)的电缆接头受潮缺陷诊断方法。首先,建立电缆分布参数模型,利用FMCW方法获取缺陷、接头等阻抗不连续点的多频反射信号,将入射信号与反射信号的反演信号注入测试电缆模型,获取反演信号的能量曲线作为电缆缺陷诊断谱图。然后,对不同末端负载与含中间接头的仿真电缆模型开展阻抗不连续点探测。最后,对真实的750 m 10 kV电力电缆与2 km 10 kV电力电缆开展接头缺陷诊断。结果表明:本文方法不仅可以准确判断电缆中阻抗不连续点的位置与性质,而且可提升缺陷定位峰的距离分辨率。“先正后负”与“先负后正”的接头定位峰可分别表征正常与受潮的电缆接头。因此,本文方法可准确检测电缆接头的受潮缺陷,具备良好的工程应用前景。

, articleAbstract=

为解决现有方法难以诊断电缆接头受潮缺陷的问题,本文提出一种基于调频连续波(frequency modulated continuous wave,FMCW)与时间反演(time reversal,TR)的电缆接头受潮缺陷诊断方法。首先,建立电缆分布参数模型,利用FMCW方法获取缺陷、接头等阻抗不连续点的多频反射信号,将入射信号与反射信号的反演信号注入测试电缆模型,获取反演信号的能量曲线作为电缆缺陷诊断谱图。然后,对不同末端负载与含中间接头的仿真电缆模型开展阻抗不连续点探测。最后,对真实的750 m 10 kV电力电缆与2 km 10 kV电力电缆开展接头缺陷诊断。结果表明:本文方法不仅可以准确判断电缆中阻抗不连续点的位置与性质,而且可提升缺陷定位峰的距离分辨率。“先正后负”与“先负后正”的接头定位峰可分别表征正常与受潮的电缆接头。因此,本文方法可准确检测电缆接头的受潮缺陷,具备良好的工程应用前景。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐忠林(1968-),男(汉族),江西新余人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事电力电缆运维检修技术的研究工作。
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潘翀(1981-),男(汉族),四川德阳人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电力设备在线监测与缺陷诊断技术的研究工作;

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潘翀(1981-),男(汉族),四川德阳人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电力设备在线监测与缺陷诊断技术的研究工作;

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潘翀(1981-),男(汉族),四川德阳人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电力设备在线监测与缺陷诊断技术的研究工作;

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College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203362942709375840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, companyId=1203362942692598623, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1203362946429723647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=power cable), Keyword(id=1203362946572328964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=moisture cable joint), Keyword(id=1203362946664603658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=frequency modulated continuous wave), Keyword(id=1203362946744295436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=time reversal), Keyword(id=1203362946870124558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=defect