Article(id=1203281561253814836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720108800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-05, revisedDate=1725811200000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814280093, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814280093, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814280093, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814280093, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281560800830004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814279985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814963861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=80, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281561513861686, articleId=1203281561253814836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Theoretical model and validation of moisture equilibrium curves for new oil-paper insulation system, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=

There are many types of insulating oils and insulating papers with different compositions, which will have different moisture equilibrium curves when they are used in conjunction. To obtain the moisture equilibrium curves of different oil-paper insulation systems, this research constructed a moisture equilibrium curve model applicable to new oil-paper insulation systems based on the relative moisture content relationship between oil and paper at moisture equilibrium, and verified the model by combining with the measured results of moisture equilibrium experiments. The results show that under typical operating temperature of transformer, the prediction accuracy of the moisture equilibrium curve model for different oil-paper insulation systems is higher than 90%, confirming the effectiveness of the model.

, articleAbstract=

There are many types of insulating oils and insulating papers with different compositions, which will have different moisture equilibrium curves when they are used in conjunction. To obtain the moisture equilibrium curves of different oil-paper insulation systems, this research constructed a moisture equilibrium curve model applicable to new oil-paper insulation systems based on the relative moisture content relationship between oil and paper at moisture equilibrium, and verified the model by combining with the measured results of moisture equilibrium experiments. The results show that under typical operating temperature of transformer, the prediction accuracy of the moisture equilibrium curve model for different oil-paper insulation systems is higher than 90%, confirming the effectiveness of the model.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuhui WANG, Ge CHEN, Xin CHEN, Liang ZHU, Dawei FENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203281565859160738, articleId=1203281561253814836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=新型油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡曲线的理论模型与验证, columnId=1190369198724452531, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=绝缘技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=

绝缘油和绝缘纸种类众多且成分各异,配合使用时将具有不同的水分平衡曲线。为获得不同油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线,本文基于水分平衡时油和纸的相对含水量关系,构建了适用于新型油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线模型,并结合水分平衡实测结果对该模型进行验证。结果表明:在变压器典型运行温度下,不同油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡曲线模型的预测准确率高于90%,证实了该模型的有效性。

, articleAbstract=

绝缘油和绝缘纸种类众多且成分各异,配合使用时将具有不同的水分平衡曲线。为获得不同油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线,本文基于水分平衡时油和纸的相对含水量关系,构建了适用于新型油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线模型,并结合水分平衡实测结果对该模型进行验证。结果表明:在变压器典型运行温度下,不同油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡曲线模型的预测准确率高于90%,证实了该模型的有效性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
冯大伟(1992-),男(汉族),四川南充人,副教授,博士,主要从事电气设备绝缘状况的在线检测、绝缘状况故障诊断、绝缘油性能等方面的研究工作。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pNkGKGwsILd3PYEZ2fpNmA==, magXml=8KV0TuAsVlYgNhZIr7yjJw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ZlViOoAysUkCuRIlaHzw+A==, pdfFileSize=4787058, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=71AnqXChng+MN1HvHM85Iw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=HxPYKQljGa29aS6jGoryLg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王书辉(2000-),男(汉族),河北邢台人,硕士生,主要从事绝缘油绝缘状态感知的研究;

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王书辉(2000-),男(汉族),河北邢台人,硕士生,主要从事绝缘油绝缘状态感知的研究;

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王书辉(2000-),男(汉族),河北邢台人,硕士生,主要从事绝缘油绝缘状态感知的研究;

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label=Table 1, caption=Typical ester insulating oils, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酯类绝缘油原料研发单位
Midel 7131型合成酯季戊四醇酯英国M&I Materials公司
FR3型天然酯大豆油美国Copper公司
BIOTEMP型天然酯葵花籽油瑞典ABB公司
棕榈改性酯(PFAE)棕榈油日本AE帕瓦株式会
山茶籽天然酯山茶籽油重庆大学
VS100型天然酯大豆油武汉泽电公司
RAPO型天然酯多种植物油广东卓原公司
), ArticleFig(id=1203365326755967029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281561253814836, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型的酯类绝缘油

