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The thermal conductivity mechanism and common thermal conductive fillers of thermal conductive silicone composites for electronic packaging were presented, the preparation strategies and research progress of filled-type high thermal conductive silicone composites were reviewed, and the future research direction of thermal conductive silicone composites for electronic packaging was prospected.

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本文对电子封装用导热有机硅复合材料的导热机理和常用导热填料进行了介绍,综述了填充型高导热有机硅复合材料的制备策略和研究进展,并展望了电子封装用导热有机硅复合材料未来的研究方向。

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向略(1992-),男(汉族),四川巴中人,博士,主要从事高性能有机硅材料的制备与应用。

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figureFileBig=kTMMij8h3CHXzdyoQvHegg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475254377698259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199655431325970892, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Thermal conductivity of common thermal conductive fillers, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类导热填料热导率/(W/(m·K))种类导热填料热导率/(W/(m·K))
金属类填料Ag420陶瓷类填料Al2O330~40
Au345Al(OH)320~30
Cu401ZnO21~60
Al237MgO36
Ni158BeO240
Zn121NiO12
碳类填料碳纤维300~1 000CaO15
石墨100~400SiO21~10
石墨烯5 300SiC120
SWCNT3 500Si3N4180
MWCNT3 180AlN300
金刚石2 000BN250~300
), ArticleFig(id=1217475254490944474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199655431325970892, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见导热填料的热导率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类导热填料热导率/(W/(m·K))种类导热填料热导率/(W/(m·K))
金属类填料Ag420陶瓷类填料Al2O330~40
Au345Al(OH)320~30
Cu401ZnO21~60
Al237MgO36
Ni158BeO240
Zn121NiO12
碳类填料碳纤维300~1 000CaO15
石墨100~400SiO21~10
石墨烯5 300SiC120
SWCNT3 500Si3N4180
MWCNT3 180AlN300
金刚石2 000BN250~300
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电子封装用导热有机硅复合材料的研究进展
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向略 1, 2 , 张叶琴 1, 2 , 暴玉强 1, 2 , 王哲 1, 2 , 王韵然 1, 2 , 毛云忠 1, 2 , 周远建 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 综述 2023,56(7): 9-15
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2023, 56(7): 9-15
电子封装用导热有机硅复合材料的研究进展
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向略1, 2, 张叶琴1, 2, 暴玉强1, 2, 王哲1, 2, 王韵然1, 2, 毛云忠1, 2, 周远建1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中蓝晨光化工研究设计院有限公司,四川 成都 610041
  • 2国家有机硅工程技术研究中心,四川 成都 610041
  • 向略(1992-),男(汉族),四川巴中人,博士,主要从事高性能有机硅材料的制备与应用。

Progress of thermal conductive silicone composites for electronic packaging
Lüe XIANG1, 2, Yeqin ZHANG1, 2, Yuqiang BAO1, 2, Zhe WANG1, 2, Yunran WANG1, 2, Yunzhong MAO1, 2, Yuanjian ZHOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1China Bluestar Chengrand Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China
  • 2National Silicone Engineering Technology Research Center, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2023-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.07.002
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本文对电子封装用导热有机硅复合材料的导热机理和常用导热填料进行了介绍,综述了填充型高导热有机硅复合材料的制备策略和研究进展,并展望了电子封装用导热有机硅复合材料未来的研究方向。

有机硅  /  电子封装  /  复合材料  /  热导率  /  填充型高分子

The thermal conductivity mechanism and common thermal conductive fillers of thermal conductive silicone composites for electronic packaging were presented, the preparation strategies and research progress of filled-type high thermal conductive silicone composites were reviewed, and the future research direction of thermal conductive silicone composites for electronic packaging was prospected.

