Article(id=1203281636348633565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718899200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-21, revisedDate=1723651200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814297997, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814297997, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814297997, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814297997, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281635908231645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814297892, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764815002353, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284590690545746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284590694740051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=131, endPage=140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281638374482398, articleId=1203281636348633565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on electric field distribution and distortion characteristics of 220 kV oil-immersed bushing under typical faults, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Bushing is an important component of oil-immersed transformers, and its internal insulation moisture, ageing, and development of some defects after long-term operation will cause distortion of local electric field, which seriously threatens the safe operation of bushing. In this paper, the variation patterns of dielectric parameters of the aged and damped oil-immersed paper under different test temperature environment were obtained, and a dynamic dielectric parameter calculation model was established. Meanwhile, a simulation model was established on the basis of actual structure of a 252 kV/1 250 A bushing. Electro-magnetic-thermal coupling multiphysics were used to conduct simulation analysis, and the transient electric field distribution and distortion severity inside the bushing under three typical defect conditions were obtained. The results indicate that when the end screen of bushing is unreliable grounding (resulting in floating potential), electric field distortion occurs at the contact side of bushing and end screen, and the voltage grading effectiveness of capacitive core is weakened. When there is wrinkle on the capacitance screen of bushing, the maximum electric field intensity at the wrinkle regions increases proportionally with the bending curvature. Notably, the field strength inversion phenomena are observed at the distortion zones when the capacitance screen reach specific bending curvature. The bubbles attached on the end screen surface have greater influence on the electric field distribution than bubbles dispersed in transformer oil. Such surface-attached bubbles are prone to produce partial discharge.

, articleAbstract=

Bushing is an important component of oil-immersed transformers, and its internal insulation moisture, ageing, and development of some defects after long-term operation will cause distortion of local electric field, which seriously threatens the safe operation of bushing. In this paper, the variation patterns of dielectric parameters of the aged and damped oil-immersed paper under different test temperature environment were obtained, and a dynamic dielectric parameter calculation model was established. Meanwhile, a simulation model was established on the basis of actual structure of a 252 kV/1 250 A bushing. Electro-magnetic-thermal coupling multiphysics were used to conduct simulation analysis, and the transient electric field distribution and distortion severity inside the bushing under three typical defect conditions were obtained. The results indicate that when the end screen of bushing is unreliable grounding (resulting in floating potential), electric field distortion occurs at the contact side of bushing and end screen, and the voltage grading effectiveness of capacitive core is weakened. When there is wrinkle on the capacitance screen of bushing, the maximum electric field intensity at the wrinkle regions increases proportionally with the bending curvature. Notably, the field strength inversion phenomena are observed at the distortion zones when the capacitance screen reach specific bending curvature. The bubbles attached on the end screen surface have greater influence on the electric field distribution than bubbles dispersed in transformer oil. Such surface-attached bubbles are prone to produce partial discharge.

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套管作为油浸式变压器的重要组成部分,长期运行后内部绝缘受潮、老化及部分缺陷的发展导致局部电场出现畸变,严重威胁套管的安全运行。本文在不同测试温度环境下,获得老化、受潮的油浸纸试样介电参数的变化规律,并构建了动态介电参数计算模型;同时基于252 kV/1 250 A套管的实际结构进行仿真模型的建立,并采用电-磁-热多物理场进行仿真分析,获得了3种典型缺陷下套管内部电场暂态分布及畸变程度的变化规律。结果表明:套管末屏接地不可靠造成其悬浮电位后,末屏与其接触侧出现电场畸变,电容芯子的均压作用效果减弱;当电容屏出现褶皱,其弯曲度越大,褶皱处最大场强越大,且在电容屏不同弯曲度时在场强畸变处出现反转现象;末屏表面附着气泡对电场的影响远大于变压器油中存在气泡的影响,末屏表面附着气泡易产生局部放电。