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酯类绝缘油原料研发单位
Midel 7131型合成酯季戊四醇酯英国M&I Materials公司
FR3型天然酯大豆油美国Copper公司
BIOTEMP型天然酯葵花籽油瑞典ABB公司
棕榈改性酯(PFAE)棕榈油日本AE帕瓦株式会
山茶籽天然酯山茶籽油重庆大学
VS100型天然酯大豆油武汉泽电公司
RAPO型天然酯多种植物油广东卓原公司
), ArticleFig(id=1203365326894379068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281561253814836, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Typical heat-resistant insulating papers, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘纸原料研发单位
间位芳纶纸芳纶纤维美国DuPont公司
芳砜纶绝缘纸芳砜纶纤维上海多个化工厂联合
HTFR绝缘纸植物纤维素美国Copper公司
TUK热改性纸牛皮纸加氮改性瑞士魏德曼公司
YT564型间位芳纶纸改性芳纶纤维烟台泰和新材料公司
TXZ-800型陶瓷纤维纸陶瓷纤维南京玻璃纤维研究院
), ArticleFig(id=1203365328072978499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281561253814836, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型耐热绝缘纸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘纸原料研发单位
间位芳纶纸芳纶纤维美国DuPont公司
芳砜纶绝缘纸芳砜纶纤维上海多个化工厂联合
HTFR绝缘纸植物纤维素美国Copper公司
TUK热改性纸牛皮纸加氮改性瑞士魏德曼公司
YT564型间位芳纶纸改性芳纶纤维烟台泰和新材料公司
TXZ-800型陶瓷纤维纸陶瓷纤维南京玻璃纤维研究院
), ArticleFig(id=1203365328156864587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281561253814836, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Formula of saturated moisture content for oil-immersed insulating paper in different oil-paper insulation systems, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
油-纸绝缘系统油浸绝缘纸的饱和含水量公式
牛皮纸-矿物油绝缘系统MPS=4.63+14.94e-T47.72
牛皮纸-大豆油绝缘系统MPS=4.52+14.6e-T47.72
牛皮纸-合成酯绝缘系统MPS=4.67+15.08e-T47.72
热改性纸-大豆油绝缘系统MPS=7.15+15.62e-T25.21
芳纶纸-合成酯绝缘系统MPS=3.37+9.97e-T40.15
芳纶纸-混合油绝缘系统MPS=3.44+10.17e-T40.15
), ArticleFig(id=1203365328282693714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281561253814836, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同油-纸绝缘系统中油浸绝缘纸的饱和含水量公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
油-纸绝缘系统油浸绝缘纸的饱和含水量公式
牛皮纸-矿物油绝缘系统MPS=4.63+14.94e-T47.72
牛皮纸-大豆油绝缘系统MPS=4.52+14.6e-T47.72
牛皮纸-合成酯绝缘系统MPS=4.67+15.08e-T47.72
热改性纸-大豆油绝缘系统MPS=7.15+15.62e-T25.21
芳纶纸-合成酯绝缘系统MPS=3.37+9.97e-T40.15
芳纶纸-混合油绝缘系统MPS=3.44+10.17e-T40.15
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油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡曲线
牛皮纸-矿物油绝缘系统MP=4.63+14.94e-T47.72107.288-1646.879T+273MO
牛皮纸-大豆油绝缘系统MP=4.52+14.6e-T47.72105.346-707.19T+273MO
牛皮纸-合成酯绝缘系统MP=4.67+15.08e-T47.72105.32-608.281T+273MO
热改性纸-大豆油绝缘系统MP=7.15+15.62e-T25.21105.346-707.19T+273MO
芳纶纸-合成酯绝缘系统MP=3.37+9.97e-T40.15105.32-608.281T+273MO
芳纶纸-混合油绝缘系统MP=3.44+10.17e-T40.15105.79-967.19T+273MO
), ArticleFig(id=1203365328479826015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281561253814836, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡曲线
牛皮纸-矿物油绝缘系统MP=4.63+14.94e-T47.72107.288-1646.879T+273MO
牛皮纸-大豆油绝缘系统MP=4.52+14.6e-T47.72105.346-707.19T+273MO
牛皮纸-合成酯绝缘系统MP=4.67+15.08e-T47.72105.32-608.281T+273MO
热改性纸-大豆油绝缘系统MP=7.15+15.62e-T25.21105.346-707.19T+273MO
芳纶纸-合成酯绝缘系统MP=3.37+9.97e-T40.15105.32-608.281T+273MO
芳纶纸-混合油绝缘系统MP=3.44+10.17e-T40.15105.79-967.19T+273MO
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新型油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡曲线的理论模型与验证
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王书辉 1 , 陈鸽 2 , 陈鑫 3 , 朱亮 1 , 冯大伟 1
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025,58(5): 73-80
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025, 58(5): 73-80
新型油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡曲线的理论模型与验证
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王书辉1, 陈鸽2, 陈鑫3, 朱亮1, 冯大伟1
作者信息
  • 1.河北工业大学 河北省电磁场与电器可靠性重点实验室,天津 300130
  • 2.国网冀北电力有限公司 张家口供电公司,河北 张家口 075000
  • 3.国网无锡供电公司,江苏 无锡 214061
  • 王书辉(2000-),男(汉族),河北邢台人,硕士生,主要从事绝缘油绝缘状态感知的研究;