silicone  /  electronic packaging  /  composite  /  thermal conductivity  /  filled-type polymer
向略, 张叶琴, 暴玉强, 王哲, 王韵然, 毛云忠, 周远建. 电子封装用导热有机硅复合材料的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (7) : 9 -15 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.07.002
Lüe XIANG, Yeqin ZHANG, Yuqiang BAO, Zhe WANG, Yunran WANG, Yunzhong MAO, Yuanjian ZHOU. Progress of thermal conductive silicone composites for electronic packaging[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (7) : 9 -15 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.07.002
电子封装是指采用封装材料将电子元器件或集成电路进行密封、粘接、包覆或灌封,以达到防止水分、尘埃和有害气体对电子元器件或集成电路的侵蚀、减缓振动、防止外力损伤和稳定元件参数的目的。电子封装材料主要分为金属基、陶瓷基和聚合物基封装材料。电子工业经过近40年的不断发展,聚合物基封装已逐步取代陶瓷基封装,成为电子封装产业的主流材料[1-2]。聚合物基封装材料通常以环氧树脂、有机硅、聚酰亚胺、聚氨酯、双马来酰亚胺树脂、氰酸酯树脂、酚醛树脂等作为基体。其中,有机硅凭借其优异的链柔顺性、耐高低温性、耐候性、电气绝缘性和低应力性等,在电子封装行业具有巨大的应用前景。
随着5G时代的高速发展,电子元器件和半导体芯片的集成度越来越高,运算速度越来越快,其在高频工作下所产生的热量也更多更集中,这就对电子封装用有机硅材料提出了更高更全面的性能要求[2-4]:封装材料应具备更高的热导率,保证能够及时将元器件工作时产生的热量散发出去;封装材料与元器件应具有匹配的热膨胀系数,避免在冷热循环过程中两者热膨胀系数不匹配而产生内应力;封装材料应具有优异的力学性能以保证对元器件起到支撑保护的作用。
用于电子封装的导热聚合物材料根据制备方法分为本征型和填充型[5-6]。本征型导热聚合物材料是通过在聚合物链上引入大共轭结构和调整分子间相互作用来提升材料的导热性能,该种制备方法在提升材料热导率的同时还能保证材料优异的力学性能和电绝缘性能,但其成本较高且制备工艺复杂,因此还未实现大规模工业化应用;填充型导热聚合物材料是通过在聚合物基体中添加导热无机填料来增强材料的导热性能,该种方法制备的导热聚合物复合材料具有成本低、易加工等优点,是目前聚合物基电子封装材料最常用的制备工艺方法[4-6]。有机硅的热导率只有0.2 W/(m·K)左右,通过加入导热无机填料可大幅提高有机硅的热导率,使制备的导热有机硅复合材料满足电子封装的导热需求。
本文介绍了填充型导热聚合物复合材料的导热机理和常用导热填料,综述了近年来国内外关于高导热绝缘有机硅复合材料的制备策略与研究进展,以期为导热绝缘电子封装用有机硅材料的学术研究和工业化产品研发提供参考,并展望了导热有机硅材料未来的研究重点与聚焦方向。
热传导是通过分子、原子或电子等微粒的相互碰撞来实现热量传递的过程。金属通过其内部的大量自由电子进行传热;无机非金属则是通过内部的晶格振动来传热(即声子传热),聚合物中电子通常以非自由饱和态存在,只能依靠声子来传热,而聚合物链的无规缠结、分子量大和多分散性等会造成声子的散射。因此金属和无机非金属粒子的热导率高,聚合物的热导率低,通过向聚合物中填充导热填料可以制备高导热聚合物复合材料。填充型导热聚合物复合材料的导热机理有3种主流理论[7-10]:导热通路理论[11]、导热逾渗理论[12]和热弹性系数理论[13]
导热通路理论是目前认可度最高的一种聚合物材料导热理论。聚合物基体与填料间的协同作用决定了材料的热导率,导热填料的填充量是影响材料热导率的重要因素之一。导热填料在较低添加量时,导热填料是分散相,聚合物基体是连续相,导热填料被聚合物基体所包覆,基体与填料形成了海岛结构,填料处于被孤立状态而无法形成导热通路(如图1(a)所示);随着填料填充量增加到一个临界值,填料之间互相接触从而形成局部导热通路(如图1(b)所示);若继续增加填料,填料之间局部的导热通路互相连接贯穿形成导热网络(如图1(c)所示),热量在材料内部优先沿着热阻较小的填料导热网络进行热传导[11]
