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Article(id=1199644783279960678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1687190400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-20, revisedDate=1692288000000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763947204656, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1703001600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763947204656, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763947204656, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763947204656, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199644777219191267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='135', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763947203211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563728010, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619277716099586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619277716099587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=104, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199644783695196787, articleId=1199644783279960678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on temperature rise characteristics of HFO-1336mzz(E) applied in gas insulated transmission line, columnId=1199644778280350182, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Advanced Electrical Materials for Large Capacity Offshore Wind Power Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to obtain the temperature rise characteristics of a new environmentally friendly gas HFO-1336mzz(E) applied in gas insulated transmission line (GIL), a multi-physics coupled model of magnetic-heat-fluid field was established based on the finite element method. The internal temperature distribution of GIL under rated operating conditions was simulated and analyzed, and the effects of the type of buffer gas, filling gas pressure, mixing ratio, and operating current on the temperature rise of GIL were studied. The results show that the temperature field inside the GIL shows a temperature gradient distribution of upper high and lower low under rated working conditions. The temperature rise of the A-phase conductor is only 0.70℃ greater than that of the B-phase conductor, and the temperature rise of grounded enclosure is the smallest. Under the same conditions, the temperature rise of conductor in HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2 mixture is only 0.38℃ lower than that in HFO-1336mzz(E)/N2 mixture. Considering the impact of solid deposition from the decomposition of HFO-1336mzz(E), CO2 is more suitable as a buffer gas than N2. Increasing the filling gas pressure and mixing ratio can reduce the temperature rise of conductor, and the temperature rise of conductor in 10%HFO-1336mzz(E)/90%CO2 mixture at 0.70 MPa is only 5.02℃ higher than that in pure SF6 at 0.50 MPa. The temperature rise of GIL conductor and grounded enclosure increases with the operating current, and the effect of filling gas pressure on the current-carrying capacity of GIL is greater than the mixing ratio. When the operating current exceeds 3.0 kA, the temperature rise of GIL would exceed the temperature rise limit.

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为得到新型环保气体HFO-1336mzz(E)应用于气体绝缘输电线路（GIL）中的温升特性，本文基于有限元方法建立磁场-传热场-流体场多物理耦合模型，仿真分析额定工况下GIL内部温度场分布，并研究缓冲气体类型、填充气压、混合比和运行电流对GIL温升的影响。结果表明：额定工况下GIL内部的温度场呈现上高下低的温度梯度分布规律，其中A相导体的温升比B相导体的温升高0.70℃，接地外壳的温升最小。在相同条件下，HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体中导体的温升仅比HFO-1336mzz(E)/N2混合气体中的温升低0.38℃，考虑到HFO-1336mzz(E)气体分解后固体析出物的影响，选择CO2作为缓冲气体比N2更为合适。提高填充气压和混合比均能降低导体的温升，填充0.70 MPa的10%HFO-1336mzz(E)/90%CO2混合气体导体的温升仅比填充0.50 MPa纯SF6的温升高5.02℃。GIL导体和接地外壳的温升均随着运行电流的增大而增大，并且填充气压对GIL载流能力的影响大于混合比的影响，当运行电流超过3.0 kA时，GIL的温升会超过温升限定值。

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胡德雄（1995-），男（汉族），福建莆田人，博士生，主要从事新型环保气体绝缘特性的研究；

钟理鹏（1990-），男（汉族），湖南株洲人，副教授，博士，主要从事新型电工材料和气体放电等研究。

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胡德雄（1995-），男（汉族），福建莆田人，博士生，主要从事新型环保气体绝缘特性的研究；

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胡德雄（1995-），男（汉族），福建莆田人，博士生，主要从事新型环保气体绝缘特性的研究；

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钟理鹏（1990-），男（汉族），湖南株洲人，副教授，博士，主要从事新型电工材料和气体放电等研究。

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钟理鹏（1990-），男（汉族），湖南株洲人，副教授，博士，主要从事新型电工材料和气体放电等研究。