, articleAbstract=

套管作为油浸式变压器的重要组成部分,长期运行后内部绝缘受潮、老化及部分缺陷的发展导致局部电场出现畸变,严重威胁套管的安全运行。本文在不同测试温度环境下,获得老化、受潮的油浸纸试样介电参数的变化规律,并构建了动态介电参数计算模型;同时基于252 kV/1 250 A套管的实际结构进行仿真模型的建立,并采用电-磁-热多物理场进行仿真分析,获得了3种典型缺陷下套管内部电场暂态分布及畸变程度的变化规律。结果表明:套管末屏接地不可靠造成其悬浮电位后,末屏与其接触侧出现电场畸变,电容芯子的均压作用效果减弱;当电容屏出现褶皱,其弯曲度越大,褶皱处最大场强越大,且在电容屏不同弯曲度时在场强畸变处出现反转现象;末屏表面附着气泡对电场的影响远大于变压器油中存在气泡的影响,末屏表面附着气泡易产生局部放电。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
于沐禾(2001-),女(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士生,主要从事高压电器设备绝缘诊断评估技术的研究。
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赵春明(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江汤原人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气设备性能检测、故障诊断及状态评价的研究;

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赵春明(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江汤原人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气设备性能检测、故障诊断及状态评价的研究;

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赵春明(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江汤原人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气设备性能检测、故障诊断及状态评价的研究;

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(a) 变压器油中气泡 (b) 末屏表面附着气泡

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(a) 无气泡 (b) 气泡团聚

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(a) 无气泡 (b) 气泡团聚

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试样第1次吸潮第2次吸潮第2次吸潮第4次吸潮第5次吸潮
未老化0.97%2.05%3.26%4.56%6.50%
老化20天0.49%1.75%2.31%3.61%5.05%
), ArticleFig(id=1203362955598475524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281636348633565, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

油浸纸试样吸潮后的含水率

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试样第1次吸潮第2次吸潮第2次吸潮第4次吸潮第5次吸潮
未老化0.97%2.05%3.26%4.56%6.50%
老化20天0.49%1.75%2.31%3.61%5.05%
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典型故障下220 kV油浸式套管电场分布/畸变特性变化规律研究
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赵春明 1 , 司昌健 1 , 郭家昌 1 , 杨代勇 1 , 李世娇 2 , 于沐禾 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025,58(6): 131-140
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025, 58(6): 131-140
典型故障下220 kV油浸式套管电场分布/畸变特性变化规律研究
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赵春明1, 司昌健1, 郭家昌1, 杨代勇1, 李世娇2, 于沐禾2
作者信息
  • 1.国网吉林省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,吉林 长春 130021
  • 2.哈尔滨理工大学 工程电介质及其应用教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 赵春明(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江汤原人,正高级工程师,主要从事电气设备性能检测、故障诊断及状态评价的研究;

通讯作者:

于沐禾(2001-),女(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士生,主要从事高压电器设备绝缘诊断评估技术的研究。
Study on electric field distribution and distortion characteristics of 220 kV oil-immersed bushing under typical faults
Chunming ZHAO1, Changjian SI1, Jiachang GUO1, Daiyong YANG1, Shijiao LI2, Muhe YU2
Affiliations
  • 1. Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Jilin Electric Power Company Limited, Changchun 130021, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.016
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套管作为油浸式变压器的重要组成部分,长期运行后内部绝缘受潮、老化及部分缺陷的发展导致局部电场出现畸变,严重威胁套管的安全运行。本文在不同测试温度环境下,获得老化、受潮的油浸纸试样介电参数的变化规律,并构建了动态介电参数计算模型;同时基于252 kV/1 250 A套管的实际结构进行仿真模型的建立,并采用电-磁-热多物理场进行仿真分析,获得了3种典型缺陷下套管内部电场暂态分布及畸变程度的变化规律。结果表明:套管末屏接地不可靠造成其悬浮电位后,末屏与其接触侧出现电场畸变,电容芯子的均压作用效果减弱;当电容屏出现褶皱,其弯曲度越大,褶皱处最大场强越大,且在电容屏不同弯曲度时在场强畸变处出现反转现象;末屏表面附着气泡对电场的影响远大于变压器油中存在气泡的影响,末屏表面附着气泡易产生局部放电。