采用逾渗理论解释填充型导热聚合物材料的导热行为仍存在较大争议。逾渗理论能够很好地解释填充型导电聚合物材料的导电行为,当填料达到逾渗阈值时,材料的导电率会成百上千倍的上升,而在导热复合材料中,这种升幅却较缓慢,目前仅在少数填充了极高热导率填料的复合材料中观察到逾渗行为,即当导热填料填充量达到逾渗阈值时,复合材料的热导率会明显增加,而继续增加填料,复合材料的热导率则会趋于缓慢提升。例如,S Y KWON等[12]研究了多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)添加到聚硅氧烷(PDMS)中制得MWCNT/PDMS复合材料的导热行为,当MWCNT的质量分数仅为1.4%时,MWCNT/PDMS复合材料的热导率急剧增加,比纯硅橡胶提高了390%。
热弹性系数理论[13]是将聚合物复合材料作为一个整体进行研究,整体包括聚合物基体、导热填料、缺陷和界面等,而非导热通路理论是将聚合物基体和导热填料分开来考虑对材料导热性能的影响。热弹性系数理论将热导率视为声子传播过程中的热弹性系数,热导率的增加不再是仅仅依赖填料所形成的通路和网络,而是取决于材料整体特性的宏观性质[14],并且材料的热导率随着填料的增加而不会急剧增加,而是呈逐渐增加的趋势。
导热填料加入到聚合物中可以降低材料的热膨胀系数,能够避免在冷热循环过程中因材料的体积收缩产生内应力而导致内引线短路的问题。此外,导热填料还能降低材料的吸水率、成型收缩率,起到补强作用等[8]
表1列出了常见导热填料的热导率[15-17]。从表1可知,单壁碳纳米管(SWCNT)的热导率高达3 500 W/(m·K),除金属填料具有较高的热导率外,陶瓷类填料中AlN、BN的热导率也较高,但价格昂贵、成本较高,工业规模化应用受到了限制,而Al2O3、Al(OH)3、SiO2和ZnO填料因成本较低得到了广泛应用。此外,由于金属类填料和碳类填料具有一定的导电性,会明显降低导热有机硅复合材料的电绝缘性能,使得它们无法应用于电绝缘性要求较高的电子封装领域[18],但可以采用表面包覆改性的方法来降低填料导电性对导热复合材料电阻率的影响[19-22]
制备填充型导热有机硅复合材料的关键是在材料内部构筑有效的导热网络,其通过在聚硅氧烷中添加导热填料来实现。通过调整导热填料的种类、粒径、形貌、复配、填充量和表面改性及其在聚硅氧烷基体中的分散状态等来降低基体与填料、填料与填料之间的热阻效应[23-24],成功实现导热网络的调控,最终制备得到填充型高导热的有机硅复合材料。
导热填料的粒径尺寸、形状、种类对复合材料的导热性能有显著影响。在保持相同填料添加量的条件下,纯大粒径填料比纯小粒径填料的复合材料有更高的热导率,因为在相同用量时,小粒径填料之间的接触界面较多,会造成更多的声子散射;而大粒径填料之间的接触界面较少,更容易形成通畅的导热通路,故更能有效地提升材料的导热性能[25-28]。但是当导热填料粒径达到纳米级时,与微米级填料相比,添加纳米级填料的复合材料具有更高的热导率[29-30],这是因为纳米粒子内部原子间距和结构发生了质的改变,某些共价键材料变成了金属键材料使得材料的导热性能急剧提升[30]。采用不同粒径、不同形貌以及不同种类的导热填料进行搭配,可以提高填料粒子的堆积密度、增加粒子互相接触的概率,使填料粒子间产生协同效应,更有利于形成导热通路,实现更高的填充量和降低复合材料的黏度,故采用合适的填料复配可同时达到材料的最高热导率和最低黏度[31-33]
ZHOU W Y等[34]研究了Al2O3不同粒径搭配对Al2O3/硅橡胶复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,相比单一粒径,两种不同粒径的Al2O3搭配使用能够提高复合材料的导热性能、拉伸强度和降低介电常数。当总添加量一定、小粒径Al2O3占填料总体积的20%~35%时,复合材料的综合性能达到最佳。ZHA J W等[35]研究了微米和纳米尺寸的填料混合物对硅橡胶复合材料导热性能、介电性能和力学性能的影响,采用不同体积分数的微米Si3N4和纳米Al2O3混合物对硅橡胶进行填充,当填充混合物体积分数为30%(Si3N4与Al2O3的体积比为26∶4)时,复合材料的热导率达到了1.6 W/(m·K),相对介电常数为5.3,电气强度为85 MV/m。图2为不同Si3N4/Al2O3体积比的硅橡胶复合材料热导率的变化图,可以看出合适的微纳米尺寸填料搭配在聚合物中形成了更有效的导热通路,显著提高了复合材料的热导率。此外,微纳米尺寸填料作为补强填料提高了复合材料的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度。
