Article(id=1203281565431345498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720108800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-05, revisedDate=1724169600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814281088, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814281088, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814281088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814281088, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281560800830004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814279985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814963861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=30, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281565703975269, articleId=1203281565431345498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on multi-performance synergistic enhancement of epoxy composite dielectrics by boron nitride nanosheets, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The disadvantages of poor thermal conductivity and mechanical properties severely restrict the further application of epoxy resin in electrical equipment insulation. Therefore, Epoxy composite dielectrics (EP/BNNS) with different BNNS contents were prepared by using nitride nanosheets (BNNS) as fillers. The phonon transport, stress distribution, polarization relaxation, trap distribution, and other conditions inside the epoxy composites dielectric were analyzed, and then the mechanisms of BNNS improving the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the epoxy composite dielectric were systematically explored. The results show that when the BNNS filling mass fraction is 5.0%, the thermal conductivity of the epoxy composite dielectric reaches 0.36 W/(m·K), the bending strength and tensile strength reach 120 MPa and 57.4 MPa, respectively, and the electric strength reaches 96.9 kV/mm, while the composites dielectric also have good dielectric properties. The introduction of BNNS can optimize the thermal and mechanical properties of the epoxy composite dielectric without compromising their electrical performance.

, articleAbstract=

The disadvantages of poor thermal conductivity and mechanical properties severely restrict the further application of epoxy resin in electrical equipment insulation. Therefore, Epoxy composite dielectrics (EP/BNNS) with different BNNS contents were prepared by using nitride nanosheets (BNNS) as fillers. The phonon transport, stress distribution, polarization relaxation, trap distribution, and other conditions inside the epoxy composites dielectric were analyzed, and then the mechanisms of BNNS improving the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the epoxy composite dielectric were systematically explored. The results show that when the BNNS filling mass fraction is 5.0%, the thermal conductivity of the epoxy composite dielectric reaches 0.36 W/(m·K), the bending strength and tensile strength reach 120 MPa and 57.4 MPa, respectively, and the electric strength reaches 96.9 kV/mm, while the composites dielectric also have good dielectric properties. The introduction of BNNS can optimize the thermal and mechanical properties of the epoxy composite dielectric without compromising their electrical performance.

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热导率不佳、力学性能较差等缺点严重制约环氧树脂在电气设备绝缘中的进一步应用。为此,本文以氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)为填料,制备了不同BNNS含量的环氧复合电介质(EP/BNNS),通过对环氧复合电介质内部声子传递、应力分布、极化弛豫、陷阱分布等情况的分析,系统探究了BNNS改善环氧复合电介质热、力、电学性能的作用机理。结果表明:当BNNS填充质量分数为5.0%时,环氧复合电介质的热导率达到0.36 W/(m·K),弯曲强度、拉伸强度分别达到120 MPa、57.4 MPa,电气强度达到96.9 kV/mm,同时还具有良好的介电特性。BNNS的引入可在不破坏环氧复合电介质电气性能的基础上,实现导热性能与力学性能的优化。

, articleAbstract=

热导率不佳、力学性能较差等缺点严重制约环氧树脂在电气设备绝缘中的进一步应用。为此,本文以氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)为填料,制备了不同BNNS含量的环氧复合电介质(EP/BNNS),通过对环氧复合电介质内部声子传递、应力分布、极化弛豫、陷阱分布等情况的分析,系统探究了BNNS改善环氧复合电介质热、力、电学性能的作用机理。结果表明:当BNNS填充质量分数为5.0%时,环氧复合电介质的热导率达到0.36 W/(m·K),弯曲强度、拉伸强度分别达到120 MPa、57.4 MPa,电气强度达到96.9 kV/mm,同时还具有良好的介电特性。BNNS的引入可在不破坏环氧复合电介质电气性能的基础上,实现导热性能与力学性能的优化。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
任俊文(1987-),男(汉族),四川成都人,副研究员,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=rjmrnkjco9OHE0gk+7Zhtw==, magXml=e7C6qNy41UCKR5NJVqC82w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=PKU7EgRSP5lSXiluPir64A==, pdfFileSize=17574300, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=fI4Ps86lzLUnvSnKVbfC+A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=mqhy3VeyWHj8cKZaMGf1mA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张豪峰(1994-),男(汉族),广东广州人,工程师,主要从事电力系统及继电保护的研究;

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张豪峰(1994-),男(汉族),广东广州人,工程师,主要从事电力系统及继电保护的研究;

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张豪峰(1994-),男(汉族),广东广州人,工程师,主要从事电力系统及继电保护的研究;