diagnosis), Keyword(id=1203362946966593557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=电力电缆), Keyword(id=1203362947046285338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=受潮接头), Keyword(id=1203362947151142942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=调频连续波), Keyword(id=1203362947247611938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=时间反演), Keyword(id=1203362947331498022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=缺陷诊断)], refs=[Reference(id=1203362950854713496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=57, issue=4, pageStart=13, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=邱玮, 章宇聪, 谢亿, journalName=绝缘材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邱玮,章宇聪,谢亿,等.高压XLPE电缆缓冲层缺陷研究现状综述[J].绝缘材料,2024,57(4):13-21., articleTitle=高压XLPE电缆缓冲层缺陷研究现状综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203362950934405277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281641906090208, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=57, issue=4, pageStart=13, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=QIUWei, ZHANGYucong, XIEYi, journalName=Insulating Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIUWei , ZHANGYucong, XIEYi, et al. 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基于FMCW-TR的电缆接头受潮缺陷诊断方法
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潘翀 1 , 徐忠林 1 , 杨小兵 1 , 苟杨 1 , 胡金迪 1 , 饶显杰 1 , 周凯 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025,58(6): 141-148
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025, 58(6): 141-148
基于FMCW-TR的电缆接头受潮缺陷诊断方法
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潘翀1, 徐忠林1, 杨小兵1, 苟杨1, 胡金迪1, 饶显杰1, 周凯2
作者信息
  • 1.国网四川省电力公司成都供电公司,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
  • 潘翀(1981-),男(汉族),四川德阳人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电力设备在线监测与缺陷诊断技术的研究工作;

通讯作者:

徐忠林(1968-),男(汉族),江西新余人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事电力电缆运维检修技术的研究工作。
Diagnosis method of moisture defect for cable joint based on FMCW-TR
Chong PAN1, Zhonglin XU1, Xiaobing YANG1, Yang GOU1, Jindi HU1, Xianjie RAO1, Kai ZHOU2
Affiliations
  • 1. Chengdu Power Supply Company, State Grid Sichuan Power Company, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 2. College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.017