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气体类型摩尔质量/(kg/mol)动力黏度/(×10-5Pa·s)恒压热容/(J/(kg·K))导热系数/(×10-2W/(m·K))
SF6146.060 01.531 0689.710 01.318 4
CO244.010 01.496 7879.880 01.683 2
N228.013 01.785 81047.90002.597 2
HFO-1336mzz(E)163.990 026.302 01 088.800 06.299 3
), ArticleFig(id=1211311082476540152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644783279960678, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同种类气体的热力学参数（0.50 MPa）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气体类型摩尔质量/(kg/mol)动力黏度/(×10-5Pa·s)恒压热容/(J/(kg·K))导热系数/(×10-2W/(m·K))
SF6146.060 01.531 0689.710 01.318 4
CO244.010 01.496 7879.880 01.683 2
N228.013 01.785 81047.90002.597 2
HFO-1336mzz(E)163.990 026.302 01 088.800 06.299 3
), ArticleFig(id=1211311082581397753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644783279960678, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Configuration scheme of HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2 gas mixture at different liquefaction temperature, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
液化温度/℃填充气压/MPaHFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体填充比例
0%/100%4%/96%6%/94%8%/92%10%/90%
-50.40√√√√√
0.50√√√√√
0.60√√√√√
0.70√√√√√
-150.40√√√√
0.50√√√
0.60√√
0.70√√
-250.40√√
0.50√√
0.60√
0.70√
), ArticleFig(id=1211311082669478139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644783279960678, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同液化温度下HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体的填充方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
液化温度/℃填充气压/MPaHFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体填充比例
0%/100%4%/96%6%/94%8%/92%10%/90%
-50.40√√√√√
0.50√√√√√
0.60√√√√√
0.70√√√√√
-150.40√√√√
0.50√√√
0.60√√
0.70√√
-250.40√√
0.50√√
0.60√
0.70√
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HFO-1336mzz(E)应用于气体绝缘输电线路的温升特性研究
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胡德雄 , 汪沨 , 刘杰 , 钟理鹏 , 宋兴硕
绝缘材料 | 面向大容量海上风电送出的先进电工材料 2023,56(12): 104-110
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绝缘材料 | 面向大容量海上风电送出的先进电工材料 2023, 56(12): 104-110
HFO-1336mzz(E)应用于气体绝缘输电线路的温升特性研究
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胡德雄, 汪沨, 刘杰, 钟理鹏, 宋兴硕
作者信息
  • 湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院，湖南 长沙 410082

    • 胡德雄（1995-），男（汉族），福建莆田人，博士生，主要从事新型环保气体绝缘特性的研究；

    钟理鹏（1990-），男（汉族），湖南株洲人，副教授，博士，主要从事新型电工材料和气体放电等研究。

Research on temperature rise characteristics of HFO-1336mzz(E) applied in gas insulated transmission line
Dexiong HU, Feng WANG, Jie LIU, Lipeng ZHONG, Xingshuo SONG
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
出版时间: 2023-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.014
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摘要
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为得到新型环保气体HFO-1336mzz(E)应用于气体绝缘输电线路（GIL）中的温升特性，本文基于有限元方法建立磁场-传热场-流体场多物理耦合模型，仿真分析额定工况下GIL内部温度场分布，并研究缓冲气体类型、填充气压、混合比和运行电流对GIL温升的影响。结果表明：额定工况下GIL内部的温度场呈现上高下低的温度梯度分布规律，其中A相导体的温升比B相导体的温升高0.70℃，接地外壳的温升最小。在相同条件下，HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体中导体的温升仅比HFO-1336mzz(E)/N2混合气体中的温升低0.38℃，考虑到HFO-1336mzz(E)气体分解后固体析出物的影响，选择CO2作为缓冲气体比N2更为合适。提高填充气压和混合比均能降低导体的温升，填充0.70 MPa的10%HFO-1336mzz(E)/90%CO2混合气体导体的温升仅比填充0.50 MPa纯SF6的温升高5.02℃。GIL导体和接地外壳的温升均随着运行电流的增大而增大，并且填充气压对GIL载流能力的影响大于混合比的影响，当运行电流超过3.0 kA时，GIL的温升会超过温升限定值。