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(a) h-BN (b) BNNS

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试样温度/℃Δε1τ1/sα1Δε2τ2/sα2εσc(S/cm)
EP400.669 5800.8071.147.36×10-90.353.34.54×10-14
600.845 3000.7041.293.55×10-90.463.25.53×10-14
801.132 8000.7091.322.30×10-90.533.17.34×10-14
1001.371 5000.6981.471.77×10-90.583.08.15×10-13
1205.711510.6391.611.14×10-90.613.19.74×10-12
14057.076.080.6373.240.98×10-90.963.19.55×10-11
EP/BNNS-5.0400.899 6200.8930.908.02×10-90.313.73.08×10-14
601.316 7700.7950.957.92×10-90.533.74.36×10-14
805.644 4410.7561.026.61×10-90.633.66.48×10-14
1009.561 5000.7071.324.12×10-90.813.97.47×10-13
12019.775000.6841.561.74×10-90.853.98.69×10-12
140240.11500.4243.150.98×10-90.954.18.64×10-11
), ArticleFig(id=1203365334142136661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281565431345498, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

环氧复合电介质复介电常数的双弛豫Cole-Cole模型拟合参数

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试样温度/℃Δε1τ1/sα1Δε2τ2/sα2εσc(S/cm)
EP400.669 5800.8071.147.36×10-90.353.34.54×10-14
600.845 3000.7041.293.55×10-90.463.25.53×10-14
801.132 8000.7091.322.30×10-90.533.17.34×10-14
1001.371 5000.6981.471.77×10-90.583.08.15×10-13
1205.711510.6391.611.14×10-90.613.19.74×10-12
14057.076.080.6373.240.98×10-90.963.19.55×10-11
EP/BNNS-5.0400.899 6200.8930.908.02×10-90.313.73.08×10-14
601.316 7700.7950.957.92×10-90.533.74.36×10-14
805.644 4410.7561.026.61×10-90.633.66.48×10-14
1009.561 5000.7071.324.12×10-90.813.97.47×10-13
12019.775000.6841.561.74×10-90.853.98.69×10-12
140240.11500.4243.150.98×10-90.954.18.64×10-11
), ArticleFig(id=1203365334251188569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281565431345498, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Weibull distribution of electric strength for epoxy composite dielectrics, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样电气强度/(kV/mm)形状系数
EP37.84.2
EP/BNNS-2.5109.26.5
EP/BNNS-5.096.97.6
EP/BNNS-7.580.211.3
EP/BNNS-1087.37.0
), ArticleFig(id=1203365334330880348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281565431345498, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

环氧复合电介质的电气强度威布尔分布

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试样电气强度/(kV/mm)形状系数
EP37.84.2
EP/BNNS-2.5109.26.5
EP/BNNS-5.096.97.6
EP/BNNS-7.580.211.3
EP/BNNS-1087.37.0
), ArticleFig(id=1203365334414766429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281565431345498, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Trap distribution of epoxy composite dielectrics, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样I(β)/pAE/eVQ/nC
EP64.51.4120.4
EP/BNNS-5.0235.21.3594.6
EP/BNNS-10129.41.3741.2
), ArticleFig(id=1203365334502846819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281565431345498, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

环氧复合电介质的陷阱分布

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试样I(β)/pAE/eVQ/nC
EP64.51.4120.4
EP/BNNS-5.0235.21.3594.6
EP/BNNS-10129.41.3741.2
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氮化硼纳米片对环氧复合电介质的多目标性能协同提升研究
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张豪峰 1 , 石万里 2 , 宋阳 2 , 罗义晖 2 , 张鹏 2 , 滕富莉 3 , 姜国庆 3 , 任俊文 3
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025,58(5): 30-41
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025, 58(5): 30-41
氮化硼纳米片对环氧复合电介质的多目标性能协同提升研究
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张豪峰1, 石万里2, 宋阳2, 罗义晖2, 张鹏2, 滕富莉3, 姜国庆3, 任俊文3
作者信息
  • 1.南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司,广东 广州 510530
  • 2.南方电网超高压输电公司柳州局, 广西 柳州 545026
  • 3.四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
  • 张豪峰(1994-),男(汉族),广东广州人,工程师,主要从事电力系统及继电保护的研究;

通讯作者:

任俊文(1987-),男(汉族),四川成都人,副研究员,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。
Research on multi-performance synergistic enhancement of epoxy composite dielectrics by boron nitride nanosheets
Haofeng ZHANG1, Wanli SHI2, Yang SONG2, Yihui LUO2, Peng ZHANG2, Fuli TENG3, Guoqing JIANG3, Junwen REN3
Affiliations
  • 1. Southern Power Grid Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China
  • 2. Liuzhou Bureau of EHV Power Transmission Company, China Southern Power Grid, Liuzhou 545026, China
  • 3. College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.005
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热导率不佳、力学性能较差等缺点严重制约环氧树脂在电气设备绝缘中的进一步应用。为此,本文以氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)为填料,制备了不同BNNS含量的环氧复合电介质(EP/BNNS),通过对环氧复合电介质内部声子传递、应力分布、极化弛豫、陷阱分布等情况的分析,系统探究了BNNS改善环氧复合电介质热、力、电学性能的作用机理。结果表明:当BNNS填充质量分数为5.0%时,环氧复合电介质的热导率达到0.36 W/(m·K),弯曲强度、拉伸强度分别达到120 MPa、57.4 MPa,电气强度达到96.9 kV/mm,同时还具有良好的介电特性。BNNS的引入可在不破坏环氧复合电介质电气性能的基础上,实现导热性能与力学性能的优化。