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为解决现有方法难以诊断电缆接头受潮缺陷的问题,本文提出一种基于调频连续波(frequency modulated continuous wave,FMCW)与时间反演(time reversal,TR)的电缆接头受潮缺陷诊断方法。首先,建立电缆分布参数模型,利用FMCW方法获取缺陷、接头等阻抗不连续点的多频反射信号,将入射信号与反射信号的反演信号注入测试电缆模型,获取反演信号的能量曲线作为电缆缺陷诊断谱图。然后,对不同末端负载与含中间接头的仿真电缆模型开展阻抗不连续点探测。最后,对真实的750 m 10 kV电力电缆与2 km 10 kV电力电缆开展接头缺陷诊断。结果表明:本文方法不仅可以准确判断电缆中阻抗不连续点的位置与性质,而且可提升缺陷定位峰的距离分辨率。“先正后负”与“先负后正”的接头定位峰可分别表征正常与受潮的电缆接头。因此,本文方法可准确检测电缆接头的受潮缺陷,具备良好的工程应用前景。

电力电缆  /  受潮接头  /  调频连续波  /  时间反演  /  缺陷诊断

To solve the problem that it is difficult to diagnose the moisture defects of cable joints with the existing methods, this paper proposes a method for diagnosing the moisture defects of cable joints based on frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) and time reversal (TR). Firstly, a distributed parameter model of cable was established. The FMCW method was employed to capture multi-frequency reflected signals from impedance mismatches at defects and joints. These inversion signals were injected into a test cable model to derive an energy curve, and the energy curve is served as a diagnostic spectrum for cable defects. Subsequently, the impedance discontinuity point detection was carried out for the simulation cable models with different end-loads and intermediate joints. Finally, joint defect diagnosis was carried out for the real 750 m 10 kV power cable and 2 km 10 kV power cable. The results show that the method proposed in this paper can not only accurately determine the location and characteristic of the impedance discontinuity points in cable, but also improve the distance resolution of the defect location peak. The joint positioning peaks of "positive first and then negative" and "negative first and then positive" can respectively represent normal and damp cable joints. Therefore, the method proposed in this paper can accurately detect the moisture defects of cable joints and has a good engineering application prospect.

power cable  /  moisture cable joint  /  frequency modulated continuous wave  /  time reversal  /  defect diagnosis