HFO-1336mzz(E)  /  GIL温升  /  温度场分布  /  有限元法  /  多物理场耦合

In order to obtain the temperature rise characteristics of a new environmentally friendly gas HFO-1336mzz(E) applied in gas insulated transmission line (GIL), a multi-physics coupled model of magnetic-heat-fluid field was established based on the finite element method. The internal temperature distribution of GIL under rated operating conditions was simulated and analyzed, and the effects of the type of buffer gas, filling gas pressure, mixing ratio, and operating current on the temperature rise of GIL were studied. The results show that the temperature field inside the GIL shows a temperature gradient distribution of upper high and lower low under rated working conditions. The temperature rise of the A-phase conductor is only 0.70℃ greater than that of the B-phase conductor, and the temperature rise of grounded enclosure is the smallest. Under the same conditions, the temperature rise of conductor in HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2 mixture is only 0.38℃ lower than that in HFO-1336mzz(E)/N2 mixture. Considering the impact of solid deposition from the decomposition of HFO-1336mzz(E), CO2 is more suitable as a buffer gas than N2. Increasing the filling gas pressure and mixing ratio can reduce the temperature rise of conductor, and the temperature rise of conductor in 10%HFO-1336mzz(E)/90%CO2 mixture at 0.70 MPa is only 5.02℃ higher than that in pure SF6 at 0.50 MPa. The temperature rise of GIL conductor and grounded enclosure increases with the operating current, and the effect of filling gas pressure on the current-carrying capacity of GIL is greater than the mixing ratio. When the operating current exceeds 3.0 kA, the temperature rise of GIL would exceed the temperature rise limit.