通讯作者:

冯大伟(1992-),男(汉族),四川南充人,副教授,博士,主要从事电气设备绝缘状况的在线检测、绝缘状况故障诊断、绝缘油性能等方面的研究工作。
Theoretical model and validation of moisture equilibrium curves for new oil-paper insulation system
Shuhui WANG1, Ge CHEN2, Xin CHEN3, Liang ZHU1, Dawei FENG1
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
  • 2. Zhangjiakou Power Supply Company, State Gid Jibei Eectric Power Co., Ltd., Zhangjiakou 075000, China
  • 3. State Grid Wuxi Power Supply Company, Wuxi 214061, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.010
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绝缘油和绝缘纸种类众多且成分各异,配合使用时将具有不同的水分平衡曲线。为获得不同油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线,本文基于水分平衡时油和纸的相对含水量关系,构建了适用于新型油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线模型,并结合水分平衡实测结果对该模型进行验证。结果表明:在变压器典型运行温度下,不同油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡曲线模型的预测准确率高于90%,证实了该模型的有效性。

变压器  /  新型油-纸绝缘  /  水分平衡曲线  /  理论预测模型  /  实验验证

There are many types of insulating oils and insulating papers with different compositions, which will have different moisture equilibrium curves when they are used in conjunction. To obtain the moisture equilibrium curves of different oil-paper insulation systems, this research constructed a moisture equilibrium curve model applicable to new oil-paper insulation systems based on the relative moisture content relationship between oil and paper at moisture equilibrium, and verified the model by combining with the measured results of moisture equilibrium experiments. The results show that under typical operating temperature of transformer, the prediction accuracy of the moisture equilibrium curve model for different oil-paper insulation systems is higher than 90%, confirming the effectiveness of the model.