潘翀, 徐忠林, 杨小兵, 苟杨, 胡金迪, 饶显杰, 周凯. 基于FMCW-TR的电缆接头受潮缺陷诊断方法. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (6) : 141 -148 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.017
Chong PAN, Zhonglin XU, Xiaobing YANG, Yang GOU, Jindi HU, Xianjie RAO, Kai ZHOU. Diagnosis method of moisture defect for cable joint based on FMCW-TR[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (6) : 141 -148 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.017
随着城市化的不断发展,交联聚乙烯电力电缆被大量应用于城市电网[1-2]。电力电缆通常敷设于土壤、浅沟、排管等地下环境,其运行环境存在大量的潮气和水分,在长期的服役过程中,当电缆出现本体外护套破损或中间接头防水失效等情况时,潮气和水分可能会侵入电缆,造成电缆的受潮现象,从而引发电缆的绝缘故障[3-4]。因此,及时与准确地检测电缆中间接头的受潮缺陷对保证城市电网的安全稳定性具有重要意义[5]
目前,电缆缺陷的检测方法主要有局部放电检测法[6-7]、介电谱法[8]、极化去极化电流法[9]等方法。局部放电检测法主要用于检测杂质、气隙等造成的放电型缺陷,对受潮等绝缘劣化缺陷的检测灵敏度较低,且检测效果易受现场复杂电磁环境的影响。介电谱法与极化去极化电流法主要用于检测电缆整体的绝缘老化状态,难以诊断电缆的受潮区域。
行波反射法是通过检测电缆特性阻抗的变化情况,实现对电缆绝缘状态的诊断,具备较大的应用前景。其中时域反射法[10](time domain reflectometry,TDR)通过单脉冲信号的时域反射波来定位并诊断电缆的缺陷。文献[11]通过建立电缆水树缺陷的TDR反射波形解析模型,判断电缆绝缘缺陷的发展程度与范围。文献[12]利用PSCAD仿真平台验证了TDR反射波形特征与电缆的受潮程度存在关联关系。但是由于TDR方法存在高频信号衰减强、反射信号能量弱等问题,TDR对电缆中绝缘缺陷的检测灵敏度较低。
频域反射法(frequency domain reflectometry,FDR)[13]是通过扫频信号的反射波频域特征分析电缆的绝缘状态,由于扫频信号的多频分布特性,FDR比TDR具备更优异的绝缘缺陷检测能力。宽频阻抗谱(broadband impedance spectroscopy,BIS)作为一种典型的FDR方法,被广泛应用于电缆缺陷诊断领域[14]。文献[15-16]提出采用BIS缺陷诊断定位谱图中的畸变峰值可定位电缆的受潮缺陷位置并识别其受潮路径,但是该方法不仅要求对比多次的停电周期性测试结果,而且难以观测受潮缺陷的特性阻抗变化性质。文献[17-18]借助BIS测试原理与时域恢复技术检测电缆接头的阻抗变化性质,以诊断接头的受潮情况,但是BIS测试结果中缺失的频段数据会影响时频域转换分析结果,干扰最终的缺陷诊断结果。在BIS的基础上,基于调频连续波(frequency modulated continuous wave,FMCW)的电缆缺陷诊断方法逐渐发展,该方法利用线性调频连续波代替BIS中离散步进频点正弦波,使该方法具备更强的抗噪能力[19]。文献[20-21]验证了FMCW方法比BIS方法具备更长的缺陷检测距离和更高的缺陷检测灵敏度。
虽然现有FMCW方法具备较高的缺陷诊断灵敏度,但是其无法检测接头的阻抗变化性质,导致工程上难以诊断接头的受潮情况。本文将FMCW方法与时间反演(time reversal,TR)[22-23]技术相结合,通过检测不同位置处反演信号的聚焦情况,直接探测接头的位置与其阻抗变化性质,以诊断接头的受潮情况。首先通过原理分析该方法的可行性;然后搭建不同负载阻抗与含中间接头的仿真电缆模型,研究本文方法对电缆中阻抗变化性质的探测效果;最后对含正常接头的750 m真实电缆与含受潮接头的2 km真实电缆开展缺陷诊断,证明本文方法可准确探测电缆接头的受潮情况。
当研究电缆中高频信号的传输特性时,可建立电缆等效分布参数电路模型[13]图1所示。图1中,R0L0G0C0分别是正常电缆本体中单位长度的电阻(Ω/m)、电感(H/m)、电导(S/m)和电容(F/m)。对于缺陷、接头等异常区域而言,其单位长度的电气参数与正常电缆本体存在差异,对应的电阻、电感、电导和电容分别定义为R1L1G1C1
根据传输线理论,电缆正常本体区域的特性阻抗Z0式(1)所示。
Z0=R0+jωL0G0+jωC0
式(1)中,ω是传输信号的角频率。
对于高频传输信号,可知ωL0>>R0ωC0>> G0,得到式(2)
Z0=L0C0
同理可知,缺陷、接头等异常区域的特性阻抗Z1式(3)所示。
Z1=R1+jωL1G1+jωC1
以电缆的末端为例,当入射信号传输至电缆末端时,由于电缆末端位置通常存在阻抗不连续特性,会形成反射信号,该反射信号对应的反射系数ρ0式(4)所示。
ρ0=ZL-Z0ZL+Z0
