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Article(id=1203281564131111229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716220800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-21, revisedDate=1723564800000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814280779, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814280779, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814280779, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814280779, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281560800830004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814279985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814963861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=125, endPage=131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281564420518213, articleId=1203281564131111229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Performance evaluation and reutilization study of degraded glass fibers from 220 kV retired composite insulator, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In order to realize the recycling and reuse of degraded glass fiber (d-GF), to obtain degraded glass fiber was obtained by chemical degradation method from the selected the 220 kV retired composite insulator core rod, and the mechanical, thermal, and microscopic differences between degraded glass fiber and ordinary glass fiber (GF) were compared. Then, polyethylene (PE) composite materials (d-GF/PE, GF/PF) reinforced with different contents of glass fiber were prepared to explore the reuse prospects of degraded glass fiber reinforced materials. The results show that silane coupling agent can realize the surface modification of degradable glass fiber, and the modification effect is slightly better than that of ordinary glass fiber. The surface of the degraded glass fiber is relatively rough, with scale like damage and a small amount of resin residue in some areas, but there is no obvious erosion or fracture phenomenon on the whole. The fracture stress distribution of degradable glass fiber is relatively discrete, and the average fracture stress is 1 520 MPa, which is 29.95% lower than that of ordinary glass fiber. The interface state between glass fiber and polyethylene matrix in d-GF/PE is good, under the same glass fiber content, the difference in maximum fracture stress between d-GF/PE and GF/PF is only 2.15 MPa.

, articleAbstract=

In order to realize the recycling and reuse of degraded glass fiber (d-GF), to obtain degraded glass fiber was obtained by chemical degradation method from the selected the 220 kV retired composite insulator core rod, and the mechanical, thermal, and microscopic differences between degraded glass fiber and ordinary glass fiber (GF) were compared. Then, polyethylene (PE) composite materials (d-GF/PE, GF/PF) reinforced with different contents of glass fiber were prepared to explore the reuse prospects of degraded glass fiber reinforced materials. The results show that silane coupling agent can realize the surface modification of degradable glass fiber, and the modification effect is slightly better than that of ordinary glass fiber. The surface of the degraded glass fiber is relatively rough, with scale like damage and a small amount of resin residue in some areas, but there is no obvious erosion or fracture phenomenon on the whole. The fracture stress distribution of degradable glass fiber is relatively discrete, and the average fracture stress is 1 520 MPa, which is 29.95% lower than that of ordinary glass fiber. The interface state between glass fiber and polyethylene matrix in d-GF/PE is good, under the same glass fiber content, the difference in maximum fracture stress between d-GF/PE and GF/PF is only 2.15 MPa.

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为实现降解玻璃纤维（d-GF）的回收再利用，本文选取220 kV退役复合绝缘子芯棒利用化学降解法得到降解玻璃纤维，并对比降解玻璃纤维与普通玻璃纤维（GF）的力学、热学和微观形貌差异，然后制备不同玻璃纤维含量增强的聚乙烯（PE）复合材料（d-GF/PE、GF/PF），探究降解玻纤增强材料的再利用前景。结果表明：硅烷偶联剂可实现降解玻纤的表面改性，且改性效果略优于普通玻纤；降解玻纤表面较为粗糙，部分位置出现鳞片状破损、少量树脂残留现象，但整体没有明显的侵蚀、断裂现象；降解玻纤断裂应力分布较为离散，平均断裂应力为1 520 MPa，相比于普通玻纤下降了29.95%；d-GF/PE中玻纤与聚乙烯基体界面状态良好，同一玻纤含量下，d-GF/PE和GF/PF最大断裂应力差距仅为2.15 MPa。

, articleAbstract=

为实现降解玻璃纤维（d-GF）的回收再利用，本文选取220 kV退役复合绝缘子芯棒利用化学降解法得到降解玻璃纤维，并对比降解玻璃纤维与普通玻璃纤维（GF）的力学、热学和微观形貌差异，然后制备不同玻璃纤维含量增强的聚乙烯（PE）复合材料（d-GF/PE、GF/PF），探究降解玻纤增强材料的再利用前景。结果表明：硅烷偶联剂可实现降解玻纤的表面改性，且改性效果略优于普通玻纤；降解玻纤表面较为粗糙，部分位置出现鳞片状破损、少量树脂残留现象，但整体没有明显的侵蚀、断裂现象；降解玻纤断裂应力分布较为离散，平均断裂应力为1 520 MPa，相比于普通玻纤下降了29.95%；d-GF/PE中玻纤与聚乙烯基体界面状态良好，同一玻纤含量下，d-GF/PE和GF/PF最大断裂应力差距仅为2.15 MPa。