HFO-1336mzz(E)  /  GIL temperature rise  /  temperature field distribution  /  finite element method  /  multi⁃physics coupling
胡德雄, 汪沨, 刘杰, 钟理鹏, 宋兴硕. HFO-1336mzz(E)应用于气体绝缘输电线路的温升特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (12) : 104 -110 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.014
Dexiong HU, Feng WANG, Jie LIU, Lipeng ZHONG, Xingshuo SONG. Research on temperature rise characteristics of HFO-1336mzz(E) applied in gas insulated transmission line[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (12) : 104 -110 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.014
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0 引言
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海上风电是世界风电未来发展的重要方向，将呈现规模化、集群化和深远海化的特点[1]。气体绝缘输电线路（GIL）具有传输容量大、损耗低和受环境影响小等优点，已经成为解决特殊场景下输电问题的一种热门方式[2]。采用GIL输电技术用于海上风电送出，能够在实现大容量输电的同时，有效避免海上强风灾害和盐雾腐蚀等不利因素的影响。目前GIL大多采用六氟化硫（SF6）气体作为绝缘介质，然而SF6具有强温室效应，其全球变暖潜能值（GWP）是CO2的23 500倍[3]。2022年欧盟委员会提出了《含氟温室气体法律》的修订草案，旨在进一步限制含氟温室气体的排放。因此，开发环境友好型GIL成为国内外学者的研究热点[4-5]。
由于GIL的封闭性好且体积有限，其内部的温升问题成为限制GIL载流能力的一个重要因素[6]。GIL中心导体产生的热量主要依赖于所填充的绝缘气体进行散热，因此绝缘气体的散热能力是衡量其应用潜力的一个重要指标。仿真分析作为试验的一种有效补充方法，可为开展试验提供理论指导[7]。与现场试验测温方法相比，仿真方法具有测量分辨率高、受设备结构和环境等外界因素干扰小等优点。基于此，文献[8]仿真分析了c-C4F8和C5F10O气体的含量、填充气压对GIL温升的影响，发现增加气体含量和升高气压均能提高混合气体的散热能力。文献[9]利用传统解析法对比了CF3I与不同类型缓冲气体（N2/CO2）混合后的散热能力，发现在相同条件下，CF3I/N2混合气体的散热能力要优于CF3I/CO2混合气体。文献[10]基于电磁-流体-热多物理场分析了填充30%SF6/70%N2混合气体时三相GIS内温度场的分布规律，发现GIS内的温度呈左右对称、上高下低的梯度分布。文献[11]基于温度-流体耦合场研究了填充C4F7N/CO2混合气体时GIL内部的温度分布情况，并且结合现场试验验证了模型的有效性。
氢氟烯烃类气体包括HFO-1234ze(E)、HFO-1234yf和HFO-1336mzz(E)等气体，其消耗臭氧潜能值（ODP）为0。近年来，GWP值低的氢氟烯烃类气体已成为国际上公认的一种新型环保制冷剂。其中HFO-1336mzz(E)分子式为C4H2F6，在常温常压下为无色、无味、不可燃气体，并且绝缘强度高（是SF6的1.5倍[12]），其GWP值仅为18。因此，HFO-1336mzz(E)具有替代SF6应用于中高压气体绝缘设备中的潜力[13]。然而，目前关于HFO-1336mzz(E)气体应用于GIL中的温升特性研究鲜有报道。
本文针对110 kV三相共箱式GIL设备结构，填充HFO-1336mzz(E)混合气体，基于磁场-传热场-流体场多物理耦合模型，仿真分析缓冲气体类型（N2和CO2）、气压、混合比和运行电流对GIL温升特性的影响规律，仿真结果可为HFO-1336mzz(E)气体应用于气体绝缘设备中提供重要的理论指导。
1 仿真建模
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1.1 几何仿真模型
参考110 kV三相共箱式GIL的结构尺寸，在有限元分析COMSOL软件中搭建二维仿真模型。如图1所示，以GIL的中心为基准，将A相导体、B相导体和C相导体按相邻120°的顺序排列。在三相导体内部和导体与外壳之间填充绝缘气体，最外层的矩形边与外壳之间设置为空气域。设置材料类型和尺寸等参数具体为：GIL导体和外壳所用的材料均为铝合金，其中导体的内径和外径分别为65 mm和80 mm，接地外壳的内径和外径分别为570 mm和605 mm。GIL的额定运行电压和运行电流分别为110 kV和2 000 A，额定填充气压为0.50 MPa。
1.2 控制方程及边界条件