黎超华等[36]将氧化铝与氮化铝填料按质量比为2∶1进行有效互配,并加入增粘剂和MQ硅树脂,得到了力学性能和导热性能优异、黏度低、粘接性好、抗沉降效果好的封装用高性能有机硅灌封胶。曹鹤等[37]研究了球形氧化铝的用量及复配比例和增粘剂用量对有机硅灌封胶性能的影响,结果表明采用中位粒径为20 μm和4 μm的球形氧化铝进行复配,用量分别为200份和300份时,制备得到了热导率为1.36 W/(m·K)、剪切强度为2.06 MPa、胶料流动性及电气强度优异的大功率电气元件封装用有机硅灌封胶。
LIU Y等[21]研究了5种不同形态和尺寸的填料及复配对有机硅导热复合材料热导率的提升情况,固定填料的质量分数为85%,当采用质量分数为75%的球形铝粉和质量分数为10%的棒状氧化锌搭配时,实现了复合材料中声子传输的有效协同增强,复合材料的热导率达到最大值(2.53 W/(m·K))。FANG H M等[38]采用氮化硼泡沫(BNF)和氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)填充到聚硅氧烷(PDMS)中制备了一系列新型的柔性聚合物复合材料,通过BNF的互穿导热网络和BNNS的协同效应,将质量分数为10%的BNNS/BNF混合填料添加到PDMS中制备得到的复合材料具有良好的导热性能、电性能和力学性能,该复合材料在电子封装领域具有广阔的应用前景。
YU W等[39]研究发现石墨烯片和Al2O3颗粒在改善导热硅脂的导热性能上具有显著的协同效应。如图3所示,不同尺寸的Al2O3填料混合可以提高填料的填充密度和防止石墨烯团聚,并且具有优异导热性的二维片状石墨烯可以桥接Al2O3颗粒,形成更致密的堆积结构,为导热硅脂中声子的传输提供更快、更有效的导热路径,降低了边界热阻和提高了导热硅脂的导热性能。添加质量分数为1%的石墨烯,复合材料的最大热导率达到3.45 W/(m·K),是不含石墨烯复合材料的1.28倍。
在聚合物基体中添加导热填料不可避免地会产生基体-填料和填料-填料界面,由于界面处声子振动频率不匹配从而造成大量的声子散射[40],导致导热聚合物复合材料的热导率远低于预期值。因此,消除或减少界面引起的声子散射是提高导热聚合物复合材料导热性能的关键。通过对导热填料表面进行改性处理,增加填料与聚合物基体之间的相互作用,改善填料与聚合物基体之间的相容性,可以有效降低填料-基体界面引起的声子散射[6,41]。填料表面改性的常用方法主要有物理吸附和化学共价键合[42-44]。物理吸附是通过静电等非共价键作用将偶联剂等包覆在填料粒子表面[45];化学共价键合则是将长链分子或极性基团通过化学反应接枝在填料粒子表面[20-22,46-48]
ZHANG X Y等[45]利用聚多巴胺对h-BN进行表面生物改性来构建h-BN@PDA/硅橡胶复合材料,当填料质量分数为30%时,复合材料的热导率达到了0.95 W/(m·K)。在相同填料含量下,改性后的h-BN@PDA/硅橡胶复合材料的热导率始终大于未改性的h-BN/硅橡胶复合材料。
LIU Y等[46]通过甲基三乙氧基硅烷、二甲基二乙氧基硅烷和苯基三甲氧基硅烷在氧化铝粒子表面进行原位水解聚合得到高导热的有机硅/氧化铝复合材料,表面改性后的氧化铝在有机硅基体中具有优异的润湿性和分散性。当氧化铝填料的体积分数为80%时,复合材料的热导率高达2.92 W/(m·K),是纯有机硅树脂的15.3倍。赵登云等[47-48]研究了硅烷偶联剂KH560、KH570、CG9以及CG12表面改性氧化铝复配粉后,对有机硅灌封胶黏度、热导率、耐热性、电气绝缘性能以及力学性能的影响,结果表明CG12表现出最好的综合性能,这是因为CG12的长链结构能够将氧化铝包覆得更加充分,使填料表面具有优异的疏水性,从而提高了粉体与聚合物的相容性。
任琳琳等[20]采用十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷来改性处理球形铝粉制备得到单组分热界面材料,经过特殊硅烷偶联剂的改性,在填料表面接枝上长链官能团,使得填料具有优异的亲油疏水性,与聚硅氧烷基体结合更紧密,从而改善了复合材料的柔韧性,提高了复合材料的导热性并降低了热阻,能够满足芯片封装工艺流程和技术的严苛要求。LIU Y等[21]也通过十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷对铝粉粒子进行表面化学改性处理,如图4所示,改善了填料在聚硅氧烷基体中的相容性和分散性,成功降低了填料与聚合物基体之间的界面热阻。N MATSUMOTO[22]则采用了具有单端烷氧基结构的长链聚硅氧烷处理铝粉和氧化铝等填料,制备的硅氧烷组合物具有优异的导热性能,能够用于IC封装。