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刘云鹏（1976-），男（汉族），北京人，教授，主要从事特高压输电技术、电气设备在线监测和外绝缘等的研究工作。
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刘贺晨（1989-），男（汉族），河北保定人，副教授，主要从事环保型环氧树脂复合材料研制、电气设备绝缘状态评估及聚合物电树枝特性分析等的研究工作；

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刘贺晨（1989-），男（汉族），河北保定人，副教授，主要从事环保型环氧树脂复合材料研制、电气设备绝缘状态评估及聚合物电树枝特性分析等的研究工作；

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刘贺晨（1989-），男（汉族），河北保定人，副教授，主要从事环保型环氧树脂复合材料研制、电气设备绝缘状态评估及聚合物电树枝特性分析等的研究工作；

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(a) GF (b) 降解GF

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(a) 30%GF/PE (b) 30%d-GF/PE

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玻纤质量分数/%断裂应力/MPa
普通玻纤降解玻纤
022.5022.50
1025.6223.47
2025.3725.12
3024.9623.39
), ArticleFig(id=1203365326881792882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564131111229, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

降解/普通玻纤增强聚乙烯复合材料的拉伸性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
玻纤质量分数/%断裂应力/MPa
普通玻纤降解玻纤
022.5022.50
1025.6223.47
2025.3725.12
3024.9623.39
), ArticleFig(id=1203365328072975224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564131111229, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=DSC statistical datas of composite materials with different fiber glass contents, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样起始熔融温度/℃结束熔融温度/℃Tm/℃ΔHm/(J/g)Xc/%
纯PE127.5142.5137.571.1426.34
10%GF/PE125.2143.9138.341.8015.48
20%GF/PE125.3144.6138.933.1312.27
30%GF/PE124.7139.9134.963.1623.39
10%d-GF/PE124.7147.3140.085.0031.48
20%d-GF/PE125.5143.1136.982.9530.72
30%d-GF/PE124.6145.8139.371.2726.39
), ArticleFig(id=1203365328156861307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564131111229, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同玻纤含量复合材料的DSC统计数据

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试样起始熔融温度/℃结束熔融温度/℃Tm/℃ΔHm/(J/g)Xc/%
纯PE127.5142.5137.571.1426.34
10%GF/PE125.2143.9138.341.8015.48
20%GF/PE125.3144.6138.933.1312.27
30%GF/PE124.7139.9134.963.1623.39
10%d-GF/PE124.7147.3140.085.0031.48
20%d-GF/PE125.5143.1136.982.9530.72
30%d-GF/PE124.6145.8139.371.2726.39
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220 kV退役复合绝缘子降解玻纤性能评估及再利用研究
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刘贺晨 1, 2 , 黄迪 1 , 刘云鹏 1, 2 , 邹莹 1 , 王昱力 1
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2025,58(5): 125-131
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2025, 58(5): 125-131
220 kV退役复合绝缘子降解玻纤性能评估及再利用研究
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刘贺晨1, 2, 黄迪1, 刘云鹏1, 2, 邹莹1, 王昱力1
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学 河北省绿色高效新能源与设备重点实验室，河北 保定 071003
  • 2.华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室，北京 102206

    • 刘贺晨（1989-），男（汉族），河北保定人，副教授，主要从事环保型环氧树脂复合材料研制、电气设备绝缘状态评估及聚合物电树枝特性分析等的研究工作；

通讯作者:

刘云鹏（1976-），男（汉族），北京人，教授，主要从事特高压输电技术、电气设备在线监测和外绝缘等的研究工作。
Performance evaluation and reutilization study of degraded glass fibers from 220 kV retired composite insulator
Hechen LIU1, 2, Di HUANG1, Yunpeng LIU1, 2, Ying ZOU1, Yuli WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. Hebei Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient New Electrical Materials and Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 2. State Key laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.016
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摘要
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为实现降解玻璃纤维（d-GF）的回收再利用，本文选取220 kV退役复合绝缘子芯棒利用化学降解法得到降解玻璃纤维，并对比降解玻璃纤维与普通玻璃纤维（GF）的力学、热学和微观形貌差异，然后制备不同玻璃纤维含量增强的聚乙烯（PE）复合材料（d-GF/PE、GF/PF），探究降解玻纤增强材料的再利用前景。结果表明：硅烷偶联剂可实现降解玻纤的表面改性，且改性效果略优于普通玻纤；降解玻纤表面较为粗糙，部分位置出现鳞片状破损、少量树脂残留现象，但整体没有明显的侵蚀、断裂现象；降解玻纤断裂应力分布较为离散，平均断裂应力为1 520 MPa，相比于普通玻纤下降了29.95%；d-GF/PE中玻纤与聚乙烯基体界面状态良好，同一玻纤含量下，d-GF/PE和GF/PF最大断裂应力差距仅为2.15 MPa。

退役复合绝缘子  /  化学降解  /  降解玻璃纤维  /  性能评估  /  玻纤复合塑料

In order to realize the recycling and reuse of degraded glass fiber (d-GF), to obtain degraded glass fiber was obtained by chemical degradation method from the selected the 220 kV retired composite insulator core rod, and the mechanical, thermal, and microscopic differences between degraded glass fiber and ordinary glass fiber (GF) were compared. Then, polyethylene (PE) composite materials (d-GF/PE, GF/PF) reinforced with different contents of glass fiber were prepared to explore the reuse prospects of degraded glass fiber reinforced materials. The results show that silane coupling agent can realize the surface modification of degradable glass fiber, and the modification effect is slightly better than that of ordinary glass fiber. The surface of the degraded glass fiber is relatively rough, with scale like damage and a small amount of resin residue in some areas, but there is no obvious erosion or fracture phenomenon on the whole. The fracture stress distribution of degradable glass fiber is relatively discrete, and the average fracture stress is 1 520 MPa, which is 29.95% lower than that of ordinary glass fiber. The interface state between glass fiber and polyethylene matrix in d-GF/PE is good, under the same glass fiber content, the difference in maximum fracture stress between d-GF/PE and GF/PF is only 2.15 MPa.