环氧树脂  /  氮化硼纳米片  /  热导率  /  力学特性  /  介电特性

The disadvantages of poor thermal conductivity and mechanical properties severely restrict the further application of epoxy resin in electrical equipment insulation. Therefore, Epoxy composite dielectrics (EP/BNNS) with different BNNS contents were prepared by using nitride nanosheets (BNNS) as fillers. The phonon transport, stress distribution, polarization relaxation, trap distribution, and other conditions inside the epoxy composites dielectric were analyzed, and then the mechanisms of BNNS improving the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the epoxy composite dielectric were systematically explored. The results show that when the BNNS filling mass fraction is 5.0%, the thermal conductivity of the epoxy composite dielectric reaches 0.36 W/(m·K), the bending strength and tensile strength reach 120 MPa and 57.4 MPa, respectively, and the electric strength reaches 96.9 kV/mm, while the composites dielectric also have good dielectric properties. The introduction of BNNS can optimize the thermal and mechanical properties of the epoxy composite dielectric without compromising their electrical performance.

epoxy resin  /  boron nitride nanosheets  /  thermal conductivity  /  mechanical properties  /  dielectric properties
张豪峰, 石万里, 宋阳, 罗义晖, 张鹏, 滕富莉, 姜国庆, 任俊文. 氮化硼纳米片对环氧复合电介质的多目标性能协同提升研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (5) : 30 -41 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.005
Haofeng ZHANG, Wanli SHI, Yang SONG, Yihui LUO, Peng ZHANG, Fuli TENG, Guoqing JIANG, Junwen REN. Research on multi-performance synergistic enhancement of epoxy composite dielectrics by boron nitride nanosheets[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (5) : 30 -41 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.005
环氧树脂(EP)作为一种热固性树脂,被广泛应用于工程领域。其分子结构通常含有两个或多个环氧基团[1],在热固化过程中,环氧基团与不同固化剂发生交联,形成耐热、硬质的三维网络结构。固化后的环氧树脂不仅耐腐蚀,还具有优异的绝缘性能,常用作电子元器件封装、电缆和高压开关设备的绝缘[2]
随着电力系统电压等级的提高,传统环氧树脂电介质的局限性逐渐显现。例如,环氧树脂的热导率较低(约为0.2 W/(m·K)),在长期运行中难以有效散热,导致内部热量积聚,温度升高,进而导致分子链断裂和碳化,影响其绝缘性能[3]。再如,环氧树脂固化物的交联密度大,力学性能较差,在多种应力作用下易产生微裂纹,导致电荷积聚和局部放电,最终可能引发绝缘击穿。这些缺点限制了环氧树脂在电气设备绝缘中的进一步应用。