油浸式套管  /  多物理场  /  典型缺陷  /  电场畸变

Bushing is an important component of oil-immersed transformers, and its internal insulation moisture, ageing, and development of some defects after long-term operation will cause distortion of local electric field, which seriously threatens the safe operation of bushing. In this paper, the variation patterns of dielectric parameters of the aged and damped oil-immersed paper under different test temperature environment were obtained, and a dynamic dielectric parameter calculation model was established. Meanwhile, a simulation model was established on the basis of actual structure of a 252 kV/1 250 A bushing. Electro-magnetic-thermal coupling multiphysics were used to conduct simulation analysis, and the transient electric field distribution and distortion severity inside the bushing under three typical defect conditions were obtained. The results indicate that when the end screen of bushing is unreliable grounding (resulting in floating potential), electric field distortion occurs at the contact side of bushing and end screen, and the voltage grading effectiveness of capacitive core is weakened. When there is wrinkle on the capacitance screen of bushing, the maximum electric field intensity at the wrinkle regions increases proportionally with the bending curvature. Notably, the field strength inversion phenomena are observed at the distortion zones when the capacitance screen reach specific bending curvature. The bubbles attached on the end screen surface have greater influence on the electric field distribution than bubbles dispersed in transformer oil. Such surface-attached bubbles are prone to produce partial discharge.