仿真的整体思路为：GIL内部的热量来源主要由三相导体产生的焦耳热和接地外壳涡流损耗产生的热量组成，这一部分可利用电磁场接口来计算总热量。将电磁场接口中计算出的总热量值设置为传热场和流体场的热源并进行多物理场耦合，最终得到GIL内部的温度分布情况等仿真结果。
首先需要通过磁场接口计算GIL内三相导体和接地外壳的热损耗。由于实际中GIL三相导体与接地外壳所用材料的电阻率会随温度的变化而改变，电阻率按式（1）求解得到。当材料电阻率确定后，可利用式（2）求出GIL三相导体与外壳的热损耗。同时将空气域的最外侧设置为磁绝缘，满足方程n×A=0，作为磁场接口中的边界条件。仿真计算得到初始时刻A相导体、B相导体和C相导体上的焦耳热损耗分别为44.938、36.126、44.936 W/m3，接地外壳壳体上的涡流热损耗为6.47 W/m3。
ρmT=ρ201+α20T-293.15
Q=∫ρmTJ2dS
式（1）～（2）中：T为热力学温度，K；ρm(T)为温度为T时的电阻率，Ω·m；ρ20为温度为293.15 K时的电阻率，Ω·m；α20为电阻率温度系数；Q为热损耗，W/m3；J为电流密度矢量；S为截面积，m2。
当GIL内部填充的绝缘气体受热时，密度和压力的变化使得气体流动，通过流体运动将三相导体产生的热量传递到整个GIL内部。气体的密度与温度和气压有关，密度可根据理想气体定律求得，如式（3）所示。
ρ=MpRT
式（3）中：ρ为气体密度，kg/m3；p为压强，Pa；M为摩尔质量，kg/mol；R为通用气体常数，J/(mol⋅K)。GIL内部产生的热损耗将通过热传导、热对流和热辐射三种方式传递热量[14]。其中热对流的控制方程包括质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒方程，如式（4）～（6）所示。
∇⋅ρu=0
ρu⋅∇u=∇⋅-p+μ∇u+∇μΤ+G
ρcpu⋅∇T=∇⋅k∇T+Q
式（4）～（6）中：ρ为气体密度，kg/m3；p为压强，Pa；u为气体流速，m/s；μ为动力黏度，Pa⋅s；G为重力，N；cp为气体的恒压热容，J/（kg⋅K）；k为气体的导热系数；Q为热损耗，W/m3。
在传热接口中设置空气域外边界为恒温，且温度T=293.15 K。在层流接口中将三相导体与接地外壳内外表面的边界条件设置为无滑移，且流速恒为零。在表面对表面辐射接口中设置“漫反射表面”边界条件，选择辐射方向为受透明度控制，并且选定三相导体和接地外壳的透明度为不透明，选定填充绝缘气体和空气域的透明度为透明。
不同种类HFO-1336mzz(E)混合气体的热力学参数可由REFPROP软件计算得出，部分气体的热力学参数如表1所示。
2 仿真结果与分析
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2.1 额定工况下的仿真结果
按照GIL的尺寸和运行参数，设定填充的气体为SF6且填充气压为0.50 MPa，额定电压为110 kV，额定电流为2 000 A，初始温度为20℃，仿真总时长为6 h，得到额定工况下GIL内温度场分布如图2所示。从图2可以看出，额定工况下GIL内部的温度场呈现上高下低的温度梯度分布规律，这是因为GIL内部SF6气体密度变化形成了自然对流[15]，GIL内部上方气体的流速较快，主要以热对流的方式传热，而下方的流速较慢，主要以热传导的方式传热。与热传导相比，热对流的传热速率较快，因此GIL内部的温度呈现上高下低的分布规律。GIL内部的最高温度出现在A相导体的顶部，温度为49.20℃。
选取A相导体、B相导体、C相导体和接地外壳顶部为4个测量点，测量点的温度随时间的变化曲线如图3所示。从图3可以看出，三相导体与接地外壳的温度均随着时间的增加而升高，并且其升高速度在第4 h后趋于缓慢。在第6 h时刻，A相导体的温升为29.20℃，B相导体的温升为28.50℃，C相导体的温升为25.26℃，接地外壳的温升最低，仅为19.81℃。三相导体与接地外壳的温升结果均符合GB/T 11022—2020的规定要求[16]。A相导体和B相导体的温升相差不大，且B相导体的温升略低于A相导体，因此后续的仿真均以A相导体作为研究对象。
2.2 缓冲气体对温升的影响
HFO-1336mzz(E)气体的液化温度较高（7.5℃），必须与液化温度低的缓冲气体混合使用，以满足其最低运行温度要求。本文初步选取CO2和N2作为缓冲气体，GIL内部填充气压固定为0.70 MPa，HFO-1336mzz(E)气体的填充含量为10%，得到填充HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2和HFO-1336mzz(E)/N2混合气体在不同时刻下的GIL内部温度场分布，分别如图4和图5所示。