式(4)中,ZL是电缆末端的负载阻抗。
同理可知,对于缺陷、接头等异常区域而言,考虑该异常区域的长度分布,入射信号会造成两组反射信号,其对应的反射系数ρ1ρ2分别为式(5)式(6)所示。
ρ1=Z1-Z0Z1+Z0
ρ2=Z0-Z1Z1+Z0=-ρ1
由式(5)~(6)可知,反射系数ρ1ρ2可表征缺陷、接头等异常区域的阻抗变化情况,现有FMCW 方法[20-21]仅利用ρ1ρ2的幅值开展电缆绝缘缺陷的定位,而无法分析异常区域的阻抗变化性质,诊断结果存在较大的局限性。
对于中间接头而言,正常状态接头的单位长度电容低于电缆本体区域的单位长度电容,随着接头受潮程度的增加,接头区域的单位长度电容会逐渐增加,最终超过电缆本体的单位长度电容[16-17]。由式(2)可知,单位长度的电容值与特性阻抗值强相关,因此,正常状态下接头区域的特性阻抗大于电缆本体的特性阻抗,可得ρ1>0且ρ2<0;严重受潮状态下接头区域的特性阻抗小于电缆本体的特性阻抗,可得ρ1<0且ρ2>0。本文的重点是检测中间接头单位长度电容已大于电缆本体单位长度电容的严重受潮缺陷。在实际的电缆运维检修过程中,首先对电缆开展绝缘电阻测试,当发现电缆的绝缘电阻过低时,此时接头受潮缺陷已经处于严重受潮状态,因此本文方法具备一定的实际应用价值。
FMCW方法凭借其自身的高精度、高分辨率、抗干扰能力强等优点,被广泛应用于雷达测距等领域[20]。FMCW电缆局部缺陷诊断平台如图2所示,主要由信号发生器、功分器、环行器、信号采集器和计算机组成。信号发生器可产生特定时间与频率范围的连续线性调频(continuous linear frequency modulation,CLFM)信号,一部分经过功分器与环形器后注入电缆,成为入射信号;另一部分经过功分器后传输至信号采集器,成为参考信号。分析入射信号在测试电缆中的传输过程,一旦遇到缺陷、接头或末端等阻抗不连续点时,入射信号将产生反射信号。反射信号通过环行器后传输至信号采集器。通过信号采集器记录入射信号与反射信号,并传输数据至计算机。计算机保存测试数据,并开展电缆缺陷的诊断。
FMCW方法的入射信号为特定时间与频率范围的CLFM信号,其波形的时域与频域分布如图3所示,具体表示为式(7)
s(t)=rectwin(τ)expj2π(f0t+0.5μt2)
式(7)中:t是时间变量;rectwin(τ)是长度为τ的矩形窗;τ是信号的持续时间;f0是信号的中心频率;µ是信号的频率变化率。
通过调节τµ,可以控制信号的持续时间与频率带宽,其时域形式可以表示为式(8)
s(t)=cos2πf(t)t+φ0
式(8)中:φ0是信号的初始相角;f(t)是信号的时变频率,可以表示为式(9)
f(t)=f0+0.5μt
图3可知,FMCW方法的入射信号为连续线性调频波,频率能量分布范围广泛,可测试不同频点的反射信号,利于检测微弱的电缆缺陷。同时,FMCW方法将不同频率的信号一次性注入测试电缆,即可获得缺陷诊断相关的反射信号信息,相比于传统BIS方法[15-18],FMCW方法可以实现更快的检测速度与更高的抗干扰能力[20-21]。并且在FMCW方法中,入射信号的频率带宽对缺陷检测结果的影响较小[21],具备更好的应用前景。
考虑入射信号为输入信号,反射信号为输出信号,反射信号采集系统的冲击响应为h2(t),无噪条件下,采集的反射信号s2(t)可以表示为式(10)
s2(t)=s(t)*h2(t)
式(10)中,*是卷积符号。
同理,考虑入射信号为输入信号,入射信号为输出信号,入射信号采集系统的冲击响应为h1(t)=1,无噪条件下,采集的入射信号s1(t)可以表示为式(11)
s1(t)=s(t)*h1(t)
将反射信号s2(t)经过TR技术处理,得到反演信号s2(-t),并将该反演信号注入测试电缆,则在反射信号产生位置测量得到的信号y2(t)为式(12)
y2(t)=s2(-t)*h2(t)=s(-t)*h2(-t)*h2(t)
同理,可得到入射信号的反演信号在反射信号产生位置测量得到的信号y1(t)为式(13)
y1(t)=s(-t)*h1(-t)*h1(t)
为了能够利用TR技术对中间接头开展探测,需要将采集的入射信号与反射信号进行时间反演,并都从电缆测试端注入。由于注入的信号包含了阻抗不连续点的位置信息(信号的时延信息),注入的信号会在真实的阻抗不连续点位置出现能量聚焦现象,通过该聚焦结果可探测电缆中缺陷、接头等阻抗不连续区域。本文以能量曲线p(x)作为信号聚焦结果的量化表示,定义为式(14)
p(x)=v1(x, t)v2(x, t)dt
式(14)中:x是假设的阻抗不连续点位置;v1(x, t)是入射信号的反演信号注入后在x位置检测到的信号;v2(x, t)是反射信号的反演信号注入后在x位置检测到的信号。
由于TR技术的信号聚焦特性[22-23]p(x)会在真实的阻抗不连续点位置出现峰值,因此可以通过 p(x)的峰值判断阻抗不连续的位置和性质。需要说明的是,为消除TR过程中的噪声干扰,提升缺陷诊断结果的灵敏度与直观性,本文对曲线p(x)开展了均值滤波与归一化处理,形成电缆缺陷诊断谱图。
基于FMCW-TR的电缆接头受潮缺陷诊断方法主要包括以下步骤:
(1)利用FMCW电缆局部缺陷诊断平台对电缆开展测试,采集入射信号s1(t)与反射信号s2(t)。
(2)将s1(t)与s2(t)开展时间反演(t→-t)操作。
(3)将s1(t)与s2(t)的反演信号从测试端注入测试电缆的仿真模型。
(4)采集电缆模型中不同位置的反演信号。
(5)利用式(14)p(x)作为反演信号聚焦程度的量化指标,构建电缆缺陷诊断谱图。
需要说明的是,为降低分析难度,步骤(3)中测试电缆的仿真模型可设置为无衰减效应与色散效应的传输线模型。
为说明FMCW-TR方法可探测电缆的阻抗不连续点,根据图1的电缆分布参数模型,建立10 kV电缆的仿真模型1#和2#,其总长度分别是200 m和300 m。将1#电缆模型的末端负载阻抗设置为1.1Z0,呈现特性阻抗增大的状态;将2#电缆模型的末端负载阻抗设置为0.9Z0,呈现特性阻抗减小的状态。仿真时,在电缆的测试端注入CLFM信号作为入射信号,频率带宽为1~50 MHz,持续时间为1 ms。入射信号传输至电缆末端位置时将发生反射,采集入射信号与反射信号,并开展TR处理,得到电缆缺陷诊断谱图如图4所示。由图4可知,仿真模型1#和2#的缺陷诊断谱图分别在199.0 m与299.4 m位置形成定位峰,说明FMCW-TR方法可准确定位电缆中阻抗不连续点。
根据电缆缺陷诊断谱图的起伏情况定义峰的方向,确定1#电缆模型的末端定位峰为正峰,2#电缆模型的末端定位峰为负峰。考虑1#与2#电缆模型中真实的末端负载阻抗情况,其中,1#电缆模型的末端存在阻抗增大的阻抗不连续点,2#电缆模型的末端存在阻抗减小的阻抗不连续点,该现象说明可以根据电缆缺陷诊断谱图中定位峰的方向判断电缆中阻抗不连续点的阻抗变化性质,当定位峰是正峰时,可判断该位置存在特性阻抗增大的情况;当定位峰是负峰时,可判断该位置存在特性阻抗减小的情况。
由于FMCW-TR方法可反映电缆中阻抗不连续点的阻抗变化性质,本文将该方法引入受潮接头的诊断,建立含中间接头的电缆模型3#和4#,电缆的总长度都为300 m,中间接头都设置在200 m处,接头长度为1 m,电缆末端设置为开路状态。
正常状态中间接头的单位长度电容低于电缆本体的单位长度电容,但随着中间接头受潮严重程度的增加,中间接头的单位长度电容值会逐渐增大,最终超过电缆本体的单位长度电容[16-17]。根据文献[17]的研究结果,电缆本体的单位长度电容测试结果为381.81 pF/m,正常中间接头的单位长度电容测试结果为360.99 pF/m,受潮60天中间接头的单位长度电容测试结果为395.32 pF/m。本文将3#电缆模型的中间接头设置为正常状态,令中间接头的单位长度电容C1=0.945C0;将4#电缆模型的中间接头设置为60天的受潮状态,令中间接头的单位长度电容C1=1.035C0。利用FMCW电缆局部缺陷诊断平台采集3#和4#电缆模型的入射信号与反射信号,CLFM信号的频率带宽设置为1~50 MHz,持续时间设置为1 ms,对采集的入射信号与反射信号开展TR处理,得到电缆缺陷诊断谱图如图5所示。
图5可知,3#与4#电缆模型在200 m位置附近分别出现先正后负的定位峰与先负后正的定位峰。由上述定位峰结果可知,3#电缆模型中接头区域的特征阻抗高于本体区域的特征阻抗,接头区域的单位长度电容低于本体区域的单位长度电容,说明3#电缆模型的接头处于正常状态。4#电缆模型中接头区域的特征阻抗低于本体区域的特征阻抗,接头区域的单位电容高于本体区域的单位电容,说明4#电缆模型的接头处于受潮状态。因此,通过本文方法中电缆缺陷诊断谱图的定位峰特征可以诊断接头的健康状态。
为说明本文方法对传统FMCW方法的提升效果,利用传统FMCW方法对3#与4#电缆模型依次开展分析,结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出,对于3#与4#电缆模型而言,传统FMCW方法在200 m接头位置附近均出现定位峰,但二者的定位峰仅存在幅值的差异,未表现出其余差异,说明传统FMCW方法无法分辨正常接头与受潮接头的阻抗变化性质差异。这是由于传统FMCW方法仅利用反射系数的幅值对电缆接头等异常区域进行定位,而无法分析异常区域的阻抗变化性质,导致诊断结果存在较大的局限性。
另外,分析图6中接头位置的定位峰可以看出,传统FMCW方法中缺陷定位峰的距离分辨率较低(波形的采样间隔较大),波形特征的清晰度较差。这是因为传统FMCW方法的本质是傅里叶变换算法,而傅里叶变换算法具有变换前后点数恒定的缺点,所以在传统FMCW方法测试结果中,缺陷定位峰的距离分辨率严重受到信号采集器设备采样点数的限制,导致传统FMCW方法对采样成本与计算成本的要求较高。
对比图5图6可知,本文方法中缺陷定位峰的距离分辨率更高(波形的采样间隔较小),缺陷定位峰的波形特征清晰度较高,便于识别。这是由于本文方法利用TR技术对电缆中各位置处反射信号与入射信号的反演信号开展能量检测,通过假设不同的位置距离,观察反演信号的聚焦情况,可有效提升距离横轴的分辨率,保证缺陷定位峰的高分辨率波形特征。