transformer  /  new oil-paper insulation  /  moisture equilibrium curve  /  theoretical prediction model  /  experiment verification
王书辉, 陈鸽, 陈鑫, 朱亮, 冯大伟. 新型油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡曲线的理论模型与验证. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (5) : 73 -80 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.010
Shuhui WANG, Ge CHEN, Xin CHEN, Liang ZHU, Dawei FENG. Theoretical model and validation of moisture equilibrium curves for new oil-paper insulation system[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (5) : 73 -80 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.010
油-纸绝缘作为一种经典的绝缘结构,被广泛用作变压器主绝缘[1-2]。传统矿物绝缘油-纸绝缘系统典型代表为克拉玛依25#绝缘油-kraft绝缘纸,其存在耐热等级较低、防火性能差、油泄漏污染环境等问题。近年来,随着电力电网对过负荷、环保和防火防爆要求的提高,新型耐热绝缘纸和环保阻燃绝缘油被广泛研究和应用[3-4]
油-纸绝缘中的水分含量是决定其绝缘性能和耐老化性能的关键参量,对变压器的设计制造和运维检修十分重要[5-8]。油-纸绝缘中的水分在特定温度下会达到平衡状态,也会随着温度变化而迁移,因此不同温度下的水分平衡曲线是预测油-纸绝缘中水分的重要参考[9],对绝缘的设计和运维都具有重要的实际工程意义。研究学者对油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线进行了大量研究。1960年,J FABRE等[10]首次提出了油-纸绝缘水分平衡曲线的概念,并用于预测矿物油-纸绝缘系统中绝缘纸的水分含量。之后,T OOMMEN等[11]在此研究基础上,基于特定温度下油和纸中的相对水分含量相等的原理,提出了OOMMEN水分平衡曲线,该曲线用于低温下水分含量预测时具有更高的准确度。DU Y Q等[12]结合已有研究结果,构建了一组宽水分含量下(油中水分含量为0~800 mg/kg)的水分平衡曲线,证实了OOMMEN水分平衡曲线与实测结果最为吻合。近年来,LI J等[13]构建了油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线,发现两种绝缘油水分含量相同时,菜籽绝缘油浸渍绝缘纸中的水分含量明显比矿物油浸渍绝缘纸中的水分含量低约80%。
已有的水分平衡曲线主要针对传统矿物油-纸绝缘系统,但随着大量新型的酯类绝缘油和耐热绝缘纸的开发和应用,仍缺乏相应的水分平衡曲线来进行性能研究。表1表2分别列举了近年来研发的部分典型酯类绝缘油和耐热绝缘纸。由于不同新型绝缘纸和绝缘油的成分和结构不同,对水的亲和性有明显差异,新型油-纸绝缘系统具有不同的水分平衡曲线。新型绝缘油或绝缘纸种类众多,可组成大量不同的油-纸绝缘系统。倘若一一采用实验方法获得其水分平衡曲线,工作量十分巨大并且浪费财力,对于变压器生产企业和运维检修公司而言,是一项难以完成的任务。
因此,亟需一种能够获得不同油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡曲线的通用方法,为变压器新型油-纸绝缘系统的推广应用提供参考。本文通过测定典型绝缘纸和绝缘油的饱和含水量,基于水分平衡时油和纸的相对含水量关系,提出一种新型油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡曲线的理论模型,并采用实验数据验证模型的准确性,为新型油-纸绝缘系统的设计应用与运行维护提供参考。