retired composite insulators  /  chemical degradation  /  degraded glass fibers  /  performance evaluation  /  glass fiber composite plastic
刘贺晨, 黄迪, 刘云鹏, 邹莹, 王昱力. 220 kV退役复合绝缘子降解玻纤性能评估及再利用研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (5) : 125 -131 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.016
Hechen LIU, Di HUANG, Yunpeng LIU, Ying ZOU, Yuli WANG. Performance evaluation and reutilization study of degraded glass fibers from 220 kV retired composite insulator[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (5) : 125 -131 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.016
正文
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0 引言
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复合绝缘子具有优良的力学性能[1-2]、电气性能[3]和憎水性能[4-5]。自20世纪70年代复合绝缘子研制应用以来，其凭借着优异的抗污闪性能得到了大规模应用。复合绝缘子通常由硅橡胶伞裙、玻璃纤维芯棒和钢制金具构成。如果复合绝缘子的制造、使用和维护过程合理，其理论寿命可以达到30～50年。但在实际运行中，复合绝缘子在外界因素作用下，会过早地出现一系列老化现象[6-7]，包括但不限于硅橡胶表面老化开裂[8]、玻璃纤维芯棒脆断[9]、钢制金具被破坏[10]，导致实际使用寿命仅有10～15年[11]。据统计，在110 kV及以上电压等级中运行的复合绝缘子数量已有2 000余万支，其中500万支已运行10年以上，进入寿命中后期，且未来每年面临退役的数量将达到200余万支，复合绝缘子退役数量将进一步增长[12]。但国内外针对退役复合绝缘子的回收研究主要集中在硅橡胶方面，退役复合绝缘子芯棒回收再利用的研究较少。因此，亟需开展关于芯棒回收再利用研究。
玻璃纤维芯棒是复合绝缘子的重要组成部分，承担架空线自重、冰重、风荷载等，玻璃纤维含量约占复合绝缘子芯棒的80%，通常情况下由外部硅橡胶伞裙包裹，受外界影响较小，具有较高的回收价值[13]。因此寻找高效回收再利用退役复合绝缘子芯棒玻璃纤维的方法已经迫在眉睫。目前关于纤维增强复合材料的回收方式主要有机械回收、化学回收、热回收三大类[14-16]。机械回收是将废旧料通过粉碎、研磨，在不改变热固性树脂的组成成分的情况下，替代部分原料或者用作增强体材料。这种方法工艺简单，但纤维表面含有较多的树脂残余，纤维性能相比原丝有所下降。热回收是使环氧树脂在高温、高压环境下发生裂解，使有机物质分解为气体，从而实现树脂与纤维的分离，但该方法损耗巨大，会产生大量的有害气体和焦化废弃物，同时可能导致纤维表面浸润剂降解而损伤纤维表面，使得纤维性能严重下降。化学回收则是在高温环境下使用丙酮、酸、碱或者配置的降解液将复合材料中的树脂基体溶解，进而获得性能良好的纤维[17]。这种方法回收效率高，可以获得完整的长纤维，且开展工业大规模降解可以有效减少对环境的影响，实现最大程度地回收玻璃纤维，是未来大规模处理退役复合绝缘子的可行方案。但是在实际应用之前，需要详细评估降解纤维性能和作为增强材料投入复合材料中再利用的剩余使用价值。
本文以电力行业退役220 kV复合绝缘子芯棒为研究对象，通过化学降解法提取退役芯棒内部的玻璃纤维为试验原料，重点评估降解玻纤的化学界面、力学性能以及微观层面的差异，并测试降解玻纤增强聚乙烯的热学和力学性能，对比降解玻纤复合材料与普通玻纤复合材料的性能差异，以期为退役复合绝缘子芯棒降解回收玻璃纤维提供参考。
1 试验
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1.1 主要原材料
本文使用的降解玻纤样品取自某地220 kV线路挂网退役复合绝缘子，运行年限为12～15年。所用试剂和材料有：5000S型高密度聚乙烯（HDPE），中国石化扬子石化公司；短切玻璃纤维，沧州中丽新材料科技有限公司；硅烷偶联剂（KH-550），杭州杰西卡化工有限公司；降解组分A、降解组分B，上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司；丙酮，深圳市瑞泰新材科技有限公司；无水乙醇，泰安欧赛医疗器械有限公司。