在提升环氧树脂导热性能方面,可向分子结构中引入液晶基元如联苯、稠环等。通过液晶基元的有序堆叠,构筑液晶环氧树脂,降低声子散射,进而提升环氧树脂热导率。例如,FAN X R等[4]、A OLAMILEKAN等[5]研究发现利用液晶基元的有序自组装,可以实现环氧树脂热导率的提升,但会在一定程度上牺牲环氧树脂的绝缘特性。相比通过调控分子结构制备本征型高导热、高强度环氧树脂电介质,填充型环氧复合电介质因制备成本低、工艺简单,且能显著提升性能而受到越来越多关注。这类复合电介质通过在环氧树脂中引入高导热、高强度、高绝缘的功能填料,如无机颗粒填料,利用填料的性能优势弥补环氧树脂的不足[6-7]
无机颗粒填料包括氧化铝(Al2O3[8]、氮化铝(AlN)[9]、氮化硼(h-BN)[10]等。陈淑梅等[11]以片状 Al2O3为填料制备环氧复合电介质,研究显示,当片状Al2O3质量分数达70%时,复合电介质热导率为0.89 W/(m·K),电气强度为58.5 kV/mm。CHEN X R等[12]研究发现,当AlN质量分数为2%时,复合电介质的热导率达到0.405 W/(m·K),电气强度显著提升。h-BN作为一种新型陶瓷类无机填料,因其优异的绝缘和导热性能(热导率为320 W/(m·K))而受到广泛关注[13]。此外,h-BN还具有类似石墨烯的层状结构。然而,h-BN层间的范德华力和B、N原子间的电负性差异导致其易团聚,直接引入聚合物中易产生缺陷,反而劣化性能。而经剥离处理得到的六方氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)不仅保留了h-BN的绝缘性能,而且因层间作用削弱,其单层面内热导率高达1 700~2 000 W/(m·K),同时在水和有机溶剂中的分散性和稳定性相比h-BN有所提高[14]。此外,BNNS具有高比表面积,可与聚合物基体建立纳米级界面联系,被广泛应用于改善环氧树脂性能。但是,目前的研究大多关注单一性能提升,缺乏对BNNS改善环氧树脂热、力、电学性能的系统研究。
本文通过引入BNNS实现环氧树脂导热与力学性能的同步优化。系统分析BNNS的引入对环氧复合电介质内部声子传递、应力分布、极化弛豫、陷阱分布的影响,并借助双层界面模型阐明BNNS对环氧复合电介质热、力、电学性能的改善机理。
环氧树脂:双酚A型E-51(环氧当量为192)、固化剂:甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐(MTHPA),南通星辰合成材料有限公司;六方氮化硼:直径为5~10 μm,秦皇岛一诺高新材料开发有限公司;促进剂:2,4,6-三(二甲胺基甲基)苯酚(Q-DMP-30),无锡市明日化工科技有限公司;丙酮、无水乙醇、异丙醇,均为分析纯,成都市科龙化学品有限公司。
利用离子插层辅助液相剥离的方法制备BNNS。首先将1 g h-BN粉末、1 g柠檬酸锂添加到100 mL异丙醇与去离子水的混合液中,其中异丙醇与去离子水的体积比为3∶1。将h-BN分散液超声分散15 min后使用超声波二维材料剥离器(功率为300 W,频率为40 kHz)进行剥离处理6 h。然后将获得的分散液密封在反应釜(内部结构为聚四氟乙烯)中,并在180℃下进行12 h的水热处理。待反应釜冷却后,用去离子水洗涤3次混合物以除去残留的异丙醇与柠檬酸锂。最后将洗涤后的分散液置于冻干机中,并在-40℃下冻干4天获得BNNS。
首先,称取一定量的BNNS分散在30 mL丙酮中,超声处理40 min(功率为90 W,频率为 30 kHz),使BNNS充分分散。依据设定的BNNS含量将其与环氧树脂放置于油浴锅中加热搅拌(60℃),直至丙酮全部除去(丙酮在标准大气压下沸点为53℃)。随后,关闭油浴加热,保持搅拌,待BNNS与环氧树脂混合物冷却至室温,加入MTHPA与Q-DMP-30,其中环氧树脂、MTHPA、Q-DMP-30三者之间的质量比为100∶80∶1.6。搅拌5 min后,将搅拌均匀的环氧混合体系置于环境温度为60℃的真空烘箱中真空处理1 h,以除去环氧混合体系中由搅拌引入的气泡和残留的丙酮。然后,将环氧混合体系倒入金属模具中按120℃/2 h+130℃/2 h的固化程序完成固化。最后,随烘箱冷却至室温得到EP/BNNS复合电介质(BNNS质量分数分别为2.5%、5.0%、7.5%、10%),并按照BNNS质量分数将EP/BNNS复合电介质分别命名为EP/BNNS-2.5、EP/BNNS-5.0、EP/BNNS-7.5、EP/BNNS-10。EP/BNNS复合电介质的制备流程如图1所示。