oil-immersed bushing  /  multi physical field  /  typical defects  /  electric field distortion
赵春明, 司昌健, 郭家昌, 杨代勇, 李世娇, 于沐禾. 典型故障下220 kV油浸式套管电场分布/畸变特性变化规律研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (6) : 131 -140 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.016
Chunming ZHAO, Changjian SI, Jiachang GUO, Daiyong YANG, Shijiao LI, Muhe YU. Study on electric field distribution and distortion characteristics of 220 kV oil-immersed bushing under typical faults[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (6) : 131 -140 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.016
套管作为中、高压油浸式电力变压器的关键组部件,其在长期工况环境下的性能直接影响变压器的稳定运行[1-2]。根据套管类型,高压套管主要分为油纸绝缘套管及胶纸绝缘套管两大类,其中油纸套管占高压套管总比例的70%[3]。根据变压器运行数据统计发现,油纸绝缘套管的内部绝缘缺陷、受潮、过热等问题是造成变压器停运事故的主要原因[4-6]。相比变压器主绝缘部分,由于套管内部的绝缘油无外部冷却系统,套管内部绝缘承受电、热等应力的影响程度将更加严重。套管绝缘受潮后会产生气泡,使套管内部出现电场应力集中现象[7-9],导致套管内部发生局部放电,且部分套管由于出厂运输过程及安装过程中造成的潜在缺陷无法通过现场交接试验获得有效识别。在长期工况下,缺陷发展将对设备的安全造成重大影响,因此明确不同缺陷下套管内部电场应力分布至关重要。
对于套管内电场分布及畸变特性的研究多采用多物理场有限元仿真计算的方式获得[10-12],如刘道生等[13]对60 kV套管的绝缘结构进行了设计,并利用有限元仿真计算各部分场强的分布特征,从而实现套管绝缘结构的优化设计,提高了套管的绝缘性能;LIAO R J等[14]设计了10 kV的油纸绝缘套管模型,并通过COMSOL多物理场有限元软件分析了套管内电场分布的特征,同时量化分析了含水率对油纸绝缘套管内时频域介电响应变化规律的影响;WANG D Y等[4]研究了套管电容芯子受潮后水分分布规律,并通过有限元仿真分析了水分暂态分布对电容芯子内电场分布的影响;于群英等[3]通过有限元仿真对5种典型套管故障(局部过热、受潮、局部放电、末屏接触不良、导杆电弧放电)进行了仿真分析,提出了上述套管在不同故障类型下的预防措施。上述仿真建模中对绝缘介质进行参数赋值时多为恒定值,但根据试验研究发现油纸绝缘材料受潮、老化后其介电参数将发生明显变化,因此现有研究中均无法准确针对不同运行阶段的套管进行有效的物理场分析,且已有研究中也未明确缺陷类型及位置对套管电容芯子内部电场畸变程度的影响关系。
基于此,本文针对不同老化程度、不同含水率的油浸纸材料进行介电参数测试,构建不同油纸绝缘材料介电参数与温度、含水率的定量表征方程,为套管仿真提供有效参数;同时针对220 kV油纸绝缘套管结构,在考虑不同典型缺陷类型(末屏断裂、电容屏褶皱、气泡团聚)下构建电-磁-热多物理场仿真模型,探讨套管内油纸绝缘的老化、受潮程度及缺陷类型对电场分布/畸变程度的影响规律,研究结果将为高压油纸套管的绝缘结构优化设计及电网部门运维策略制定提供参考。
本文构建的多物理场仿真模型中主要包括电、磁、热三部分的耦合分析,其中磁场模块主要是通过改变套管中间导杆的电流密度来模拟运行条件下载流量的变化(与导杆尺寸有关),使得套管内部产生温度变化;而热场模块主要包括固体传热部分及流体传热部分,分别考虑芯子内部传热及变压器油中的热扩散过程[15-16];电场模块主要考虑正常工作状态下油浸套管的末屏与导杆间主绝缘需承受工频交流电场。由于温度会影响套管内部绝缘介电参数的变化,采用耦合分析的方式可准确获得套管运行环境下套管内的电场分布情况。采用仿真软件中的AC/DC模块,通过电流连续性方程可以获得套管内部的电场分布情况,电流连续性方程如式(1)~(2)所示。
J=σE+Dt+Je
D=ε0εrE
式(1)~(2)中:J为电流密度;σ为电导率;Je为外部产生的电流密度;ε0为真空介电常数;εr为电介质的相对介电常数;E为电场强度;D为电位移矢量。
式(1)式(2)结合,可得到式(3)
J=σ+ε0εrtE+Je
式(3)的静态形式如式(4)所示。
J=-σ+ε0εrtV-Je=0
式(4)中,V为外施电压。
根据固态传热的基本理论,套管内温度的扩散过程可根据式(5)进行计算。
(kT)+ρcpTt=q(r)+QL