通过设计复合材料的微观结构、优化加工工艺和构建相互连接的填料网络作为热传导通路来改善导热填料在聚硅氧烷基体中的分散和堆积方式,是减少填料-填料界面引起声子散射的有效途径[6,49]。复合材料制备过程中的温度、压力、不同种类和粒径的导热填料与各种助剂的加料顺序均会影响材料的导热性能,通过外界的定向拉伸、场力和模压等方式可以提高导热填料在基体中的有序排列,促进导热网络的形成,在一定程度上能够提升材料的导热性能[50]
韩毓旺等[51]利用BN片状颗粒的偶极矩会随电场发生变化的特性,分别在交流电场和直流电场下制备了具有一定有序排列结构的导热硅橡胶复合材料。BN粒子的高导热晶面(002)沿电场取向,其取向度随填料填充量的增加而降低,当BN的质量分数为23%时,交流电场和直流电场下制备的复合材料热导率较未加电场时分别提高了152%和62%。通过这种外场诱导取向的方法可以用较低添加量的填料就能得到较高热导率的复合材料,并且其柔顺性好、密度低。
WU W F等[52]通过结合电场调控和填料协同效应的方法使微米级BN和纳米级Al2O3在聚二甲基硅氧烷基体内部直接构筑定向导热通道,如图5所示。在较少的填料添加量下就能够大幅提升聚合物复合材料的导热性能,制备出一种新型导热有机硅复合材料。
电子封装材料在某些应用场所还需要具有粘接功能,以实现对不同导热结构的粘接密封,因此对材料的力学性能和粘接性能提出了更高的要求[53]
陈立等[54]通过对导热材料尺寸和形状的精确调控,使粒状碳化硅与氮化硼片层间形成有效桥接结构,搭接成密实的导热通路,然后利用石墨烯对碳化硅和氮化硼改性,使导热通路表面形成一层石墨烯导热层,使得复合材料具有较优异的导热性能。并且通过研磨改性的方法使导热填料表面引入键合性基团,进一步与胶粘剂体系交联,使导热复合材料的粘接力更强。刘丽等[55]通过多种碳材料掺杂、导热填料的表面处理和引入硅烷偶联剂制备了一种高导热有机硅胶粘剂,其热导率高达4.5 W/(m·K),室温粘接强度高达3.18 MPa。
虽然我国有机硅产业已经发展了近60年,有机硅材料已经取得了一系列的基础研究和工业应用进展,但与国外进口产品具有较大差距,高端的电子封装导热有机硅材料目前还是主要依赖国外进口,比如信越X23-7772、道康宁SE4450、陶熙TC-6020和洛德SC-320等。在保证相同的热导率时,国内导热有机硅材料往往存在黏度较高、挤出速率较低、力学性能和热老化时稳定性可靠性较差、相容性较差导致复合材料更容易出现沉降或渗油等问题。
随着5G时代电子产品的快速更新迭代,国内对电子封装导热有机硅材料的需求量越来越大,对性能要求越来越高,实现电子封装导热有机硅材料的国产化替代和开发新型高导热有机硅复合材料成为众多科研工作者的研究重点。因此,学术界和工业界未来的研究重点应当主要聚焦在以下5个方面:
(1)开发制备高导热填料并研究高导热无机填料对复合材料整体导热和力学性能等综合性能的影响;
(2)制备超低挥发份和超低离子含量的聚硅氧烷基体聚合物,保证导热有机硅材料在电子封装过程中不会出现游离的低沸物渗出和离子迁移到芯片等电子元器件表面造成短路;
(3)对聚合物基体中各个聚硅氧烷组分(扩链剂、交联剂、补强剂)的种类和比例选择等进行配方调整从而优化导热有机硅材料的力学性能;
(4)开发新型的导热无机填料表面改性处理剂,增强无机填料与聚硅氧烷基体之间的相容性和分散性,优化现有的导热无机填料表面改性处理方法及工艺(湿法处理和干法处理),从而降低导热有机硅复合材料的黏度,提高材料的挤出速率,改善导热材料储存时无机填料与聚硅氧烷基体的沉降和渗油分离现象,降低界面热阻,提高导热性能,以及提高热老化时材料的稳定性可靠性;
(5)优化制备加工工艺,利用不同的制备手段(如外加电场法、3D打印法、模压法等)提高导热填料在聚硅氧烷基体中的定向有序性和分散性,从而实现导热性能的提升。
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2023年第56卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.07.002
  • 接收时间:2022-10-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-11
  • 修回日期:2022-11-18
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    1中蓝晨光化工研究设计院有限公司,四川 成都 610041
    2国家有机硅工程技术研究中心,四川 成都 610041
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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