利用卡尔∙蔡司公司的ZEISS Sigma 300型场发射扫描电镜(SEM)对h-BN、BNNS以及环氧复合电介质的脆断断面、拉伸断面进行微观结构表征。
利用FEI公司的FEI Talos F200X型透射电子显微镜(TEM)对BNNS进行微观结构表征。
利用日本理学公司的Rigaku Ultima IV型X射线衍射(XRD)仪获取h-BN和BNNS的XRD图谱,以表征其具有的晶型结构。测试条件为Cu-Kα辐射(λ=0.154 nm),2θ范围为5°~90°,扫描速率为 5°/min。
(1)热学性能测试
利用湖南湘仪实验室仪器有限公司的DRL-III型热导率测试仪测试环氧树脂及其复合电介质的热导率。利用Mettler公司的TGA2型热重分析仪对环氧复合电介质试样进行热失重测试,以表征其热稳定性。
(2)力学性能测试
采用英斯特朗试验设备贸易有限公司的 Instron2340型电子万能试验机对环氧树脂及其复合电介质进行力学性能测试,包括拉伸与三点弯曲测试。通过对环氧复合电介质弯曲应力-应变曲线面积进行积分求取其发生断裂前所吸收的能量,衡量其韧性的大小。
(3)电学性能测试
采用Novocontrol公司的Concept 50型宽频介电阻抗谱仪获取环氧复合电介质在常温(25℃)以及变温(-10~150℃)下的介电性能。利用北京航天纵横检测仪器公司的ZJC-100 kV型计算机控制电压击穿测试仪获取环氧树脂复合电介质的电气强度。按照GB/T 1408—2006将试样制作成长度为10 mm、宽度为10 mm、厚度为0.5 mm的片状试样,每种试样开展10次电击穿测试,利用威布尔分布进一步分析环氧树脂及其复合电介质的电击穿性能。利用北京华测试验仪器公司的Huace TSDC-3000型热刺激去极化电流测试仪和6517B型高精度静电计获取环氧树脂及其复合电介质的热刺激去极化电流(TSDC)分布曲线。
h-BN与BNNS的SEM图如图2所示,BNNS的TEM图如图3所示。从图2可以看出,经过离子插层辅助液相剥离处理后,BNNS呈现纳米级尺寸,未剥离的h-BN由于片层之间的相互作用,堆叠形成微米级结构[15]。由图3可知,BNNS的横向尺寸分布在0.6~1 μm。相比于h-BN,剥离后的BNNS具有较薄的单层结构,且重叠部分仍保持良好的透明度,进一步证明h-BN经过剥离处理成功得到BNNS。
h-BN与BNNS的XRD图谱如图4所示。从图4可以看出,BNNS与h-BN在26.7°、41.5°、50.1°、55.1°处具有一致的特征衍射峰,分别对应(002)、(100)、(102)、(004)晶面,表明经过剥离处理后BNNS没有产生其他晶相。从图4中晶面(002)特征衍射峰局部放大图可以看出,剥离后的BNNS特征衍射峰比h-BN的特征衍射峰向小角度方向移动了0.28°,并且与h-BN相比,其半峰宽有所增加,表明BNNS纳米片平面间距增大,堆叠减弱[16]
以上分析表明离子插层辅助液相剥离法制备得到的BNNS与h-BN具有一致的晶型结构,且层间作用被削弱。
EP/BNNS复合电介质断面结构SEM图如图5所示。从图5可以看出,当BNNS填充量较少时(质量分数≤5.0%),EP/BNNS复合电介质内部缺陷较少,BNNS与环氧树脂之间界面作用良好。随着BNNS进一步的引入(质量分数>5.0%),EP/BNNS复合电介质内部出现明显的结构缺陷,如图5(d)~(e)中标记所示,表明两相界面间束缚层体积分数减少,界面作用被破坏。这源于BNNS表面呈现化学惰性,当过量填充BNNS时,易在环氧树脂内部发生团聚产生结构缺陷,对复合电介质的性能造成不良的影响[17]
图6为EP/BNNS复合电介质的热导率及热导率增长率示意图。从图6可以看出,纯环氧树脂的热导率较低,仅为0.20 W/(m·K)。随着BNNS的添加,EP/BNNS复合电介质的热导率逐渐增大。当BNNS质量分数为2.5%时,EP/BNNS复合电介质的热导率增长率较低,这是因为BNNS含量较低且无规分布,难以形成有效的导热网络。然而,当BNNS质量分数增至5.0%时,EP/BNNS复合电介质的热导率显著增加至0.36 W/(m·K),明显高于纯环氧树脂。这归因于二维BNNS具有优异的的热导率和大的比表面积,有利于在环氧树脂中形成有效的传热通道,从而显著提高EP/BNNS复合电介质的热导率[18]
通过TGA测试探究BNNS的引入对复合电介质热稳定性的影响,结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,随着BNNS的引入,EP/BNNS复合电介质在热失重5%时的起始热分解温度(T5%)以及最大热分解温度(Tmax)相较于纯环氧树脂有明显提高。纯环氧树脂的T5%为357.1℃,而EP/BNNS-10复合电介质的T5%达到378.5℃,表明BNNS的引入显著提高了复合电介质的热分解温度,复合电介质的热稳定性得到增强。