式(5)中:k为介质的导热系数,单位为W/(m·K);T为材料的温度,单位为K;cp为绝缘介质的定压比热容,单位为J/(kg·K);qr)为电流泄漏过程中的热量,单位为W/m3QL为导杆的产热量,单位为W/m3r为套管的半径,单位为m;导杆一般为铜材质,密度ρ一般为8.96 kg/m3
导杆中电流密度与产热的关系,可根据式(6)进行计算。
QL=J2/δ
式(6)中:J为电流密度,单位为A/m3δ为铜导杆的电导率,与温度有关,单位为S/m。
由于套管芯子为油浸纸多层缠绕的固体绝缘,而在芯子外部存在变压器油,因此在进行热扩散及热平衡分析时需考虑固体传热及流体传热两部分,固体中传热界面模型的建立及求解所用公式如式(7)所示。
ρCpTt+utransT+q+qr=-αT:dsdt+Q
式(7)中:ρ为密度,单位为kg/m3Cp为恒定应力下的比热容,单位为J/(kg·K);utrans为平移运动的速度向量;qqr分别为传导和辐射的热通量,其与散热系数有关,单位为W/m2α为固体热膨胀系数,单位为K-1s为第二类Piola-Kirchhoff应力,单位为Pa;Q为其他热源,单位为W/m3
流体在分界面处的传热过程可通过式(8)进行求解。
ρCpTt+uT+q+qr=αpTpt+up+τ:u+Q
式(8)中:αp为液体热膨胀系数;u为速度向量,单位为m/s;p为压强;τ为流体黏度。
在稳态问题中,温度保持不变,因此式(7)式(8)中的时间导数项为零,同时考虑到是二维模型,则等式右侧第一项表示通过压力变化进行的功,它是绝热压缩和一些热声效应的结果,而第二项表示流体中的黏性耗散。
本文选用尺寸为160 mm×160 mm×0.2 mm的电缆纸及45#环烷基变压器油作为试验材料,试验前将两种材料进行真空烘干处理,以消除材料中的水分,最后将烘干的电缆纸进行真空浸油处理,制备成多组油浸纸试样。
为分析油纸绝缘材料老化后含水率对其介电性能的影响,需将上述制备的油浸纸试样在130℃环境下进行加速老化试验,并对老化后的油浸纸试样进行加速吸潮试验。
本文采用三电极测试系统,通过自动平衡电桥及静电计对油纸绝缘材料的工频介电常数及直流电导率进行测试。测试时将试样放入恒温箱中,获得不同测试温度下油纸绝缘材料的介电参数,设置的测试温度为30、50、70、90℃。
对于未老化(聚合度(DP)=1 005)及老化20天(DP=675)的油浸纸试样在恒温恒湿箱中进行5次加速吸潮试验,每次吸潮时间相同,吸潮后进行油浸纸试样含水率的测试,两组油浸纸试样的含水率如表1所示。从表1可以看出,未老化的油浸纸试样吸潮能力远大于老化后的油浸纸试样。
在不同温度下对不同含水率的油浸纸试样进行相对介电常数及直流电导率测试,测试结果如图1所示。
图1可知,在含水率较低时,油浸纸试样的老化程度、测试温度对其相对介电常数的影响较小,油浸纸试样的相对介电常数为3.5~3.8,随着含水率及测试温度的升高,老化后油浸纸试样的相对介电常数显著增大,测试温度在90℃时,其相对介电常数达到了14.3;而对于油浸纸试样的直流电导率,含水率较低时,随着测试温度的升高,电导率显著增大,且油浸纸老化越严重,电导率增大越明显,而随着含水率的增加,未老化与老化后油浸纸试样的电导率之间差异减小,含水率较高时油浸纸试样的直流电导率与其老化程度无关。
根据电介质电导率与测试温度存在的指数关系[17],可分别对油浸纸试样的直流电导率进行拟合计算,构建不同老化程度油纸绝缘材料介电参数与含水率及测试温度的函数关系,以此作为油浸式套管中绝缘介电参数的选取依据。以未老化油浸纸试样的介电参数为例,其相对介电常数(εP)、直流电导率(γP)与温度(T)及含水率(mp)的关系可表示为式(9)式(10)
εP=0.05424exp(mp/1.91547)-0.08399         exp-T/(-0.71615-26.46439mp+5.82754mp2-0.48249mp3)      +3.48158+0.07345mp-0.07132mp2+0.00723mp3
γP=(-1.018×10-14+4.0858×10-14mp-2.91125×10-14mp2+6.011×10-15mp3)       exp(-T/(-29.976+22.8746mp-9.40393mp2+1.1932mp3))       +(-9.397×10-14+1.0018×10-13exp(mp/1.6233))
本文以252 kV电容套管进行仿真模型的建立,运用COMSOL Multiphysics仿真软件,按照套管实际尺寸进行建模,套管总长度为4 665 mm,具体结构如图2所示。
该套管1 min工频耐受电压为505 kV,全波雷电冲击耐受电压为1 050 kV,操作冲击耐受电压为750 kV。套管中的导杆直径为69 mm,采用等电容设计方法计算得到电容芯子为57层,即57个电容屏,芯子上、下台阶设计长度分别为22 mm、9 mm,套管内芯子的总电容为463 pF。
在模型中设定套管内相应的边界条件及附加载荷,考虑系统最高运行电压等级,在导杆上设定电压幅值为145 kV,套管的末屏接地,设为0电位,由于电容芯子的各层绝缘间有铝箔进行电场均压,仿真中将铝箔设定为悬浮电位;对于油纸绝缘材料,需根据试验获得的介电特性与测试温度、老化程度及含水率的关系作为输入函数进行相关材料参数的设定。