油-纸绝缘中水分处于动态扩散平衡过程。菲克定律表明,同种介质中水分扩散方向和速度取决于浓度梯度,如式(1)所示[14]。其中,扩散系数(D)是决定水分扩散的关键因素,水分扩散系数计算公式如式(2)所示[15]。根据式(1)~(2)可获得水分趋于平衡的速度。
ct=D2cx2
D=D0expkc+E01T0-1T
式(1)~(2)中:c为纸中水分含量,%;t为扩散时间,s;x为水分沿纸张厚度方向的扩散距离,m;D为水分在绝缘纸中的扩散系数,m2/s;T0为参考温度,通常取298 K;T为绝对温度,K;D0为温度为T0时水分在理想干燥绝缘纸中的扩散系数,m2/s;kE0分别为衡量水分含量和温度对水分扩散系数影响的常数。
水在材料中的热力学状态通常用水势来描述,水势是等温等压下体系中的水与纯水的化学势差,可以通俗理解为水移动的趋势。如果气相的水势与吸附相的水势相同,则两相系统水分达到平衡[16],如式(3)所示。式(4)定义了气相中的热力学公式,水势与温度、压力、渗透式、内聚力和表面张力等因素有关[17],其中对水分扩散最重要的变量是温度和水蒸气压力。
Ψgas=Ψads
Ψgas=Ψ0+RTlnp/ps
式(3)~(4)中:Ψgas为气相水势;Ψads为吸附相水势;Ψ0为参考势;R为理想气体常数;T为绝对温度;pps分别为水蒸气的气压和饱和蒸气压,p/ps表示相对湿度或相对饱和含水量,因此水分交换也可以用相对饱和含水量来描述。
如果施加相同的温度和压力,平衡时相对饱和含水量相同,D N EWART[18]的实验结果进一步验证了这一结论的可靠性。本文以此结论为基础,结合绝缘纸和绝缘油的饱和含水量,可以推出任意油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线模型。
绝缘油作为一种非极性物质,在分子层面上与强极性的水分子不相溶,导致绝缘油对水分的亲和力较低[19]。然而,随着温度升高,分子热运动逐渐加剧,绝缘油和水分子间的相互作用随之增强,将显著提高绝缘油的水分溶解度。为了更准确地描述温度对绝缘油水分溶解度的影响,常采用式(5)进行量化表达[20]
lgS(T)=A-BT+273
式(5)中:S(T)为油中水分溶解度,mg/kg;T为温度,℃;AB为水分溶解度系数,与绝缘油的种类有关。
不同绝缘油的分子成分各异,与水分子的相互作用强度不同,因此,即使在相同温度下,不同绝缘油的水分溶解度也存在显著差异。图1展示了几种典型绝缘油的水分溶解度曲线[21]
本文中,绝缘纸饱和含水量定义为在特定温度下,当空气环境相对湿度为100%时,绝缘纸所能吸收的最大水分含量。变压器中的绝缘纸长期浸渍在绝缘油中,绝缘油分子填充绝缘纸中的微小空隙,从而提升油-纸绝缘系统的绝缘性能。研究表明,无论绝缘纸是否经过浸渍处理,其气体空间中的水蒸气压都是温度的函数,这意味着油浸绝缘纸和未浸渍绝缘纸遵循着相同的水分平衡规律[22],但是因为油的黏度大且与水的相容性很差,所以未浸渍绝缘纸达到水分平衡状态所需的时间较短。基于这一原理,通过结合未浸渍绝缘纸的饱和含水量和浸油率,即可计算出油浸绝缘纸的饱和含水量。
本文测量了变压器常用的几种未浸渍绝缘纸的饱和含水量(牛皮纸、热改性纸和芳纶纸)。首先,将绝缘纸置于90℃的干燥箱中真空干燥48 h,随后取出绝缘纸并称重,记为m0。需要注意的是,尽管进行了充分干燥,绝缘纸仍无法完全去除水分,通过卡尔费休滴定法测得其内部保留了约1%的水分含量,因此,在后续计算中,将干燥的绝缘纸质量修正为0.99m0,以便更准确地反映其真实质量。其次,将干燥后的绝缘纸放入恒温恒湿箱中进行吸湿处理,恒温恒湿箱的温度分别设为20、40、60、80℃,相对湿度设为100%。在吸湿过程中,通过不断对绝缘纸进行称重来监测水分含量的动态变化,当纸的水分含量在5 min内变化程度小于0.01%时即认为绝缘纸在该温度和湿度条件下达到水分饱和状态。此时,将绝缘纸取出并称重,记录其吸湿后的质量为m。最后,利用式(6)计算出不同条件下未浸渍绝缘纸的饱和含水量(M′),结果如图2所示。