以上结果可从两方面来进行解释:一方面,BNNS自身拥有优异的导热特性,能够及时耗散环氧树脂内部聚集的热量[19];另一方面,BNNS的存在充当着物理阻挡的作用,限制束缚层中环氧树脂分子链的运动,有利于提升EP/BNNS复合电介质的热稳定性。
EP/BNNS复合电介质的力学性能测试结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,随着BNNS的引入,EP/BNNS复合电介质的弯曲强度、韧性、拉伸强度以及断裂伸长率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。当BNNS质量分数为5.0%时,EP/BNNS复合电介质的弯曲强度、韧性、拉伸强度以及断裂伸长率达到最高,分别为120 MPa、1.96 mJ/m3、57.4 MPa、3.7%,相比纯环氧树脂增长明显。然而,当BNNS填充量进一步提高时,EP/BNNS复合电介质的弯曲强度、韧性、拉伸强度以及断裂伸长率都出现明显的下降。
当BNNS填充量较少时,BNNS自身团聚较少,可以有效分散在环氧树脂内部,束缚层的体积分数较大。BNNS作为一种刚性纳米填料,在外部应力作用下形变较小。当复合电介质受外部应力作用时,应力通过束缚层中的环氧树脂分子链传递到BNNS,BNNS承担部分机械应力,因此EP/BNNS复合电介质的力学性能得到改善[20]。随着BNNS填充量的增加,BNNS自身团聚严重,由此在环氧树脂内部产生大量结构缺陷。在外部应力作用下,缺陷极易发展成微裂纹,且缺陷处的应力分布较为集中[21]。在该情况下,当外部应力增大时,微裂纹快速发展,最后导致EP/BNNS复合电介质结构上的破坏,使其力学性能显著下降。
通过SEM观察EP/BNNS复合电介质的拉伸断面,以进一步厘清BNNS在改善环氧树脂力学性能中的作用机理。图9展示了环氧复合电介质拉伸断面的SEM图。由图9(a)可知,纯环氧树脂的断面裂纹呈现脆性断裂的特点,其结构比较平滑整齐。从图9(b)~(e)可以看出,随着BNNS的引入,复合电介质断面裂纹表现为无规则的锯齿形状,表明其内部存在应力的传递与耗散。在拉伸应力作用下,EP/BNNS复合电介质内部的裂纹得到发展,当裂纹发展到BNNS上时,BNNS在承担部分应力的同时会使裂纹在BNNS与环氧树脂界面处发生路径的偏移,导致裂纹发展路径的延长,从而起到均化应力分布的作用。然而,随着BNNS填充量的继续增加,EP/BNNS复合电介质内部出现了大量结构缺陷。作为应力集中点,这些缺陷促进了裂纹的快速扩展[22]。在这种情况下,BNNS的优异力学性能未能得到充分发挥,反而加速了裂纹的发展,导致EP/BNNS复合电介质的力学性能下降。因此,适量引入BNNS可以改善环氧树脂的力学性能。
图10为EP/BNNS复合电介质宽频范围内(101~106 Hz)的常温介电特性频谱图。从图10可以看出,随着BNNS的引入,EP/BNNS复合电介质的介电常数与介质损耗因数(tanδ)均呈现增大的趋势。在50 Hz下,纯环氧树脂的介电常数为4.52,介质损耗因数为0.001 5,而EP/BNNS-10复合电介质的介电常数为4.71,介质损耗因数为0.003 4。在外部电场影响下,环氧偶极子会跟随电场方向发生偏转形成宏观偶极矩,产生偶极子转向极化。当填充BNNS后,EP/BNNS复合电介质内部形成BNNS与环氧树脂的界面区域,引入了界面极化[23]。对于纯环氧树脂而言,介电常数的贡献主要来自环氧偶极子的转向极化,而EP/BNNS复合电介质的介电常数则由环氧偶极子的转向极化和界面极化共同作用产生。因此,EP/BNNS复合电介质的介电常数相较于纯环氧树脂有所升高。就介质损耗因数而言,EP/BNNS复合电介质内部的界面极化引入了界面极化损耗,导致其介质损耗因数高于纯环氧树脂。
对EP/BNNS复合电介质进行变温(0~150℃)介电测试,以分析高温对其介电性能的影响。图11显示了环氧树脂及EP/BNNS-5.0复合电介质的介电温谱。从图11可以看出,随着温度升高和频率降低,两者的介电常数和介质损耗因数均增大。在低温下,环氧偶极子的热运动较弱,处于凝结状态,松弛时间较长。随着温度升高,偶极子的热运动增强,松弛时间缩短,且低频下偶极子能够更好地跟随交变电场变化,形成偶极子转向极化[24]。同时,高温导致电介质内部自由电荷运动加剧,这些自由电荷在BNNS与环氧树脂界面处易被捕获,形成空间电荷,增强了界面极化。因此,高温低频条件下,环氧树脂与EP/BNNS复合电介质的介电常数显著增大。
在150℃和0.1 Hz下,环氧树脂的介电常数为45,而EP/BNNS复合电介质的介电常数为57。此时,介质损耗因数也达到峰值,但复合电介质的介质损耗因数低于环氧树脂。EP/BNNS复合电介质的介质损耗因数主要来源于松弛极化和电导损耗。随着BNNS的引入,高温下自由电荷的移动受到限制,从而减少了电导损耗[25],因此EP/BNNS复合电介质在高温下的介质损耗因数低于环氧树脂。