套管在制作及长期运行后可能会出现部分缺陷,根据对套管制作工艺及现场安装时可能出现的故障类型,本文对3种典型的套管故障进行多物理场仿真分析,3种类型故障分别为套管末屏接地不可靠、套管内部电容屏出现褶皱引起局部电场畸变、套管内电容芯子/变压器油中存在气泡/气泡消除不完全,上述典型故障均会导致套管内部电场应力集中,产生局部放电。
套管末屏引出线接地处在长期工作状态下由于外部金具受潮,发生电解反应,使引线柱氧化严重,接触电阻率显著增加,导致末屏接地线不能可靠接地;其次,对于套管末屏接地处的引线在运维中需确保可靠接地,长期运行过程中将造成引线处焊点脱落,致使末屏与芯子内的导电杆接触不良,本文对该种套管故障进行仿真分析。
首先在仿真模型中考虑了末屏是否接地即末屏设置0电位或悬浮电位,为分析材料的老化程度和受潮程度对其电场分布的影响,对坐标位置(0,1 800)、(100,1 800)处的径向电场分布进行稳态下的仿真分析,电场强度仿真计算结果如图3所示。
图3(a)可知,末屏不接地为悬浮状态时,含水率显著影响套管芯子内部的电场分布,含水率越高,芯子内部承担的电场强度越小,其主要原因为随着绝缘内含水率的增加,油浸纸试样的电导率显著增大,而由于末屏未有效接地,套管末屏与外部瓷套间的变压器油电导率较小,其承担更多电场。由图3(b)可知,绝缘老化越严重,芯子内部承担的电场强度越小,主要与材料老化后其电导率下降有关。
图4为末屏未接地时含水率对套管内电场分布的影响。由图4可以发现,在电容芯子最外侧末屏处出现了电场应力集中。
因此末屏接地不良时,在末屏与其接触侧出现电场畸变,电容芯子的均压作用效果减弱,末屏铝箔附近区域易发生电击穿,将加剧套管运行风险。
图5为末屏是否接地对套管内电磁损耗局部分布的影响。由图5可知,由于末屏不接地,套管内绝缘的整体损耗分布将发生改变,套管尾部瓷套及芯子外表面绝缘损耗明显增加。
由于电荷积聚使得局部电场集中,为考虑末屏接地对电容芯子表面电荷积聚的影响,仿真中设定末屏表面绝缘的位置锚点为(100,1 300),对不同含水率下电容芯子表面的电荷密度进行量化计算,仿真计算结果如图6所示。
图6可知,电容芯子表面的电荷积聚量均随芯子内绝缘含水率的增加而减小,而末屏接地时,芯子表面电荷量减小极为迅速;在相同含水率下,当末屏未接地时,芯子表面累积的电荷密度远大于末屏接地时芯子表面累积的电荷密度,最大相差超过6个数量级,积聚的电荷将引起场强集中。
末屏接地时,暂态下套管内电容芯子的电场分布出现反转,而套管末屏未有效接地时,根据前述仿真结果可知,稳态下在电容芯子外部出现严重的电场畸变,当检修后上电运行时,套管内部绝缘的电场分布需予以考虑。因此本文对坐标位置(0,1 800)、(100,1 800)处的径向电场分布进行暂态下的仿真分析(末屏未接地),电场强度仿真计算结果如图7所示。
图7(a)可知,由于含水率较低时,初始时刻下套管内温度较低,变压器油的电导率远小于油浸纸试样的电导率[18-19],此时电场主要集中在变压器油中。随着运行时间的增加,套管内温度上升,温度对油浸纸试样电导率的影响远大于变压器油,电场逐步转向在电容芯子的外侧绝缘,芯子内电场分布的变化规律与末屏接地时有所不同,芯子内部场强分布逐渐增大并趋于稳定,外部场强分布呈现先增大后降低的变化规律。当芯子绝缘受潮严重时,如图7(b)所示,初始状态与稳态下的电场分布规律基本保持一致,整体电场分布相差不大,其主要原因为高含水率时油浸纸试样的电导率受水分的影响大于温度的影响。仅在2 h运行时间后,由于温度扩散不均匀,使得电容芯子内外温差超过15℃,电容芯子外侧绝缘的电导率远大于内侧,使得电容芯子外侧绝缘处变化最为明显,导致芯子内电场分布发生改变。
由于机器故障或绝缘纸摆放位置偏移,套管在缠绕电容芯子时可能导致电容芯子内部的绝缘纸产生褶皱。在严重情况下,这可能会导致电容屏挤压变形,进而引发严重的电场畸变。
由于褶皱越大,两层电容屏间的距离越小,本文对电容芯子下部出现电容屏褶皱情况进行仿真计算,设置端点位置为(45.4,453)(45.8,530)处第11个电容屏出现弯曲,曲率半径变化范围为1 250~1 550 mm,弯曲处将出现最大电场强度,褶皱弯曲度定义为形变与弧弦的比值。在芯子绝缘内部含水率为1%时,以截线位置(44,500)(48,500)对芯子内部电容屏褶皱处局部径向电场进行仿真计算,仿真结果如图8所示。
仿真计算时,弯曲度为假定值,设定弧弦的最小距离需大于两层电容屏间的厚度值。由图8可知,电容屏弯曲度越大,褶皱处最大场强越大,最大场强达到7.4 kV/mm,褶皱处出现严重的电场畸变,褶皱处电场较电容芯子内部电场最大增加了300%,且在电容屏不同弯曲度时在场强畸变处出现反转现象,不同褶皱弯曲度电容屏的电容芯子内部局部电场分布的仿真结果如图9所示。
含水率和绝缘老化程度的增加,均使得油浸纸试样的电导率呈指数函数趋势增加,进而影响芯子内部的电场分布。不同含水率下褶皱处最大场强与弯曲度的关系如图10所示。由图10可知,弯曲度较小时,含水率对褶皱处最大场强的影响较大,含水率增加至2%以后,水分对褶皱处最大场强的影响基本消失。