M'=m-0.99m00.99m0
图2可以看出,未浸渍绝缘纸的饱和含水量与温度呈负相关,随着温度升高,未浸渍绝缘纸的饱和含水量逐渐降低。其中牛皮纸与热改性纸的饱和含水量相近,而芳纶纸的饱和含水量远低于上述两种绝缘纸。对不同温度条件下的纸中饱和含水量进行曲线拟合,结果如图3所示,拟合优度均高于99%,具有很好的拟合效果。
图3可以看出,芳纶纸与牛皮纸的饱和含水量有明显差别,相同温度下芳纶纸的饱和含水量约为牛皮纸的60%,这是两种绝缘纸的结构差异所致。牛皮纸采用硫酸盐针叶木浆为原料,其主要成分为纤维素[23],纤维素由葡萄糖单体聚合而成,化学式为[C6H10O5]n,结构如图4(a)所示,每个环上有3个羟基,因此牛皮纸具有较高的亲水性。芳纶纸是间位芳香族聚酰胺高分子聚合物,由间苯二酸与间苯二胺共聚而成,结构如图4(b)[24]所示,其分子链上没有羟基,因此芳纶纸亲水性弱于传统牛皮纸,进而导致两者饱和含水量有所差异。
为了进一步获得油浸绝缘纸的饱和含水量,本文测量了绝缘纸的浸油率。首先,分别将绝缘油和绝缘纸在90℃下真空干燥48 h,以消除水分对测量结果准确性的影响;干燥完成后立即取出绝缘纸进行称重,记录其质量为mp;然后将绝缘纸在60℃下真空浸油24 h;浸油完成后,采用吸油纸吸干表面的油,再次对绝缘纸进行称重,并记录其质量为mop。基于上述测量结果,采用式(7)计算不同油-纸绝缘系统中绝缘纸的浸油率(n),结果如图5所示。令未浸渍绝缘纸的饱和含水量除以(1+n),即可获得油浸绝缘纸的饱和含水量(MPS),计算公式如式(8)所示,部分计算结果如表3所示。
n=mop-mpmp×100%
MPS=M'1+n
根据1.1节所述,油和纸与空气达到水分平衡时,油和纸的相对含水量(由绝对含水量除以饱和含水量得到)与空气的相对湿度完全一致,因此绝缘油和绝缘纸的相对含水量也相同,如式(9)所示。基于这一理论依据,结合前文绝缘油和油浸绝缘纸的饱和含水量公式,即可构建出适用于不同油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线模型,其中图1中的绝缘油水分溶解度等同于绝缘油饱和含水量。部分计算结果如表4所示。
MPMPS=MOMOS
式(9)中:MO为绝缘油的绝对含水量;MOS为绝缘油的饱和含水量,MOS=S(T);MP为绝缘纸的绝对含水量;MPS为油浸绝缘纸的饱和含水量。
相较于传统模型,如J FABRE等[10]、T OOMMEN等[11]、LI J等[13]以及ABB和MIT等单位[25-26]构建的水分平衡曲线模型,都是由实验直接获得。但是随着变压器的发展,油和纸组合的复合绝缘系统种类太多,全部开展实验存在工作量大、测试不准确等问题。本模型可以预测不同油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线,该方法所需测试时间短,可以避免油-纸中水分不易平衡且时间过长的问题。同时,该模型简单,能够迅速获得任意两种油、纸组合后的水分平衡曲线,易于向变压器生产厂家和运维人员推广。
为验证水分平衡曲线理论模型的准确性,采用数理统计的方法将模型预测值与实验值进行对比分析。目前,已有学者通过实验方法绘制了部分油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线。本文采用文献[13]中的矿物油-牛皮纸绝缘系统和天然酯-牛皮纸绝缘系统与文献[27]中的合成酯-芳纶纸绝缘系统的实测数据,开展验证分析。以天然酯-牛皮纸绝缘系统为例,其不同温度下的水分平衡曲线模型预测值和实验值对比结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,预测得到的水分平衡曲线与实测曲线具有较好的相似性,整体规律一致。
相对误差是反映测量结果偏离真实值大小的统计量,在科学和工程领域尤为重要,计算公式为式(10)。本文计算不同水分平衡曲线模型预测值与实验值之间的相对误差,进而判断模型预测的准确程度。
ε=ΔX×100%