采用本文方法对四川地区新投正常的750 m 10 kV电缆开展测试,该电缆的中间接头位于300 m处。在测试过程中,电缆末端保持开路状态,FMCW电缆局部缺陷诊断平台的测试夹具分别连接到电缆测试端的缆芯与金属屏蔽层,利用CLFM信号对电缆中阻抗不连续点开展探测,频率带宽为0.2~8 MHz,持续时间为1 ms,得到电缆缺陷诊断谱图如图7所示。从图7可以看出,电缆缺陷诊断谱图在300 m位置附近出现明显的接头特征定位峰,说明该方法可以有效定位电缆中接头。同时,该接头的定位峰呈现先正后负的特征,该中间接头的阻抗在正常范围内,说明该接头处于正常状态,与实际情况一致。
对北京地区的某10 kV电缆开展测试,电缆长度为2 km,投运时间为2018年,接头位置台账信息缺失。首先对该电缆开展绝缘电阻测试,得到A相绝缘电阻为189 MΩ,B相绝缘电阻为401 MΩ,C相绝缘电阻为268 MΩ,三相电缆的绝缘性能较差,初步怀疑存在接头受潮缺陷。
利用图2所示FMCW电缆局部缺陷诊断平台对该电缆开展测试,电缆末端设置为开路状态,设置注入的CLFM信号频率带宽为0.2~8 MHz,持续时间为1 ms,得到电缆缺陷诊断谱图如图8所示。由图8可知,1 660 m位置附近中间接头出现先负后正的定位峰特征,因此可以判断该中间接头区域的特性阻抗小于电缆本体的特性阻抗,即其单位长度的电容高于电缆本体的电容,说明该中间接头存在受潮情况。为验证测试结果,现场拆除该接头,发现该接头大量进水,证实该接头存在严重受潮的情况,如图9所示,该实例说明本文方法在电缆接头受潮诊断方面具备良好的工程应用前景。
在理论研究与仿真研究中,为简化分析,将中间接头区域简单视为等阻抗值区域,即中间接头区域的各处特性阻抗相等,所以图5的缺陷诊断谱图内中间接头的两个定位峰呈现高度的对称性。但是,在实际的应用过程中,由于电缆接头存在不同的制作与安装工艺,并且中间接头可能存在受潮缺陷等情况,电缆接头不是一个标准的等阻抗值区域,即中间接头区域的各处特征阻抗存在微小的差异,该差异可能会导致中间接头区域内部出现多次的折射与反射现象,改变中间接头处两个定位峰的对称性,所以缺陷诊断谱图内中间接头的两个定位峰不一定呈现高度的对称性,并且第一个峰与第二个峰无明显的强度关系,但是其先正后负的定位峰特征可以表征该接头处于正常状态,而先负后正的定位峰特征可以表征该接头处于受潮状态,说明缺陷的诊断表征量与定位峰的对称性无明显关系,仅与定位峰的正负变化特征存在关联关系。由于本文重点研究电缆接头受潮缺陷的诊断表征量,未对中间接头定位峰的对称性开展深入研究。
需要说明的是,在接头的缺陷诊断谱图中,强能量的反射信号可能会造成倾斜的基线,因此,本文采用放大局部信号的方法分析定位峰,如图57所示,以减少倾斜基线的影响,并凸显定位峰的特征。在实际测试中,可以根据接头的安装台账信息,将接头位置的缺陷诊断谱图开展局部放大分析。后续也可采用二次对端测试的方式验证中间接头的缺陷诊断结果,以保证测试结果的可靠性。
本文提出一种基于FMCW-TR的电缆接头受潮缺陷诊断方法,得到主要结论如下:
(1)在现有FMCW方法的基础上,将采集的反射信号与入射信号开展时间反演并注入仿真模型,可获得反演信号的距离-能量曲线。由于TR技术具备信号聚焦特性,该曲线可实现电缆接头的定位与受潮缺陷诊断。
(2)反演信号的能量曲线可作为电缆缺陷诊断谱图,该谱图在电缆接头等阻抗不连续点位置形成定位峰,定位峰的距离坐标可用于确定电缆接头的位置。定位峰的方向可用于确定阻抗不连续点的阻抗变化性质,定位峰为正,确定该位置存在特性阻抗增大的情况;定位峰为负,确定该位置存在特性阻抗减小的情况。
(3)由仿真与实测结果可知,在本文的电缆缺陷诊断谱图中,“先正后负”与“先负后正”的定位峰可表征正常的电缆接头与受潮的电缆接头,从而实现电缆接头受潮缺陷的诊断,工程应用效果良好。
  • 国网四川省电力公司科技项目(521904230003)
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2025年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.017
  • 接收时间:2024-07-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-04
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-09
  • 修回日期:2024-08-21
基金
国网四川省电力公司科技项目(521904230003)
作者信息
    1.国网四川省电力公司成都供电公司,四川 成都 610041
    2.四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065

通讯作者:

徐忠林(1968-),男(汉族),江西新余人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事电力电缆运维检修技术的研究工作。
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