1.2 试验仪器
jh-20型单螺杆拉挤机，枣庄塑科机械有限公司；180型切粒机，莱州联升机械有限公司；GW00型超声波清洗机，深圳市冠博科技实业有限公司；XLB-300*300型平板硫化机，青岛锦九州橡胶机械有限公司；哑铃型定制模压成型装置，深圳市金福丞塑胶制品有限公司；MM491GL型砂带沙盘机，威海奥文电机有限公司；101-1DB型电热鼓风干燥箱，天津泰斯特仪器有限公司；MHZ201型光学显微镜，基恩士（中国）公司；EM-30型扫描电镜，FEI公司；XYF-TJ-04型微型升降台锯，鑫圆丰五金制品有限公司；YP5102型电子天平，上海光正医疗仪器有限公司；S212-5L型玻璃反应釜，上海予华仪器设备有限公司；Nicolet Summit型傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR），赛默飞公司；YG163型纤维微球脱粘测量仪，温州际高检测仪器有限公司；BOS-100KNW型万能试验拉力机，厦门搏仕检测设备有限公司。
1.3 试样制备
1.3.1 降解玻璃纤维的提取
对外观没有明显破损的退役复合绝缘子使用切刀剥除其外部硅橡胶伞裙，之后通过微型升降台锯将芯棒进行切段并利用沙带沙盘机打磨芯棒，以去除表面残留硅橡胶，再使用体积分数为75%的酒精溶液冲洗芯棒表面后烘干。最后将降解溶液和芯棒倒入玻璃反应釜中，等待降解完成后取出反应溶液，过滤后得到降解玻纤，提取流程如图1所示。
1.3.2 纤维表面处理及改性
纤维出厂前为了方便制造，表面通常会有浸润剂，为了消除浸润剂对试验结果的影响，预先使用丙酮-酒精溶液对玻纤进行超声处理，以去除原始表面浸润剂。制备硅烷偶联剂KH-550质量分数为1%的硅烷偶联剂-乙醇水溶液[18]，其中乙醇和水的体积比为2∶1，将偶联剂溶液超声振荡10 min后静置24 h，以确保偶联剂完全水解，之后将降解纤维和普通纤维分别浸泡在偶联剂溶液中静置6 h。改性结束后，使用去离子水清洗表面未反应物质，在110℃下烘干8 h，得到表面改性后的降解纤维和普通纤维以待备用。
1.3.3 玻璃纤维增强聚乙烯复合材料的制备
设置单螺杆熔融共混拉挤机温度为180℃，之后称取质量分数分别为10%、20%、30%的玻纤与PE混合搅拌，倒入机器进料口，拉挤料过水冷却后进行切粒（切粒长度为（3±0.5）mm），完成后在110℃下烘干6 h，得到玻纤增强聚乙烯颗粒。然后将足量的玻纤增强聚乙烯颗粒均匀放入模具中，启动平板硫化机，保持上下板温度为180℃，等待颗粒充分熔化，之后逐级增大硫化机压强，分别在5、10 MPa下保持30 min，再将压力调为15 MPa并保持1 h，结束后使用冷水以8～9℃/min的降温速率冷却至室温。最终得到的普通玻纤增强聚乙烯复合材料命名为X%GF/PF，降解玻纤增强聚乙烯复合材料命名为X%d-GF/PF，其中X%为玻纤质量分数。玻纤增强聚乙烯复合材料试样的制备过程如图2所示。
1.4 测试方法
1.4.1 傅里叶红外光谱表征
使用溴化钾压片法，设置测试扫描次数为32次，光谱范围为4 000～400 cm-1。
1.4.2 单丝拉伸试验
参考ISO 11566-1996，设置拉伸速率为5 mm/min，试品标距为20 mm，纤维长度为30 mm，同一批试样至少取20个有效值，试验流程如图3所示。
利用应力公式计算纤维的断裂应力，如式（1）所示。
σ=FNπr2
式（1）中：σ为断裂应力，MPa；FN为拉断力，N；r为纤维半径，mm。
1.4.3 纤维微观形貌表征
为分析化学降解法得到的降解纤维和普通玻纤的微观形貌差异，以及拉伸试验中纤维断面的微观细节，对纤维表面和拉伸试样断面进行喷金处理，采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察表面微观形貌。
1.4.4 差示扫描量热分析
试验前对仪器进行校正。每次测试选取5 mg试样，并以10℃/s的升温速率从30℃升温至200℃，之后以相同的降温速率从200℃降温至30℃，保护气为氦气，流速为20 mL/min。最后利用熔融曲线对试样的结晶度（Xc）进行计算，如式（2）所示。
Xc=ΔHmΔH0×100%
式（2）中：ΔHm为材料的熔融热焓，J/g；ΔH0为完全结晶时PE材料的理论熔融热焓，一般取140 J/g。
1.4.5 复合材料拉伸试验
根据GB/T 1447—2005进行拉伸试验，采用Ⅰ型试样，试样厚度为4 mm，标距长为50 mm，中间平行截面的宽度为10 mm，试验过程中拉伸速度设置为10 mm/min。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 傅里叶红外光谱分析
硅烷偶联剂改性会在玻纤表面形成稳定的化学键和有机包被层，对改性前后的玻纤进行FTIR分析，可以表征玻纤表面的改性情况。为方便分析，将偶联剂改性前后的降解玻纤分别命名为降解GF和降解GF-550，改性前后的普通玻纤分别命名为GF和GF-550，FTIR结果如图4所示。