采用双弛豫Cole-Cole模型进一步分析高温下EP/BNNS复合电介质内部极化弛豫的分布情况以及BNNS与环氧树脂两相间的界面作用,Cole-Cole弛豫模型的表达式如式(1)所示[26]
ε*ω=ε+εs-ε1+jωτ1-α
式(1)中:τ为弛豫时间常数;εs为静态介电常数;ε为光频介电常数;α为弛豫分布参数,0<α<1。
在实际的表征过程中,直流电导引起的损耗是不可忽略的,在考虑直流电导损耗的情况下,基于直流电导修正的双弛豫Cole-Cole模型如式(2)所示。
ε*ω=ε+σcjε0ω+Δε11+jωτ11-α1+Δε21+jωτ21-α2
通过对上式进一步分解,可求得复介电常数实部与虚部的表达式,分别如式(3)式(4)所示。
ε'ω=ε+ReΔε11+jωτ11-α1+Δε21+jωτ21-α2
εω=σcε0ω+ImΔε11+jωτ11-α1+Δε21+jωτ21-α2
式(2)~(4)中:τ1为界面极化弛豫时间;τ2为偶极子转向极化弛豫时间;α1为界面极化分布参数;α2为偶极子转向极化分布参数;ε0为真空介电常数;∆ε1、∆ε2分别为界面极化和偶极子转向极化的弛豫强度;σc为复合电介质的电导率。
通过对已测量的环氧树脂以及EP/BNNS复合电介质的复介电常数实部与虚部进行拟合,可求出双弛豫Cole-Cole模型中的各个参数,拟合结果如图12所示。图12中散点符号代表实际测量值,实线代表拟合值。双弛豫Cole-Cole模型中各参数值如表1所示。从表1可以看出,随着温度的升高,环氧树脂和EP/BNNS复合电介质的电导率、界面极化和偶极子转向极化弛豫强度均呈现增加的趋势,弛豫时间则呈现减少的趋势。结果表明,在高温下环氧树脂和EP/BNNS复合电介质的极化行为和载流子的迁移运动得到了增强[27]。其中,EP/BNNS复合电介质的界面极化弛豫强度高于环氧树脂,而偶极子转向极化弛豫强度略低于环氧树脂。这是因为在高温和电场作用下,BNNS的引入使得更多自由电荷积聚在环氧树脂与BNNS的界面区域,加强了复合电介质的界面极化弛豫强度。而界面区域处的束缚层中环氧树脂分子链运动受限,一定程度上抑制了环氧偶极子在电场作用下的转向,导致偶极子转向极化弛豫强度下降[28]。从弛豫强度分布来看,EP/BNNS复合电介质界面极化弛豫强度增加的效果强于偶极子转向极化弛豫强度减弱的效果,因此,EP/BNNS复合电介质在高温下具有相较于环氧树脂更高的介电常数。对于电导率而言,高温下EP/BNNS复合电介质的电导率低于环氧树脂,这有助于减小复合电介质的介质损耗。
工频下EP/BNNS复合电介质的电气强度威布尔分布如图13所示,击穿概率为63.2%时对应的电气强度如表2所示。从图13表2可以看出,与纯环氧树脂相比,随着BNNS的填充,EP/BNNS复合电介质的电气强度呈现先增大后减小随后又略有增大的趋势,并保持较高的形状系数。纯环氧树脂的电气强度为37.8 kV/mm,EP/BNNS-2.5的电气强度为109.2 kV/mm,电气强度增长明显。BNNS作为二维纳米填料具有更强的耐局部放电能力以及大的比表面积,可有效阻碍EP/BNNS复合电介质内部电树枝的生长,因此复合电介质的电气强度得到提高[29]
然而,当BNNS填充量进一步增加时,BNNS自身的团聚以及环氧树脂与BNNS弱的界面作用使得EP/BNNS复合电介质内部产生孔隙等结构缺陷。孔隙内部贮存着空气,而空气的电气强度较低,在电场作用下,孔隙首先发生局部放电,加速载流子的碰撞电离,致使更多的环氧树脂分子链发生断裂,从而加快电树枝的发展速度,如图14所示,进而导致EP/BNNS复合电介质的电气强度降低。
电树枝的发展与载流子的行为密切相关,通过对EP/BNNS复合电介质进行热刺激电流测试,可了解BNNS的引入对复合电介质内部电荷陷阱分布的影响,进而明晰BNNS对复合电介质电气强度的增强机理。陷阱深度(E)与陷阱电荷量(Q)的计算公式分别如式(5)式(6)所示[30]
E=2.47kβn2Δβ
Q=60β0β1I(β)dβδ
式(5)~(6)中:k为玻尔兹曼常数;βn为试样热刺激电流峰值对应的温度;∆β为电流半峰宽对应的温差;I(β)为试样热刺激电流;δ为升温速率;β0β1为计算始末的温度。
环氧树脂与EP/BNNS复合电介质的热刺激电流曲线如图15所示,相关陷阱参数如表3所示。从图15表3可以看出,环氧树脂与EP/BNNS复合电介质的热刺激电流都处在皮安级。随着BNNS的引入,EP/BNNS复合电介质的热刺激电流峰值、电流峰宽度以及峰值对应的温度均有所上升。纯环氧树脂的陷阱深度与陷阱电荷量分别为1.41 eV与20.4 nC,EP/BNNS-5.0复合电介质的陷阱深度与陷阱电荷量分别为1.35 eV与94.6 nC,结果表明BNNS的引入可有效提高复合电介质内部的陷阱密度,但在一定程度上减小了陷阱深度。