式(10)中:ε为相对误差;Δ为模型预测值与实验值的差值;X为实验值。
根据文献[13,27]的测量结果,在变压器典型运行温度范围内取样30个点,记录其温度、油中水分含量和纸中水分含量。同时,根据表4中的公式,计算出特定温度下不同油中水分含量所对应的纸中水分含量预测值,进而得到不同油-纸绝缘系统中纸中水分含量预测值与实验值之间的相对误差,结果如图7所示。
图7结果表明,在变压器典型运行温度下,纸中水分含量的模型预测值与实验值的相对误差总体小于20%,只有低水分条件下存在少量异常点,但相对误差仍小于30%。具体而言,矿物油-牛皮纸绝缘系统、天然酯-牛皮纸绝缘系统和合成酯-芳纶纸绝缘系统共有28个取样点的相对误差在20%以内,占总取样点的93.3%。牛皮纸体系和芳纶纸体系预测结果均存在一定偏差,牛皮纸体系误差规律主要表现为由负转正,这可能是因为绝缘纸在干燥浸油实验过程中,存在一定程度的老化,绝缘纸的聚合度会略微下降,附着在绝缘纸孔隙中的亲水性杂质提供了更多与水分子结合的位点,导致绝缘纸吸水性增加[28]。但是随着系统中的水分增多,因浸油增加的结合位点有限,存在饱和效应,所以误差值由负转正。芳纶纸体系与牛皮纸体系误差变化规律略有不同,可能是芳纶纸聚合度略微下降及芳纶纤维结构导致浸油率低等多方面原因。
需要注意的是,油-纸绝缘系统中水分含量较低时,在实际测试过程中因制样、水分挥发、测试设备精确度等因素影响,测量的相对误差通常较大,尤其是低水分含量下相对误差将更大。例如,设油中水分含量为10 mg/kg,其测试结果在8~12 mg/kg波动较为常见。因此,本文提出的预测模型在±20%偏差范围内,能够较为准确地预测绝缘纸的水分含量,准确率高于90%。该水分预测模型仅需要测试油-纸的饱和含水量等基础数据,即可快速获得不同油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线,可为不同油-纸绝缘系统的变压器设计制造和运行维护提供参考。
(1)本文基于扩散平衡基础理论,构建了新型油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡曲线的理论模型,仅需要测试不同温度下绝缘油、绝缘纸的饱和含水量等基础数据,即可快速获得不同油-纸绝缘系统的水分平衡曲线,可为不同油-纸绝缘系统变压器的制造设计和运维提供理论参考。
(2)在变压器典型运行温度下,对比不同油-纸绝缘系统水分平衡模型的预测值和实验值,模型的相对误差仅在低水分含量条件下较大,且总体小于20%,说明水分平衡曲线理论模型具有较好的准确性。
  • 河北省省级科技计划项目(21567605H)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2024202006)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.010
  • 接收时间:2024-07-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-04
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-05
  • 修回日期:2024-09-09
基金
河北省省级科技计划项目(21567605H)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2024202006)
作者信息
    1.河北工业大学 河北省电磁场与电器可靠性重点实验室,天津 300130
    2.国网冀北电力有限公司 张家口供电公司,河北 张家口 075000
    3.国网无锡供电公司,江苏 无锡 214061

通讯作者:

冯大伟(1992-),男(汉族),四川南充人,副教授,博士,主要从事电气设备绝缘状况的在线检测、绝缘状况故障诊断、绝缘油性能等方面的研究工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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