从图4和图5可以看出，在第1 h时刻，GIL内部的温度场呈现上高下低的温度梯度分布规律。随着时间推移，在第3 h和第6 h时刻，GIL下方的温度逐渐升高，GIL内部的温度场分布更加均匀。这也是因为高压导体附近的气体受热后密度变小从而形成向上的气流，气流由于降温导致密度变大从而往下运动，如此往复，使得GIL内部温度场分布更加均匀。值得注意的是，填充HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体时GIL内部温度场近似轴对称分布，并且不管是在第1 h、3 h或6 h时，对称性均较好。而填充HFO-1336mzz(E)/N2混合气体时GIL内部温度场分布在第1 h时刻对称性较差，但是随着时间推移，对称性变好。对比填充HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2和HFO-1336mzz(E)/N2混合气体在第6 h时刻A相导体的温升可知，在HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体中的温升仅比在HFO-1336mzz(E)/N2混合气体中的低0.38℃。
据研究报道发现，动力黏度和导热系数的变化对混合气体的散热能力影响不大，而密度和恒压热容对混合气体散热能力的影响较大，当混合气体的密度与恒压热容的乘积越大时，其散热能力越好[17]。因为在0.70 MPa下10%HFO-1336mzz(E)/90%CO2混合气体的密度与恒压热容的乘积比10%HFO-1336mzz(E)/90%N2混合气体的密度与恒压热容的乘积大2.35%，所以HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体的散热能力略高于HFO-1336mzz(E)/N2混合气体。同时考虑到HFO-1336mzz(E)作为一种氟碳类新型环保气体，当发生击穿或局部过热时，气体会分解生成“碳粉”等副产物，危害气体绝缘设备安全运行。有研究发现当选择N2作为缓冲气体时，其“碳粉”问题较为严重，加入O2可有效抑制“碳粉”产生[18]。文献[12]研究发现在相同的混合比和气体压力下，HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体的绝缘强度略高于HFO-1336mzz(E)/N2混合气体。因此，选取CO2作为缓冲气体比N2更有应用潜力。
2.3 气体压力对温升的影响
GIL内部的温升与所填充绝缘气体的总气压、气体混合比和运行电流等影响因素有关。结合2.2节的研究结果，后续均以CO2作为HFO-1336mzz(E)的缓冲气体。选取10%HFO-1336mzz(E)/90%CO2混合气体为试验对象，当填充的气压范围为0.40～0.70 MPa时，得到气压对GIL内A相导体与接地外壳温升的影响如图6所示。
从图6可以看出，A相导体的温升随着气压的增大而降低，这是因为当气压增大时，单位体积内分子数增多，其对流散热能力增强。当气压为0.70 MPa时，A相导体的温升最小，比额定工况下填充0.50 MPa纯SF6的温升高5.02℃。不同气压下A相导体的温升为35.14～44.03℃，均符合GB/T 11022—2020的规定要求。气压对接地外壳的温升影响较小，不同气压下接地外壳的温升相差仅为0.10～0.20℃，这是因为接地外壳的温升主要与外界环境温度和形状尺寸等因素有关[19]。
2.4 气体含量对温升的影响
当GIL内部填充气压固定为0.70 MPa时，根据HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体的饱和蒸气压特性[12]，限制液化温度为-5℃，选取HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体中HFO-1336mzz(E)气体的填充含量分别为0%、4%、6%、8%和10%，得到HFO-1336mzz(E)气体含量对GIL内A相导体与接地外壳温升的影响如图7所示。从图7可以看出，A相导体的温升随着HFO-1336mzz(E)气体含量的增大而降低，与纯CO2气体相比，10%HFO-1336mzz(E)/90%CO2混合气体下A相导体的温升降低了5.91%。这是因为当HFO-1336mzz(E)气体含量从0%增加到10%时，HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体的密度增大了8.28%，而恒压热容减小了1.16%。综合之下，混合气体的密度与恒压热容的乘积增大，导致其对流散热能力增强，因此A相导体的温升随着HFO-1336mzz(E)气体含量的增大而降低。从图7还可以看出，HFO-1336mzz(E)气体含量对接地外壳温升的影响较小。
高压设备的绝缘气体通常填充至较高的气体压力，以满足其绝缘和温升等要求。适当的混合比对于避免气体混合物液化至关重要，特别是在较冷的地区。结合2.3节和2.4节的研究结果，在同时满足混合气体不液化和GIL温升不超过限定值的条件下，HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体的填充方案如表2所示。若能同时满足气体不液化和GIL温升不超过限定值的混合气体，在表2中进行打钩标记。从表2可以看出，当限制液化温度为-5℃时，填充气压在0.40～0.70 MPa范围内的最大允许填充混合比为10%/90%。值得注意的是，HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体的最大允许混合比随着限制液化温度的降低而降低，因此在设计填充方案时需要重视高纬度、高海拔等寒冷地区。
2.5 运行电流对温升的影响