EP/BNNS复合电介质的陷阱深度大于1 eV,属于深陷阱的范围,对载流子依旧具有良好的束缚作用,另外陷阱密度的增大也在一定程度上弥补了陷阱深度下降的问题。BNNS作为一种二维纳米级填料,具有小尺寸效应和表面效应,使得BNNS与环氧树脂间形成纳米级界面区域,束缚层体积分数增大,进而引入更多的电荷陷阱。当复合电介质内部陷阱密度增大时,载流子被陷阱捕获的概率增大,使得载流子的浓度以及迁移率下降[31]。在电场作用下,运动受到限制的载流子无法有效地积聚能量,其对环氧树脂分子链的破坏程度减弱,内部电树枝的发展被抑制(如图16所示),最终EP/BNNS复合电介质的电气强度得到提升。
然而,随着BNNS质量分数进一步增加至10%时,复合电介质内部的陷阱密度有所下降,但仍高于纯环氧树脂。这是由于高填充量的BNNS在环氧树脂中的分散性不佳引起的。发生团聚的BNNS在复合电介质内部形成结构缺陷,界面作用的劣化导致陷阱深度与密度下降。此时束缚层对载流子的束缚作用减弱,使得载流子在具有更大体积分数的松弛层中运动,导致载流子平均自由程增加[32-33]。根据自由体积击穿理论可知,载流子的平均自由程与绝缘介质的电气强度成反比。在电场作用下,平均自由程的增加使得载流子具有的动能增大,所形成的高能载流子不断攻击环氧树脂分子链,导致EP/BNNS复合电介质的电气强度出现下降,这与环氧树脂与EP/BNNS复合电介质的电气强度测试结果相佐证。
采用离子插层辅助液相剥离法制备得到晶型结构完整的BNNS,并以此为填料制备EP/BNNS复合电介质。通过EP/BNNS复合电介质的微观形貌表征与性能测试,系统分析了不同BNNS含量对EP/BNNS复合电介质热学、力学和介电性能的影响机理,得到主要结论如下:
(1)微观形貌方面,在BNNS填充量较低时,复合电介质内部的缺陷较少。随着BNNS填充量的增加,BNNS出现严重团聚,导致复合电介质内部缺陷增多,且BNNS与环氧树脂之间的界面作用变差。
(2)热学性能方面,随着BNNS的引入,EP/BNNS复合电介质的热导率和热稳定性显著提高,这主要归功于BNNS自身较高的热导率和优异的热稳定性。
(3)力学性能方面,填充适量的BNNS可以显著改善EP/BNNS复合电介质的力学性能。当BNNS填充量较高时,复合电介质内部的缺陷会对其力学性能造成不利影响。
(4)电学性能方面,引入BNNS后,EP/BNNS复合电介质内部的陷阱密度上升,而陷阱深度略有下降。这些陷阱对载流子的迁移仍然具有良好的限制作用,从而增强了复合电介质的电气强度。在常温下,EP/BNNS复合电介质的介电常数和介质损耗因数略高于纯环氧树脂,这是由于复合电介质内部界面极化增强所致。而在高温下,EP/BNNS复合电介质则能够保持较低的介电常数和介质损耗因数。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23B20132)
  • 中国博士后科学基金项目(2018M643475)
  • 四川省重点研发项目(2023YFG0236)
  • 南方电网科技项目(CGYKJXM20210329)
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2025年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.005
  • 接收时间:2024-07-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-04
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-05
  • 修回日期:2024-08-21
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23B20132)
中国博士后科学基金项目(2018M643475)
四川省重点研发项目(2023YFG0236)
南方电网科技项目(CGYKJXM20210329)
作者信息
    1.南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司,广东 广州 510530
    2.南方电网超高压输电公司柳州局, 广西 柳州 545026
    3.四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065

通讯作者:

任俊文(1987-),男(汉族),四川成都人,副研究员,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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