分析图4可知，改性前后的降解GF和GF在3 427 cm-1处均出现-OH的特征峰，2 927 cm-1和2 848 cm-1处吸收峰可能分别为-CH3和-CH2的变形伸缩振动峰。相比于GF，降解GF在1 384 cm-1、1 514 cm-1处出现明显的特征峰，分别为纤维表面残留树脂的C=C、C=O伸缩振动峰。此外，玻纤表面的硅羟基与KH-550水解生成的硅醇会发生缩合反应生成Si-O-Si键，观察红外光谱波形特点可以发现，相比于GF-550，降解GF-550在1 036 cm-1和1 121 cm-1处的Si-O-Si特征峰强度更高。这是因为降解GF-550由于表面存在附着物，接触面积更大，提供了更多位置使玻纤表面硅羟基与偶联剂结合。由此可以认为实验中KH-550对玻纤改性效果良好，且降解GF-550的改性效果更优。
2.2 纤维表面微观结构分析
玻纤主要成分主要为SiO2、Al2O3、CaO等，通常具有良好的抗腐蚀性，化学降解法降解复合绝缘子芯棒的原理是溶剂与树脂基体发生反应后将树脂溶解，而溶剂与纤维通常不会发生化学反应。但复合绝缘子芯棒在长期挂网运行中可能会出现局部老化，可能改变玻纤的表面情况或者有附着物形成。通过扫描电镜观察纤维表面的缺陷与树脂残留，GF与降解GF的电镜扫描结果如图5所示。
分析图5可知，降解GF表面较为粗糙，且存在残留树脂，残留树脂直径约为2.5 μm。这可能是因为不溶性的纤维堆叠阻碍了降解溶液对芯棒的浸入，且树脂基体与玻纤的结合程度较高，附着在纤维表面的树脂无法被完全降解，因此存在少量树脂颗粒残留在纤维表面。但这在一定场景下可以提高玻纤表面摩擦力，提供更多的接触面积，起到机械啮合作用，进而提高复合材料的力学性能[19-20]。此外，在高温降解溶剂环境下可能在纤维表面微观缺陷处发生了进一步侵蚀，导致降解玻纤内部出现缺陷，对力学性能造成不利影响。普通GF相比降解GF表面更为光滑，没有明显的破损情况。
2.3 纤维单丝拉断性能分析
纤维在轴向荷载的作用下，纤维应力会逐渐增大，位移与轴向荷载成正比，直到纤维缺陷点或薄弱点出现破坏，使纤维断裂。取20个测试结果使用Weibull分布模型对纤维断裂应力进行分析，以失效概率为63.2%对应的断裂应力作为平均断裂应力，统计分析结果如图6所示。
从图6可以看出，降解GF断裂应力趋势线向左侧移动，趋势线陡度减小并且数值分布更加分散，断裂应力最大值2 411.38 MPa与最小值556.33 MPa相差较大。计算得到降解GF的平均断裂应力为1 520 MPa，相比于普通GF的平均断裂应力2 170 MPa下降了29.95%。将上述结果综合2.2节玻纤扫描电镜图分析可知，降解GF在挂网运行和降解过程中存在老化或侵蚀现象，降低了纤维的机械强度。普通GF断裂应力集中度较好，主要集中在平均断裂应力2 170 MPa左右，说明普通纤维内部结构均匀致密，无明显的缺陷和损伤，具有较高的拉伸强度。
2.4 复合材料拉伸性能分析
不同玻纤含量的玻纤增强聚乙烯复合材料拉伸性能如表1所示。从表1可以看出，纯PE试样断裂应力较弱，仅为22.50 MPa。玻纤质量分数为10%时，复合材料中的纤维之间发生交联和层间结合，纤维和PE之间的荷载传递充分，可由一部分纤维承担拉伸荷载，因此10%GF/PE和10%d-GF/PE断裂应力较纯PE分别提高了13.87%和4.31%。10%d-GF/PE由于表面存在残留树脂降低了与聚乙烯的接触面积，性能提升幅度较小。提高玻纤质量分数至20%时，20%GF/PE断裂应力变化较小，而降解纤维提供了更多的有效接触面积，20%d-GF/PE断裂应力提高至25.12 MPa。当纤维质量分数升高到30%时，30%GF/PE和30%d-GF/PE都出现拉伸性能下降，均弱于玻纤质量分数为10%时的性能表现，这是由于添加的玻纤较短，在含量过高的情况下纤维之间的相互干扰和排列不均匀会导致玻纤和聚乙烯的相容性变差，界面粘结力降低。
界面粘结能力是影响复合材料力学性能的重要影响因素之一，为研究玻纤增强聚乙烯复合材料内部纤维和基体的粘结情况，对拉伸后的复合材料断面进行扫描电镜分析，结果如图7所示。
从图7可以看出，30%d-GF/PE端部存在纤维沿截面被破坏的现象，且断面附近有明显纤维缺口，说明拉伸过程中聚乙烯基体持续受力并传递给纤维，纤维在薄弱点出现破损并不断扩大，最终纤维断裂，这可能是由于纤维内部存在缺陷，使得纤维薄弱处不能再承受应力的作用，导致断面在此产生。此外，30%d-GF/PE中的聚乙烯基体出现拉伸变形和明显起皱现象，说明承载应力时树脂基体吸收了大量的拉伸能量，并保持了良好的界面强度。30%GF/PE中随着纤维承受应力的增大，聚乙烯基体和玻纤被同时拉伸，纤维沿截面被拉断，说明纤维与聚乙烯的界面性能良好，纤维内部无显著缺陷，实现了充分的荷载传递。
2.5 差示扫描量热分析