GIL在运行电流过大时会出现温升过高等情况，严重时会导致GIL管道热变形甚至绝缘部件击穿等事故[20]。因此，研究填充HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体的GIL在不同运行电流下的温升情况，可为HFO-1336mzz(E)气体的应用提供理论指导。本文选取的运行电流分别为2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5 kA，在GIL中填充10%HFO-1336mzz(E)/90%CO2混合气体，得到不同填充气压下各运行电流对GIL内A相导体与接地外壳温升的影响如图8所示。
从图8可以看出，不同填充气压下A相导体和接地外壳的温升均随着运行电流的增大而增大，并且A相导体温升的增长幅度大于接地外壳。当运行电流从2.0 kA增大到3.5 kA时，A相导体的温升增加了85.78℃，而接地外壳的温升仅增加了44.94℃。不同混合比下各运行电流对GIL内A相导体与接地外壳温升的影响如图9所示。从图9可以看出，不同混合比下A相导体和接地外壳的温升均随着运行电流的增大而增大。在同一运行电流下，A相导体的温升随着混合比的增大而减小，但是由于混合比比较接近，减小的幅度较小。尤其在接地外壳中，不同混合比下的温升几乎没有变化。
结合图8和图9可得，与混合比相比，填充气压对GIL导体载流能力的影响较大。从图8(a)可以看出，随着气压增大，GIL导体的最大允许运行电流随之增大。结合导体温升限值的规定，当填充0.40～0.70 MPa的10%HFO-1336mzz(E)/90%CO2混合气体时，GIL最大允许运行电流分别为2.63、2.77、2.89、3.00 kA。从图9(a)可以看出，当填充0.70 MPa的（4%～10%）HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体时，随着混合比增大，GIL导体的最大允许运行电流仅相差0.35%左右。从图8(b)和图9(b)可以看出，不同填充气压和不同混合比下运行电流对接地外壳温升的影响都较小，当运行电流超过3.00 kA时，接地外壳的温升均会超过温升限定值。因此，在设计GIL中混合气体的填充方案时，应重点关注填充气压对GIL载流能力的影响。
3 结论
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本文基于有限元方法，建立磁场-传热场-流体场多物理耦合模型，仿真分析了额定工况下GIL内部温度场分布，以及缓冲气体类型、填充气压、混合比和运行电流对GIL温升的影响，得到如下结论：
（1）混合气体的密度和恒压热容越大，散热能力越好。在相同条件下，HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体的散热能力略高于HFO-1336mzz(E)/N2混合气体。同时考虑到HFO-1336mzz(E)气体分解后固体析出物的影响，选择CO2作为缓冲气体比N2更为合适。
（2）提高填充气体压力和混合比均能有效降低GIL导体的温升，其中填充气压为0.70 MPa的10%HFO-1336mzz(E)/90%CO2混合气体的散热能力与额定工况下填充0.50 MPa纯SF6的散热能力最为接近。
（3）在综合考虑液化温度和温升的条件下，当限制液化温度为-5℃时，HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2混合气体所选气压的范围在0.40～0.70 MPa，混合比的范围在0～10%。然而所填充的最大允许混合比随着限制液化温度的降低而降低，因此在设计填充方案时需要重视高纬度、高海拔等寒冷地区。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52237007)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52107147)
文献
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2023年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.014
  • 接收时间：2023-06-20
  • 首发时间：2025-11-24
  • 出版时间：2023-12-20
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  • 收稿日期：2023-06-20
  • 修回日期：2023-08-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52237007)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52107147)
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    湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院，湖南 长沙 410082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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