实际套管现场安装后需要进行真空注油处理,由于套管芯子由电缆纸绕制,其内部存在微小气隙,真空注油后在变压器油及电容芯子表面存在气泡,而空气与变压器油/油浸纸的相对介电常数与电气强度呈反比关系,因此气泡处承担的电场强度较高,极易引发局部放电。
仿真时,主要考虑两种典型气泡的位置:①团聚气泡在变压器油中;②团聚气泡附着在电容芯子末屏表面。电容芯子中的气泡[8,20]附着情况如图11所示。
以芯子绝缘含水率为1%为例,仿真时在套管上部变压器油(100,2 800)位置附近设定半径为 1 mm的团聚气泡(气泡设定尺寸与试验中观察尺寸大小一致),得到有无气泡时变压器油内的电场分布如图12所示。由图12可知,在相邻的两个气泡之间存在部分电场畸变,电场畸变幅值不大。
仿真中取截线位置(96,2 797)(101,2 797)的径向电场分布进行分析,结果如图13所示。由图13可知,在无气泡存在时,变压器油内的场强为0.08 kV/mm,当变压器油中存在气泡时,气泡边缘的最大电场强度为0.22 kV/mm,相对于空气的电气强度(3 kV/mm)、变压器油的电气强度(18 kV/mm),变压器油内部存在气泡时,工况运行下不会引起介质击穿而造成运行事故。
为对比绝缘老化和受潮程度对变压器油中气泡电场的影响,仿真中设定锚点(98,2 796)坐标,对套管仿真模型进行仿真计算,结果如图14所示。由图14可知,当材料老化或受潮时,电容芯子绝缘的电导率增加,变压器油中承担的场强增大,因此在气泡处的电场强度有所增大,但仍远小于变压器油的电气强度。
当电容芯子末屏表面附着气泡时(芯子绝缘含水率为1%),设定末屏表面附着半径为1 mm的团聚气泡,芯子末屏表面的局部电场分布仿真结果如图15所示。
图15可知,末屏表面附着气泡后,气泡间产生较大的电场畸变,套管内出现最大场强,进一步对畸变处的径向电场进行分析(截线位置(94.5,919)(100,919)),仿真计算结果如图16所示。从图16可以看出,气泡表面的最大电场强度达到9.8 kV/mm,此时气泡击穿将产生局部放电,严重威胁套管的安全运行。
由上述仿真结果可知,末屏表面附着气泡时对电场的影响远大于变压器油中气泡的影响,芯子绝缘材料老化、受潮后对套管内最大场强的影响仿真计算结果如图17所示。由图17可知,对于未老化、含水率较低的新套管而言,电容芯子末屏表面附着气泡对最大电场的影响较大,因此若在现场真空注油操作不当致使芯子表面附着气泡,将严重威胁套管内绝缘的可靠性。
本文考虑油纸绝缘材料介电参数的动态变化,建立了220 kV油浸式套管多物理场仿真计算模型,获得了3种典型缺陷下套管内的电场分布/畸变特性变化规律,具体结论如下:
(1)套管末屏不接地时,在电容芯子最外侧末屏处出现了电场应力集中,且绝缘老化越严重,芯子内部承担的电场强度越小,外部油隙中承担的电场越大。
(2)电容屏弯曲度越大,褶皱处出现的电场畸变越严重,褶皱处电场较电容芯子内部电场最大增加了300%,且在电容屏不同弯曲度时在场强畸变处出现反转现象。
(3)末屏表面附着气泡对电场的影响远大于变压器油中气泡的影响,对于未老化、含水率较低的新套管而言,电容芯子末屏表面附着气泡对其局部电场集中的影响较大。
  • 国网吉林省电力有限公司科技项目(2024-44)
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2025年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.016
  • 接收时间:2024-06-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-04
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-21
  • 修回日期:2024-08-15
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国网吉林省电力有限公司科技项目(2024-44)
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    1.国网吉林省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,吉林 长春 130021
    2.哈尔滨理工大学 工程电介质及其应用教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

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于沐禾(2001-),女(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士生,主要从事高压电器设备绝缘诊断评估技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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