普通纤维增强聚乙烯复合材料、降解纤维增强聚乙烯复合材料以及纯PE试样的DSC熔融曲线如图8所示，表2为利用DSC曲线提取并计算得到的相关数据。
从图8和表2可以看出，d-GF/PE和GF/PE的熔融曲线在125～150℃仅有一个峰值，该峰是由聚乙烯的高聚合性、直链分子结构熔融导致的，该峰值与文献[21]中的一致，位于135～140℃。相比于纯PE试样，复合材料试样均出现起始熔融温度下降、熔融峰值升高的现象，说明复合材料试样中纤维与PE之间形成连接，加热时容易导致试样各部分受热不均，阻碍了试样由固体晶体向液体无定形态的转变过程。观察熔程结果，发现纯PE试样熔程最短，复合材料试样则出现熔程增大的现象，这是由于玻纤在聚乙烯基体中可以形成网络结构，增加了聚乙烯分子间的物理连接，使得受热时具有更高的热稳定性，需要更高的温度才能使其熔化。
对比表中不同玻纤含量的复合材料试样与纯PE试样，发现当玻纤被加入到聚乙烯基体后，纤维较高的热传导性能能够更快地将热量传递到周围环境，从而降低了聚乙烯基体的熔融温度，因此出现熔融温度下降现象。且添加玻纤可以提供更多的界面区域，增大与周围树脂基体的接触面积和表面活性，从而使熔程增大。
从表2还可以看出，GF/PE结晶度随纤维质量分数的增大呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势，说明在纤维质量分数为10%时，纤维与聚乙烯基体的相互作用较弱，纤维无法有效地影响基体的结晶过程，导致结晶度比纯PE低。当纤维质量分数进一步增加到20%时，纤维之间的交联作用开始发挥作用，形成纤维网络结构，阻碍聚乙烯分子的运动和结晶过程，降低了试样结晶度。但当纤维质量分数继续增加到30%时，纤维网络结构的增强作用会超过其阻碍作用，使得结晶度上升。与GF/PE相比，d-GF/PE的结晶度大幅提升，这是由于使用化学降解法得到的降解纤维表面有部分树脂残留，在加入到聚乙烯基体中后提供了更大的表面积，进而提供更多的结晶场景，同时可以约束聚乙烯分子沿着纤维方向排列，促进聚乙烯的结晶过程。随着降解纤维含量的增大，纤维在聚乙烯基体中的分散性可能受到限制，不良纤维的分散导致纤维团聚和集中分布，进而阻碍聚乙烯基体的结晶过程，最终降低了整体结晶度。
3 结论
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本文针对220 kV退役复合绝缘子使用化学降解法获取芯棒中的降解玻璃纤维，并制备玻纤增强聚乙烯复合材料，对玻纤及其复合材料开展了热学、力学以及微观形貌研究，同时与普通玻璃纤维及其复合材料进行对比，得到以下结论：
（1）通过FTIR试验，证明化学降解法得到的玻纤表面结构无明显变化，使用KH-550偶联剂可以对玻纤表面进行改性，生成以Si-O-Si键结合的稳定化学界面。
（2）降解玻璃纤维的平均断裂应力为1 520 MPa，相比普通玻璃纤维的平均断裂应力仅降低了29.95%。降解玻璃纤维微观表面存在鳞片状破损，可能是导致其断裂应力分布较为离散的原因。
（3）降解玻璃纤维及普通玻璃纤维增强聚乙烯复合材料在拉伸试验中均能保持良好的界面强度，其中20%d-GF/PE平均断裂应力最高，为25.12 MPa，对比GF/PE的最大平均断裂应力（25.62 MPa）未出现较大的性能退化。
（4）相比纯PE，d-GF/PE结晶度增大，熔点升高，起始熔融温度下降，熔程增大。但当纤维含量增大时，d-GF/PE结晶度下降。
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2025年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.016
  • 接收时间：2024-05-21
  • 首发时间：2025-12-04
  • 出版时间：2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-21
  • 修回日期：2024-08-14
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    1.华北电力大学 河北省绿色高效新能源与设备重点实验室，河北 保定 071003
    2.华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室，北京 102206

通讯作者:

刘云鹏（1976-），男（汉族），北京人，教授，主要从事特高压输电技术、电气设备在线监测和外绝缘等的研究工作。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.016
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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